英语文献在线翻译

有个词典，是解压缩版的，《新世纪汉英科技大辞典》，可以用来进行化工类单词的查询你在网上搜搜看是否能下载到，如果实在找不到，给个邮箱我发给你吧。

谷歌浏览器翻译和有道翻译，有道翻译可以直接提供文档翻译，译文也还不错。谷歌浏览器翻译 优点可以pdf直接翻译，准确率高。

就是这篇英语文献，与卫生资源配置有关的~~~不要在线直接翻译的~~ BackgroundInequitable allocation of resources is a widespread probleminmany health Globally, health needs are diverse and require significant financial, human and other These resources are however limited in many countries [33], thereby creating a distributional dilemma for policy- Although the problems posed by resource inadequacy cannot be underesti- mated, particularly in developing countries, there is a commonly held view that, within countries of similar socio-economic standing, it is not how much a country spends, but rather how it spends its resources that deter-mines the health status of its population [1] Evidencefromboth developed and developing countries suggests that inappropriate allocation of resources contribute greatly to inequities in In Australia, for example, although indigenous people have a life expectancy of nearly 20 years shorter than non-indigenous Australians [2,3], Deeble and others found that total expen-ditures per person for health services for indigenous Australians are notmuch higher than the rest of the population; a ratio of merely 22:1 [4] In South Africans,the poorer health status of black people compared to white South African is believed to be partly the result of the historic imbalances and inequities in the resource allocation McIntyre observed that over 60%of health care spending in South Africa at the end of the 20th century was in the private sector [40], the main beneficiaries of which were the minority white In Madagascar, Castro-Leal et [5] found that the poorest 20% of the population consumes 12% ofpublic spending on health compared to 30% share of the total enjoyed by the richest 20%The need to address inequity in health has received increased attention in recent years [6]This has exposed the mechanisms for allocation of public sector health resources to greater Inmany countries, policy-makers have come under pressure to abandon historical funding models which were widely perceived as inequitable and to develop explicit alternatives that would redress inequities within and between geographic One issue that remains unresolved in the quest for more equitable resource distribution however, is the appropriate principle or set of principles that should guide resource allocation in order to bridge the existing gaps in One major reason for the little consensus among scholars on this issue results from the diverse ways in which the term ‘equity’ is Whatever interpretation one might have, equity remains a value-laden word; choosing between different definitions of equity therefore necessarily involvesmaking value judgements [7]The common interpretations of equity include‘equal expenditure per capita’, ‘equal inputs percapita’, ‘equal access for equal needs’, ‘equal utilisation for equal needs’, and ‘equal health’ [8] Each of these definitions has its own benefits and difficulties with regards to measurement and ‘Equal health’, for example, has been widely criticisedas being unrealistic, given the many factors that determine health including variations in genetic background and longstanding disparities in access to thewide range of resources which contribute to determining health While some authors have argued that the ultimate aim of all definitions of equity is equality of health [34], others have suggested other objectives such as equality of access or equal access for equal needs[9] Access, however, is a multidimensional concept and extremely difficult to Most industrialised nations have adopted the ‘equality of access’ interpre-tation in their efforts to achieve fairness in distributionof services and resources [10–12]Many needs-based models for resource allocationin recent decades were developed on the basis of the equality of access The best documented example is the Resource Allocation Working Party’s (RAWP) model developed in England in The RAWP model sought to allocate National Health Service (NHS) funds between geographical areas to secure equal opportunity of access for equal needs [39] Countries such asAustralia,NewZealand,Canada and South Africa have taken the lead from the RAWP approach and developed their own needs-based systems with a similar aim of improving A needs-based model has been also tried in Zambia [13] while Uganda has implemented a pro-poor resource allocation reform similar to needs-based funding [14] However, efforts to improve equity through needs-based funding have overwhelmingly focused on broader geographic equitysuch as inter-regional or provincial Equity at sub-regional levels has been virtually ignored in many countries, creating a knowledge vacuumregarding how resources are re-distributed by regional This lack of attention to equity at sub-regional levels could have profound implications for reducing general inequities in Resource allocation in Ghana Ghana is located on thewest coast ofAfrica, bordering Togo to the east, Cote d’lvoire to the west, BurkinaFaso to the north and the Gulf of Guinea to the It is a low-income country with a gross national income (GNI) per capita ofUS$ 320 [42]Over 40%of the estimated 5 million population lives below the poverty The population structure is significantly youthful, with about 40% of the total inhabitants under the age of Rural residents make up around 55% of thetotal The infantmortality rate was about 60 per 1000 in 2003 while the overall life expectancy at birth for 2002 was nearly 58 Public sector health expenditure constituted about 8% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2001 [41] For administrative purposes, Ghana is divided into 10 regions and 110 districts (F 1) The government has in the past few years initiated a policy to create an additional 20–30 Allocation of health resources between and within the regions and districts in Ghana has been less than Generally, regions in the Northern half the country are more deprived in terms of access to health care than those in the southern The ratio GhanaHealth Service (GHS) doctors per population for example is 1:16,201 in the Greater Accra region compared to 1:66,071 in the Northern region [31] Withinindividual regions, inequities are rife, often with communities in remote locations havingmuchmore limited access to district-based health care Bridging inequities in access to health care is therefore one of the main national health policy This is enshrined inthe mission statement of the Ministry of Health which states that:“TheMinistry ofHealthwillwork in collaborationwith all partners in the health sector to ensure that every individual, household and community is adequately informed about health and has equitable access to high quality health and related interventions” [30]Allocation of resources within the health system is in principle, designed to achieve the equality of accessgoal through the reduction of inequities between andwithin geographic regions, including the removal of financial barriers to access to services for the mos vulnerable segments of the The resource allocation decision-making process is The Ghana Health Service (GHS) uses a resource allocation formula to allocate resources to At the beginning of the planning season, the GHS assigns budgetary ceilings to the 10 Regional Health Adminis-trations (RHAs) in the This amount is allocatedin block for all districts in the Each RHA uses its own region-specific resource allocation formula to re-distribute this lump sum among the districts under its It is on the basis of these allocations(as determined by the RHAs) that districts plan andbudget their Completed activity plans and budgetary estimates of districts are collated by the RHA and returned to the MOH/GHS headquarters for Once approved, theMOHdisburses the fundsdirectly to the various districts through the RHA The RHA at this stage cannot alter what has been disbursed to individual More recently, to promote inter-regional equity, the MOH has resorted to ‘top-slicing’ the GHS budget to target the four regions noted as the most deprived in the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strat-egy (GPRS) document, namely; the Northern, Upper East, Upper West and Central region [31]The use of different resource allocation criteria by the 10 regionsmeans progress towards equitymay vary from one region to another depending on the commit-ment to promoting equity and the particular criteria and strategies To date, there has not been a systematic investigation to assess the allocation of resources within regions and the extent to which equity objectives are advanced (or not) through this This study examines the intra-regional resource allocation systems in the Ashanti and Northern regions ofGhana in order to assess and compare progress towards equity in terms of redistribution of funds in favour of the most deprived For the purposes of this study, the definition ofequity embodied in the MOH mission statement, that is, equality of access to high quality care and inter-ventions was Equitable resource allocation is defined here as allocation of equal or equivalent resources for equal Because of the strong association between health status and socio-economic dis-advantage in Ghana, health needs were measured in terms of relative deprivation or Districts with high levels of deprivation were considered to bein greater need of Resource is defined in this study largely in terms of financial resources for district-level

1。 BackgroundInequitable资源的分配是一个普遍probleminmany健康Globally，健康需求是多种多样的，需要大量的财政，人力和其他资源。然而，这些资源是许多国家有限的[33]，从而为政策制定者一个分配的困境。虽然资源不足造成的问题不能underesti，交配，特别是在发展中国家，有一种普遍的观点认为，在类似的社会和经济地位的国家，这不是多大的一个国家花费，而是如何支出，其资源，防止地雷，其人口的健康状况[1]。证据fromboth发达国家和发展中国家的建议，适当的资源分配不平等做出了巨大贡献的健康。在澳大利亚，例如，尽管土著人有一个近20年比非土著澳大利亚人平均寿命短[2,3]，迪布尔和其他人发现，总expen - ditures卫生服务f每人