热释电红外传感器论文英文文献

从百度百科拷一个给楼主。主要是由一种高热电系数的材料，如锆钛酸铅系陶瓷、钽酸锂、硫酸三甘钛等制成尺寸为2*1mm的探测元件。在每个探测器内装入一个或两个探测元件，并将两个探测元件以反极性串联，以抑制由于自身温度升高而产生的干扰。由探测元件将探测并接收到的红外辐射转变成微弱的电压信号，经装在探头内的场效应管放大后向外输出。为了提高探测器的探测灵敏度以增大探测距离，一般在探测器的前方装设一个菲涅尔透镜，该透镜用透明塑料制成，将透镜的上、下两部分各分成若干等份，制成一种具有特殊光学系统的透镜，它和放大电路相配合，可将信号放大70分贝以上，这样就可以测出10~20米范围内人的行动。菲涅尔透镜利用透镜的特殊光学原理，在探测器前方产生一个交替变化的“盲区”和“高灵敏区”，以提高它的探测接收灵敏度。当有人从透镜前走过时，人体发出的红外线就不断地交替从“盲区”进入“高灵敏区”，这样就使接收到的红外信号以忽强忽弱的脉冲形式输入，从而强其能量幅度。人体辐射的红外线中心波长为9~10--um，而探测元件的波长灵敏度在0.2~20--um范围内几乎稳定不变。在传感器顶端开设了一个装有滤光镜片的窗口，这个滤光片可通过光的波长范围为7~10--um，正好适合于人体红外辐射的探测，而对其它波长的红外线由滤光片予以吸收，这样便形成了一种专门用作探测人体辐射的红外线传感器。

节能机制无线传感器网络Bonuccelli毛主管:论文commettee:保罗·Ferraggina,皮耶罗Maestrini外部裁判Basagni,摩尼Srivastava:斯蒂法诺国家commettee:Bugliesi,Panzieri,Meo2005年12月27日起,文摘本文解决这个问题降低能耗的无线传感器网络。我们提出一套技术和进口策略研究领域,可以应用于设计节能协议传感器网络。他们包括时间序列预测,quorums系统的传感器性能和相互作用的协议设计的。我们运用这些技术能有效时间同步问题,从传感器网络数据收集,并确保较强的数据一致性保证在移动网络。我们表现出[1、2、3、4]时间序列预测技术,特别是AR模型,可适用于传感器网络,以节省能源。我们学习一个简单的类型的时间序列模型的构建与短预测的窗口。我们已经选择了这个模式,它很能干预测的数据得到了真实世界的传感器测量的物理现象,它非常容易加工的在modern-generation传感器网络。我们运用这些模式,解决两个有关问题进行传感器网络:问题能有效地收集传感器的数据在水槽,和时间同步的问题。提出了一种节能框架,叫爱相似-通过适应性强的查询框架[1,2]),为近似查询及检测孤立点价值在传感器网络。这个想法是基于“增大化现实”技术结合当地建立在每个节点模型成为一个全球性的模型存储的根源,网络(库),用来大约回答用户的查询。我们的方法使用显著比以前更少的传输采用基于“增大化现实”技术近似方法模型和组织网络集群基于数据之间的相似节点。数据定义基于相似系数模型的地方基于“增大化现实”技术,在水槽储存在技术,降低了能耗直接比较数据值,让我们可以得到有效的聚类算法大概是最佳的,总分组数所形成的网络。我们的集群建设有几个有趣的特点,使适宜也针对移动网络:首先,他们可以捕捉相似性地理相邻节点;二、聚类成员,不需要额外消耗适应节点;三、集群内不需要跟踪加入其他节点在产业集群。此外,大概正确的误差界爱提供并允许用户动态调整回答质量解答疑问在能源和资源有效地进行。此外,我们运用AR模型来解决时间同步问题的一种新的视角生物系的互补时钟同步问题[3,4]。更确切地说,我们分析的案例传感节点决定跳过一个或多个时钟调整,达到节能效果,或是暂时孤立的,但仍需要一个精确计算时间。提出了一种基于大概正确的时钟返回一个模型,是基于“增大化现实”技术一时间估计在一个常数(可调误差概率约束和问题。该方法是高度适应性强,并允许传感器来决定有多少时钟调整它可以跳过同时保持精度,从而节约能源。此外,我们提出一套确定方法,降低了时间估计误差由至少一个因素2。更确切地说,我们提出大概正确的确定性时钟读数方法,叫做DCR方法,利用相关信息时钟偏差的标志,可应用于减少一半时钟周期的频率调整,同时还保持了同样的错误一定[3,4]。该方法的实践和理论两个方面的兴趣。事实上,它导致了一个明显的节能,并详细地说明了较强的现实时钟模型可以导致精化的最优开往最大偏差时钟的定时同步。此外,我们还提出了一种广义版本的DCR方法,以提高其精度取决于稳定的时钟,一个方法的单调性,保证了生产的时间值。第一次我们分析系统技术背景法定传感器网络:我们改造,并向自己的利益能耗方面[6]。法定人数系统有潜力在节约能源方面传感器网络,因为他们可以减少的数量明显的沟通,提高传感器节点之间的负载平衡,提高系统的可扩充性。然而,以前的法定人数系统和法定人数的度量标准,有线网络提出了,不适合传感器网络,因为他们并没有解决它们的性能特点和局限性。这些观察推动了我们重新设计的法定人数系统及相应的度量标准,考虑到限制和特点的感测器(例如,传输成本,有限的能量源、物理的无线电广播),网络拓扑结构。更确切地说,我们重新定义下列法定度量标准:负载均衡、访问成本和法定人数能力,并设计策略的一些特点的基础上,对传感器网络的沟通量减少的人数系统设计时传感器网络。我们运用这些策略设计一个家庭的人数系统节能高弹性。特别是,我们提出一种法定人数减少建设成本,提出了一个访问数据扩散协议建立在节能上面减少能源消费的传输,缩短了碰撞产生的。此外,我们分析的情况下的人数系统高节点移动性。更确切地说,我们学习困难的问题保证在两个quorums十字路口时不断移动路径沿着未知节点[7]。我们解决这个问题,并定义了一小说,提供流动性模型最低约束集推导出足够强劲的经济数据保证在高机动性的网络。在这种情况下,我们会告诉名校以前的法定人数系统,并提供一个条件是必要的,以保证数据的可用性和原子一致性在高节点移动性。我们还提出了一种新的班法定人数的系统,被叫做移动传播(苦咸水淡化,适合于高度quorums移动网络,提出了一种最优建设法定人数方面,大小(例如,通信传输)[7]。然后,我们运用总经理法定人数体系,实行大概正确的原子读/写共享内存移动、稀疏的网络。书目[1],国立台湾Tulone·d·马登上尉。PAQ:时间序列预测为近似查询回答在传感器网络。在第三Proc.欧洲研讨会,第1 - 11页。无线传感器网络21-37 2006年2月。[2],国立台湾Tulone·d·马登上尉。查询框架了节能检测传感器网络中节点相似之处。提交会议。[3]·d·Tulone。全球的可行性评价隔离条件下的无线传感器网络。出现在Algorithmica。[4]·d·Tulone。节约型时间估计的无线传感器网络。在Proc.的第四届车间的原则下,第1 - 11页。52-59移动计算,2004年10月。Tulone >[5]。如何能有效率及准确地得到参考时间之间的过程吗?国际。Symp.分布式计算,10月2003年。简短的声明。25-32页。[6]D。Demaine Tulone > >。重新设计的法定人数系统的无线传感器网络。提交会议。Tulone >[7]。是否有可能确保强劲的经济数据保证在高机动性的网有关吗?提交会议。

摘要:本文介绍了红外线感应开关的原理，采用热释电红外探头（PT8A2621）将接收到的微弱信号加以放大，然后驱动继电器，制成红外热释电感应开关。本开关能探测来自移动人体的红外辐射，只要人体进入探测区域，开关会自动开启。该设计可作为企业、宾馆、商场及住宅的走廊、楼梯、电梯间、卫生间、库房等处的自动开关，起到“人来灯自亮，人走灯自灭”的作用，既新颖方便，又节约用电，在某些场所还能起到威慑盗窃活动的防范作用。本设计结构简单，本身不发任何类型的辐射，器件功耗很小，价格低廉，隐蔽性好，应用范围广，所以可以通过扩展而达到实际的应用。关键词：红外线，感应开关，红外辐射，探测区域Abstract：this article will normally introduce the theory of dopuler effect, which advance PT8A2621 to zoom out micro-signal. then drive the relay, complete the infrared -heat electric on- off. this switch can mensurate moving-body infraed ray. once coming into the mensurate area, the switch will automatically turn on .this invitation could be used as auto-on-off in corporation, hotel, mall and could induce house like the lane, stairs, bathroom, stockroom. bringing the effectness that coming on, leaving off. it is innovate and convient, also reduce the expanse of electricity, could resist the steal activities. its structure is very simple. it can emit no ray, small size, low price, well cover-up, widely used, attach to practical advantage when spreaded.Keywords: Infrared, Sensor switch, Infrared radiation, Detection of regional引言：作为世界上最大的发展中国家，我国是一个能源生产和消费大国。能源生产量仅次于美国和俄罗斯，居世界第三位；基本能源消费占世界总消费量的l／10，仅次于美国，居世界第二位。中国又是一个以煤炭为主要能源的国家，发展经济与环境污染的矛盾比较突出。近年来能源安全问题也日益成为国家生活乃至全社会关注的焦点，日益成为中国战略安全的隐患和制约经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈。上个世纪90年代以来，中国经济的持续高速发展带动了能源消费量的急剧上升。自1993 年起，中国由能源净出口国变成净进口国，能源总消费已大于总供给，能源需求的对外依存度迅速增大。煤炭、电力、石油和天然气等能源在中国都存在缺口，因此节能思想尤为重要，节能的中心思想是采取技术上可行、经济上合理以及环境和社会可接受的措施，来更有效地利用能源资源。为了达到这一目的，需要从能源资源的开发到终端利用, 更好地进行科学管理和技术改造,以达到高的能源利用效率和降低单位产品的能源消费。由于常规能源资源有限，而世界能源的总消费量则随着工农业生产的发展和人民生活水平的提高越来越大，世界各国十分重视节能技术的研究，特别是节约常规能源中的煤、石油和天然气，因为这些还是宝贵的化工原料；电力作为一种洁净方便的能源广泛的应用与我们的生活与生产方面，因此电能的节能尤为重要，要节能首先就要做到节约能源，其次再通过科学研究发明更加人性化和节能的用电器。热释电红外传感器是一种能检测人或动物发射的红外线而输出电信号的传感器。早在1938年，有人提出过利用热释电效应探测红外辐射，但并未受到重视，直到六十年代，随着激光、红外技术的迅速发展，才又推动了对热释电效应的研究和对热释电晶体的应用。热释电晶体已广泛用于红外光谱仪、红外遥感以及热辐射探测器，它可以作为红外激光的一种较理想的探测器。它目标正在被广泛的应用到各种自动化控制装置中。除了在我们熟知的楼道自动开关、防盗报警上得到应用外，在更多的领域应用前景看好。比如：在房间无人时会自动停机的空调机、饮水机。电视机能判断无人观看或观众已经睡觉后自动关机的机构。 1红外线感应灯控制系统研究的目的意义课题目的：本课题是设计一个红外线感应灯控制系统控制系统，通过本设计了解红外线感应灯控制系统的工作原理，进而研究红外线感应灯控制系统的设计方法。通过已学的模拟电路知识设计红外线感应灯控制开关电路，再利用由光敏电阻组成的光感电路来控制感应灯开关的触发与否，将控制开关与节能灯组成家庭照明系统。课题意义：现代化家居照明系统要适应网络时代的发展，应引入智能化的概念。在传统的家居照明系统中，一般都是综合布线，使用刀开关来控制，灯具的寿命短，较费电。但近年来，随着经济的发展和科技的进步，人们对照明灯具节能和科学管理提出了更高的要求，使得照明控制在智能化领域的地位越来越重要。而在商品房的建设热潮中，各大楼盘和房地产商也意识到了智能照明的重要性。使用智能照明控制系统，更能体现其在节能与管理方面的优势。红外智能节电开关由于触发的时候不需要人发出任何声音，而是人走过时身体向外界散发红外热量最终控制灯具的开启，当人离开后，经过一定时间的延时，自动熄灭。因为不同于声光控灯，不需要声音和开关控制，从而避免了声控噪音的侵扰，同时因为它是感应人体热量控制开关，所以避免了无效电能的损耗，达到节能效果。 现在的公共场所照明（比如公共走廊及楼梯间）应用最多的还是几年前出现的声光控延时灯具和开关。这种灯具和开关的出现，实现了人来灯亮，人走灯灭，目前已成为公共场所照明开关的主流产品。当然，这种产品在某种程度上说确实实现了节能的目的，但同时也给人们的生存环境造成了一定的破坏。由于产品本身性能的限制，这种声光控灯具和开关自动控制的实现需要（超过60分贝）声音的配合，这就给大众需要的安静环境造成一定的噪声污染。 随着社会的发展和人们对生态环境的重视，这种声光控灯具和开关已慢慢不能满足人们的需要，这就要求更加节能和环保的自动照明控制产品的出现，以满足人们对高质量生活的需求。 红外智能节电开关是以成熟的红外感应技术为平台，加入更多的高新技术元素而形成的一种具有广阔市场前景的高科技产品，它的出现弥补了声光控技术的缺陷，它的自动控制的实现不需要声音和其他会给环境造成影响的条件的配合，而是人走过时身体向外界散发红外热量最终实现它的自动控制功能。2红外线感应灯控制系统的现状及发展趋势我国照明缺乏独创产品，模仿产品居多，基础加工落后，只顾外表，轻视功能，产品的品种比较单一，性能差。尤其是在“智能”照明方面，缺乏创新，与国外智能灯具在技术研究方面有着不小的差距。我国现阶段的照明系统一般采用主电源经配电箱分成多路配电输出线，提供照明灯回路用电，由串接在照明灯回路中的开关面板直接接通或断开供电线来实现对灯的控制，灯只有开和关两种状态，无逻辑时序及亮、暗调光控制，因而无法形成各种灯光亮度组合的场景及系统控制。而美国、日本等国家和台湾地区对LED照明效益进行了预测，美国55%白炽灯及55%的日光灯被LED取代，每年节省350亿美元电费，每年减少7.55亿吨二氧化碳排放量。日本100%白炽灯换成LED，可减少1～2座核电厂发电量，每年节省10亿公升以上的原油消耗。台湾地区15%白炽灯换成LED，每年节省110亿度电。全球性的能源短缺和环境污染在经济高速发展的中国表现得尤为突出，节能和环保是中国实现社会经济可持续发展所急需解决的问题。每年照明电能消耗约占全部电能消耗的12%～15%，作为能源消耗的大户，必须尽快寻找可以替代传统光源的节能环保光源。LED以其较之于传统照明光源所没有的优势，诸如较低的功率需求、较好的驱动特性、较快的响应速度、较高的抗震能力、较长的使用寿命、绿色环保以及不断快速提高的发光效率等，成为目前我国今后照明系统发展的方向。基于目前国内国际形势，尤其是能源紧缺，智能照明必是以后照明系统的发展方向。智能照明将会使人们利用起来更加便利，改善家庭环境，提高管理水平，减少维护费用，不仅为建筑照明提供多种的艺术效果，而且使灯具控制和维护变得更为简单，而且具有可靠性高、安装布线容易。

This is the infrared thermal release alarm based on mcu.First introduced the development history, infraredtechnology application, development trend and researchsignificance; then analyzed the basic principle of infraredalarm system, and comprehensively introduces theimplementation of SCM infrared heat release alarm systemneed based hardware and software; then introduces the implementation of SCM infrared thermal release alarmsystem hardware circuit design and software structurebased design; finally, test and analyze the performance of the whole system.The whole system is divided into hardware design and software design of two modules. Using the hardware part of the STC89C52 microcontroller, infrared probe, and the alarm circuit, LED control circuit and other components;software and hardware environment of choice is keil. This system uses the pyroelectric infrared sensor, it has the advantages of simple manufacture, low cost, installation is convenient, and the anti-theft performance is relatively stable, strong anti-interference ability, high sensitivity, safe and reliable. This kind of security installmenthiding, not easy to be found by thieves, the signal processed by SCMis convenient and PC communication, to facilitate unified user management.Keywords: single chip; infrared sensor; alarm circuit;百度翻译的别打我

这是一篇 PH.D的论文，谈论有关 无线传感网络 的，你看下，是否符合你需要，如果类型都不一致，那就没必要翻译了。Mechanisms for energy conservation in wireless sensor networksSupervisor: Maurizio BonuccelliThesis commettee: Paolo Ferraggina, Piero MaestriniExternal referees: Stefano Basagni, Mani SrivastavaNational commettee: Bugliesi, Meo, and Panzieri December 27, 2005 AbstractIn this thesis we address the problem of reducing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. We propose a suit of techniques andstrategies imported from other research areas that can be applied to design energy-efficient protocols in sensor networks. They includetime series forecasting, quorums systems, and the interaction between sensor properties and protocol design. We apply these techniques to the time synchronization problem, to efficiently collecting data from a sensor network, and to ensuring stronger data consistency guarantees in mobile networks.We show in [1,2,3,4] that time series forecasting techniques, and in particular autoregressive (AR) models, can be applied to sensor networks to conserve energy. We study a simple type of time series models with a short prediction window. We have chosen this model because it is capableof predicting data produced by real-world sensors measuring physical phenomena, and it is computationally tractable on modern-generation sensor networks. We apply these models to solve two relevant problems in sensor networks: the problem of efficiently collecting sensor data at the sink, and the time synchronization problem.We propose an energy-efficient framework, called SAF Similarity--based Adaptable query Framework [1,2] ), for approximate querying and detecting outlier values in sensor networks. The idea is to combine local AR models built at each node into a global model stored at the root of the network(the sink) that is used to approximately answer user queries. Our approach uses dramatically fewer transmissions than previous approximate approaches by using AR models and organizing the network into clusters based on data similarity between nodes. Our definition of data similarity is based on the coefficients of the local AR models stored at the sink, which reduces energy consumption over techniques that directly compare data values, and allows us to derive an efficient clustering algorithm that is provably optimal in the number of clusters formed by the network. Our clusters have several interesting features that make them suitable also for mobile networks: first, they can capture similarity between nodes that are not geographically adjacent; second, cluster membership adapts at no additional cost; third, nodes within a cluster are not required to track the membership of other nodes in the cluster. Furthermore, SAF provides provably correct error bounds and allows the user to dynamically tune answer quality to answer queries in an energy and resource efficient manner.In addition, we apply the AR models to solve the time synchronization problem from a novel perspective which is complementary to the well-studied clock synchronization problem [3,4]. More precisely, we analyze the case in which a sensor node decides to skip one or more clock adjustments to save energy, or it is temporarily isolated, but still requires an accurate estimate of the time. We propose a provably correct clock method based on AR models, which returns a time estimate within a constant (tunable) error bound and error probability. This method is highly adaptable and allows the sensor to decide how manyclock adjustments it can skip while maintaining the same time accuracy, thus saving energy. In addition, we propose a suit of deterministic methods that reduce the time estimation error by at least a factor 2. More precisely, we propose a provably correct deterministic clock reading method, called the DCR method, which exploits information regarding the sign of the clock deviation, and can be applied to reduce by half the frequency of the periodic clock adjustments, while maintaining the same error bound [3,4]. This method is of both practical and theoretical interest. In fact, it leads to a noticeable energy saving, and shows that a stronger but realistic clock model can lead to a refinement of the optimality bound for the maximum deviation of a clock that is periodically synchronized. In addition, we propose a generalized version of the DCR method that enhances its accuracy depending on the clock stability, and a method that guarantees the monotonicity of the time values produced.We analyze for the first time quorum system techniques in the context of sensor networks: we redesign them and show their benefits in terms of energy consumption [6]. Quorum systems have the potential to save energy in sensor networks since they can reduce noticeably the amount of communication, improve the load balance among sensor nodes, and enhance the scalability of the system. However, previous quorum systems and quorum metrics, proposed for wired networks, are unsuitable for sensor networks since they do not address their properties and limitations. These observations have motivated us to redesigning quorum systems and their metrics, taking into account the limitations and characteristics of sensors (e.g., transmission costs, limited energysource, physical radio broadcast), and the network topology. More precisely, we redefine the following quorum metrics: load balance, access cost and quorum capacity, and devise some strategies based on some characteristics of sensor networks that reduce the amount of communication when designing quorum systems for sensor networks. We apply these strategies to design a family of energy-efficient quorum systems with high resiliency. In particular, we propose a quorum construction that reduces the quorum access cost, and propose an energy-efficient data diffusion protocol built on top of it that reduces the energy consumption by reducing the amount of transmissions and collisions.In addition, we analyze quorum systems in case of high node mobility. More precisely, we study the difficult problem of guaranteeing the intersection between two quorums in case nodes move continuously along unknown paths [7]. We address this problem by defining a novel mobility model that provides a minimum set of constraints sufficient to derive strong data guarantees in highly mobile networks. Also in this case, we show the unsuitability of previous quorum systems, and provide a condition which is necessary to guarantee data availability and atomic consistency under high node mobility. We propose a new classof quorum systems, called Mobile Dissemination (MD) quorums, suitable for highly mobile networks, and propose a quorum construction which is optimal with respect to the quorum size (i.e., message transmissions) [7]. Then, we apply the MD quorum system to implement a provably correct atomic read/write shared memory for mobile and sparse networks.Bibliography [1] D. Tulone, S. Madden. PAQ: Time series forecasting for approximate query answeringin sensor networks. In Proc. of the 3rd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, pp. 21-37, Feb 2006.[2] D. Tulone, S. Madden. An energy-efficient querying framework in sensor networks for detecting node similarities.Submitted to conference.[3] D. Tulone. On the feasibility of global time estimation under isolation conditions in wireless sensor networks.To appear in Algorithmica.[4] D. Tulone. A resource-efficient time estimation for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the 4th Workshop of Principles of Mobile Computing, pp. 52-59, Oct 2004.[5] D. Tulone. How efficiently and accurately can a process get the reference time? Intl. Symp. on Distributed Computing, Oct2003. Brief announcement, pp. 25-32.[6] D.Tulone, E. D. Demaine. Redesigning quorum systems for wireless sensor networks. Submitted to conference.[7] D. Tulone. Is it possible to ensure strong data guarantees in highly mobile networks? Submitted to conference.