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一、刊物选择光文章本身好不够，刊物也要选择好。刊物选择同等重要！（一）刊物选择范围1.不建议投CSSCI来源刊物第一，CSSCI来源刊物审稿周期长。此类刊物审稿周期一般为3到4个月，至少也需2个月。很多刊物不回复，只有少数的刊物没录稿还会给你回复一下。我有一次投一个刊物一个周就回复了，说是编辑初审就没过，这种打击很正常，我们要锲而不舍。也投过《学海》，一个半月就回复，回复说的是我的文章不符合他们刊物的风格。第二，发文周期长。此类刊物从文章定稿到最后刊发一般至少半年。比如，《西北人口》编辑部8月份说录用我的文章，过了半年，到了第二年刊物才出来。可能《法学研究》这种权威刊物，要等一年多。第三，大多CSSCI来源刊物不发硕、博士学生（独立作者）文章。CSSCI来源刊物中的潜在录稿规则导致学生及青年教师文章录稿空间缩小。C刊潜在的规则：知名学者约稿、学者之间相互推荐学生发文、学者之间相互在对方刊物发文、知名学者“姓名”效应等。不像国外的匿名审稿，这些潜在的录稿规则，占C刊稿件比例肯定不在少数，何况还有那么多年轻老师投稿呢。第四，部分CSSCI刊物办刊质量不高。不要以为C刊都好，中国要讲竞争，还要平衡利益。党政部门、名人效应都可能影响C刊的评选。你们注意观察，有些C刊一期七八十篇，还不如普刊。收钱的C刊的，不要发这种刊物，这让自己自我掉价。具体哪些专门收钱、质量不行的C刊我们私下交流，我这里公开讲有故意损人的嫌疑，不讲为好。2.建议多投二本院校非核心的学报这是因为这些二本学报代表学校门面和学术水平，注重办刊质量；审稿周期较短，一般为半个月到1个月以内；发文周期较短，一般2个月内就出刊；愿意录用硕、博士生较高质量的文章。3.建议多投党政院校非核心的学报官方性质，注重办刊质量；审稿周期较短（半个月到1个月以内）；发文周期较短（2个月内就出刊）；愿意录用硕、博士生较高质量的文章；转载率较高。各省地的党政系统学校学报，有145种左右，愿意用我们学生的文章。不要小看这些文章行政院校，被转载的机会很大。2010年转载量中，转载率已经很好了。有些刊物可能你们不知道，例如甘肃行政学院学报，这些的刊物的转载率很高。党政系统的学报转载率高，很注重质量，有综合指数排名，宁波市委党校学报，大家可能没听过，可以成为大家以后投稿的刊物范围。人大复印资料转载量排名前30名的党政系统学报中，转载率在10%以上的共有13种，转载数量在10篇以上的刊物共26种。转载数及转载量排名前30名的党政系统刊物中，非核心期刊占半数以上。二、刊物确定第一，详细了解备选刊物的发文主题。建议进入CNKI把备选刊物过去一年的发文目录找出来，根据目录归类了解刊物发文的主题，对比投稿文章是否与刊物以往发文主题相符合。大家要了解哪些刊物，去图书馆转一转，法学C刊有哪些，可以了解一下。刊物一年的发文目录给看一下，这个已经进行了分类，和主题进行一个对比，看是不是这个范围。如果你的文章主题编辑不熟悉，一般很难被录用。第二，地域差异对刊物主题的影响。沿海的刊物一般不会发民族、西部主题的文章。每个刊物有地域特色，比如西北地区的民族类刊物侧重发藏族的，四川民族刊物侧重彝族。第三，学科差异对刊物主题的影响。法学技术性太强的文章不好投，尽量写和相关学科沾边的文章，这样能够不局限于投法学刊物。第四，研究方法是否适应刊物风格。研究方法、数据统计也很重要，你用太专业的社会学方法、统计学的方法搞研究，投法学核心刊物可能就不合适。因为中国法学的法学研究目前还是文字到文字，属于粗放研究阶段，不像国外引入很多高度量化的研究。三、投稿方式（一）A4纸张打印原则上都用打印稿。打印出来看起来比较舒服，这是一般人的心理。电子投稿和打印邮寄任选一种的也建议用打印稿。电子投稿一般附上文章简要的题目，附上姓名，把文章的基本信息在文件里列出来，单位、摘要、姓名、基金项目，有项目比较好发，如果是同一个专业其他老师也可以挂，只要知会一下，也是做贡献。编辑都是先看题目、摘要，基本信息，大概可以知道有没可能录用你的稿。（二）大号信封邮寄。大号的信封邮寄，刚好装A4纸。邮局都有的，一般可以买几十个备着用。（三）字号和间距。宋体小四号字，行距20磅，这个字号和行距是一般人都能接受的范围。字太大或太小不行，20磅介于单倍到1.5之间。这个字体和行距虽然不是最好，但大部分能接受。编辑一般比较年轻，不存在老花眼问题。（四）排版方式应当能够参考所投刊物。四、论文录用（一）编辑通知录稿的方式1.电话通知（1）一般通过座机打。（2）投稿后的相应时间内要对未接座机号码具备一定敏感性。我投稿《湖北民族学院学报》的时候，5中旬投的，6月初端午节后回校没接到编辑部打来的电话，看到陌生电话以为是打错了。这篇文章三月份到五月份投了20个C刊，只有《学海》回复审稿意见，虽然没录用，还是安慰了我一下，其他全部没有理我。一看作者87年生的，就明白你是学生。后来我投了这个普刊，之后我想万一是编辑部打来的呢，这叫“无心插柳柳成荫”、“功夫不负有心人”。我一查是湖北的区号，就回过去，编辑说要录用我的稿件，之后就是修改了。也有人和我相反的处理方式。我院有同学投了关于民族地区宗教信仰调查的文章，投稿后一段时候后曾发现手机有未接座机号码，之后没有及时主动回复。过了段时间，他给刊物联系，结果编辑告知他本来打算录用他的文章，当时曾电话联系过，但是他没有接到电话。编辑表示，如果他本人同意，还可以发表他的文章。但是，这时已经过了中期考核的时间。一个编辑会审很多文章，具体审稿的编辑人手也不会很多，很可能一忙就会忘哪个电话没有打通。这个例子是给大家打打预防针，这是一个教训。2.邮件通知邮件的话会发一个正式的文件，附修改规范，问是否同意在本刊发文。(1)决定录用，问本人是否同意。可以一稿多投，但不可以一稿多用。很多刊物说不能一稿多投，但只是单方约定，录稿了都得给你联系，要得到作者同意。(2)大致刊用的时间、期数。（3）不同意发文可直接回复邮件。刊物定稿前，都可以撤稿。撤稿发邮件同时，最好电话联系。3、文章返修（1）参照本刊物的排版及注释规范。（2）权威刊物出具匿名审稿人意见。权威刊物或者好刊物修改的次数可能多次。文科发文章，周期比较快。我知道一个华西的博士，国外的Medline数据库刊物，从录稿到最后发文整整用了3年时间，中间修改了8次。国内中文刊物编辑改了一到两次就可以了。最后是发来文章校样让作者最后核对。Q&A问：二本学校的学报，什么时候要求投稿人支付版面费？求支付版面费的问题你怎么看呢？答：如果真的涉及到中期考核的问题，你的文章被录稿。可以给编辑谈判的，要不就撤稿。他一般会用的，即使你说不交钱。你想一下正规的二本学报或者其他党政系统学校学报为什么要你一个学生的文章呢？你有要价的资本，要有自信，肯定是你写得比一般人要好，至少有些新意。我们有博士，一家普刊说要他的文章，但说版面费的事情，他就说没钱交，但最后还是也发了。同学们要自信，要胸有成竹，相信你就有要价的资本。但是，如果你真着急发，想交钱，但会交很少。对于版面费或评审费的问题，一般情况下，硕士生论文，有些编辑可能要看心情，也说不准，正常录稿比找中介的花得少很多。普刊不交钱的情况还是多，C刊往往都得交评一定审费用，只是说正常录稿交钱少。所以，我建议大家多发普刊，我导师说发文章不准交钱，评审费都不要交，那我就天天呆图书馆，熟悉刊物、改文章，即使投的文章没回复一直也放弃。发C刊也不是交钱就一定可以的，川大6年博士毕业，要发3篇C刊，还有博士生的文章一直没发出去。问：师兄，我想知道C刊，B刊，A刊，核心的区别？答：这个我可以简单给大家说一下。好点的学校期刊的分级，大同小异。川大的期刊分级，五个等级，ABCDE。A刊3种类型。SSCI就是，国际英文刊物。为什么要有一个CSSCI，总体来说，我们国家老师学生掌握英语的能力不是很强，所以弄一个中文核心期刊过渡。不过，现在情况有变，浙大博士就要发1篇SSCI，川大没要求，说不定以后2000后95后学生读博士，以后要发这个。还有一个是权威刊物的22种，各个学科里有一种权威刊物，法学研究，政治学研究等。还有一种A刊，新华文摘摘要文章，新华社办的，1500字相当于A刊，转载效益。A刊就这三类。B刊3种类型。重要刊物。各个学科里，中国法学、比较法研究，每个学科三五种，比较难发。转载也算，中国社会科学文摘摘要，高等学校文科学术文摘摘要，人大复印资料全文转载。报纸有《人民日报（理论版）》，《光明日报（理论版）》，这上面发文章很牛，评职称也需要。C类3种类型。CSSCI一般的刊物。报纸里面的重要报纸，比如法制日报、经济，也算发C类刊物了。三大文科学术文摘论点摘要、学术卡片也算，这三种文摘江安图书馆三楼都可以查到，还有包括人大复印资料。D类：非C刊的北大核心。核心期刊有两个评价体系，北大核心和南大核心。北大核心评价不规范，有很多非学术性的刊物，很多学校认是南大核心。北大核心和C刊有重复。还有一个CSSCI扩展版，平衡地域差异，比如《西南交通大学学报（文科版）》属于扩展板。E类：比较多。平常刊物，论文集，省级报纸也算，现在我们毕业，发两篇普通期刊就可以了。好像你们这一级发一篇就可以了，你们再问一下。问：师兄，你平时的发文平均周期有多长？答：初稿很快，集中写半个月。初稿到修改，质量比较好的文章三个月到半年。可能中间要上课，周期会长一点。大概是这个情况，快的话，投稿一个月时间在普刊就可以发表。我知道我的同学，在暑假时间把作业论文改了改，写问题建议这种论文，三四版面的文章都发表了。有的寒假写了，上半年就可以已经发出来了。针对大多数同学讲，如果用6个月发一篇普刊，时间还是很充裕的。《法制与社会》杂志是一本面向全国公开发行的法制类期刊，她集科学性、思想性、可读性、纪实性为一体，以及时、生动、全面、深刻、充分报道国内外重大新闻的详情和内幕为己任。旨在贴近百姓、关注社会、倡导法制、反映生活，为读者提供丰富的综合信息，法律知识；提供强有力的法律援助，维护合法权益。"Law and society" magazine is the legal journals the nationally published, she is scientific, ideological, readability, documentary as a whole, to timely, comprehensive, profound, vivid, full coverage of major domestic and international news details and insider. In order to close to the people, society, advocating legal system, reflection of life, to provide comprehensive information for readers, rich knowledge of law; legal aid provided strong, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests.《法制与社会》以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和三个代表重要思想为指导，坚持“双百方针”，鼓励理论创新，支持学术争鸣，促进思想解放，活跃和繁荣理论法学研究。该刊坚持以新世纪的时代精神和主旋律为其精神导向，以新时代的重大实践主题为其现实坐标，努力推进法学理论认识的深化、法学理论内涵的丰富、法学理论体系的升华。"Law and society" by Marx Lenin, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents as the guide, adhere to the "double hundred policy", encourage innovation, support academic contend, promote the emancipation of the mind, active and prosperous jurisprudence research. The journal adhere to the spirit of the times and the theme of new century as their spiritual guide, with great practical theme of the new age for the reality coordinates, efforts to promote the legal theory, legal theory and deepens the understanding of the rich connotation, the theoretic system of the science of sublimation.《法制与社会》杂志是一本集科学性、思想性、理论性为一体的综合期刊。中国学术期刊（光盘版）全文收录期刊，中国学术期刊综合评价数据库来源期刊，中国期刊网全文收录期刊。本杂志是一本面向全国公开发行的法制类期刊。到目前为止，法制与社会杂志已经和国内多家媒体建立了紧密的合作关系，并且和中央电视台社会与法频道《第一线》栏目实现了互动刊播。"Law and society" magazine is a comprehensive periodical a scientific, ideological, theoretical integration. Chinese academic journals (CD) full-text included journals, database origin periodical China comprehensive evaluation of academic journals, Chinese Journal Full-text included journals. This magazine is the legal journals a nationwide public offering. So far, Journal of law and social and domestic media to establish a close cooperative relationship, and the realization of the society and law channel and CCTV "front-line" interactive broadcast program.《法制与社会》杂志社理会不仅为社会各界提供了一个相互交流、总结行业经验、树立企、事业单位形象的广阔平台，而且以法律援助、法律服务、理事会法学专家解疑等方式为会员单位提供了法律保护的坚实后盾。该刊面向改革开放和现代化建设实践，努力学习组织、引导和支持具有重大实践意义的课题攻关，为社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明的发展提供科学而富有效益的智力支持和理论指导。"Law and society" magazine about not only provides a mutual exchange, summarize experience, set up enterprises, image of the broad platform for the social from all walks of life, but also provides a solid backing of legal protection to legal aid, legal services, legal experts aimed at dispelling such means as the Council member unit. The journal for reform and opening and modernization construction practice, learning organization, guide and support the research project has important practical significance, intellectual support and theoretical guidance and provide scientific and full of benefits for the development of the socialist material civilization, political civilization,以上

Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives’ trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives’ value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives’ trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option’s holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as underlying asset the short-term interest rate of a currency deposit in a foreign bank is called interest rate future.On the other hand, forwards are similar agreements to futures in the sense that they both represent obligation of the contracted parts to proceed to a transaction of an agreed price at a specified date. However, forwards are not standardised contracts that can be traded in exchanges, but are tailored-to-need agreements for the specific clients and are usually available over-the-counter (for instance between a bank and the purchaser). Foreign exchange is the one of the most important underlying assets that forwards are used for, providing special trading markets for currencies. Fluctuating interest rates of different currencies create uncertainty for the future repayment of loans obtained with flexible rates. For this reason, forward rate agreements (FRAs) can be made between banks and companies, which assure that they will receive a premium from the banks if the floating rates associated with the re-payment of their loans exceeds a pre-specified amount. FRAs are also tradable, and usually are contracted for short time periods, varying from 3, 6 or 12 months.The exact way in which loans are re-paid as related to floating interest rates created the need for swaps. Swaps are private contracts between companies to exchange interest payment obligations to banks. Under a swap arrangement, companies might be able to mutually devise loan repayments that are cheaper for both parts. Swaps, unlike FRAs, are commonly negotiated for longer periods and can be contracted and traded in similar ways to options.From the above description of the most common derivatives, it is clear that companies have a powerful toolbox of financial instruments that can be implemented to improve their financial position. The most predominant objective of their use is the mitigation of uncertainty, with regards to future values of assets or commodities. This practice is known as hedging of risk. Hedging can be done with options. If for example a pharmaceutical company announces that in 6 months they might have a cure for cancer, the share price will go sky-high, however the financial managers might be concerned of a failure to meet this announcement. They can protect the financial position of the company by buying put options that can be exercised in case the company fails to discover the cure for cancer (and so its share will bottom down).Such options that are issued by the company itself are called warrants. Hedging with options or warrants can be used against numerous potential declines in the share price or the whole market. Thus hedging helps to protect companies against financial instability. Options can also be used in incentive payment schemes from companies to employees, who can be offered call options that can be exercised in the future when the corporate share will be higher. This offer provides a motivation to workers to push the share up by improving their working performance. Thus companies achieve with this indirect payment method increased productivity gains.Another potential beneficial use of options is tax planning. Big multinational corporations can make use the of differences in tax legislation in the different countries they operate, and manage to reduce the whole payable tax or their cost of capital by trading options in different jurisdictions. Tax practitioners can design option trading in such ways that they achieve tax deductions without significant changes in the financial position of the corporation. Hedging can also take place with futures on underlying commodities. Many major producers are uncertain of the future price of commodities essential to their business and so they use futures to ensure their production costs against price rises. Thus, they are willing to pay a premium that will ensure them against price volatilities. Under the same rationale, large investors that hold big and diversified portfolios, which are sensitive to the overall movements of share indexes, might want to hedge with share index futures. In that way they can reduce their losses if the indexes plunge.All derivatives that are contingent to interest rate payments can also be used to hedge risks that occur from floating rates. FRAs are specifically useful in this case since they assure their holders against interest rate falls. Slightly alternative interest rate hedging techniques are used in Caps and Floors. These hedging techniques are particularly useful to firms that need to eliminate or reduce their exposure to interest rate short-term fluctuations and thus they are willing to pay a risk premium.Risks that are associated with exchange rate volatility can also be hedged by using derivatives. Intra country economic transactions are priced according to the relative exchange rates of the currencies involved. For instance, an exported commodity that is priced one British pound in the UK does not have a steady value in Euros throughout time. This means that the same transaction can have different value, according to the level of the currency exchange rate. Multinational corporations and firms that are directly implicated to foreign trade (imports/exports) are exceptionally sensitive to volatile exchange rates and thus they are looking to employ derivatives that can help reduce this uncertainty. Futures can be used to ensure a currency transaction in the future, regardless of the exchange rate in that future time. Or when firms require greater flexibility they can use currency forwards that are not as standardised as futures and can also be individually tailored. Alternatively, firms can use currency options that not only allow them to hedge foreign exchange risk but also to make additional profits if the exchange rate is favourable. In conclusion, derivative securities have increased the capability of financial managers to improve the financial position of their firms and mitigate uncertainty regarding the future of the business and the financial markets. The importance of derivatives can nowadays be observed by the exploding evolution of derivative exchange markets in developed economies all over the world. Derivatives, that represent a contractual agreement towards either the right or the obligation of the contractors to proceed to a pre-specified transaction in the future, can take different forms and variations, according to the specific needs of the business. However, their most common function is to reduce the risk involved in future economic transactions, so that firms or institutions can be more secured against economic uncertainty that has noticeably has imposed immense costs on entrepreneurial activities in the past. This altering of the risk profile of corporate activity, also known as hedging, can sometimes also contribute to the simultaneous achievement of great profits, allocating even more importance to derivative instruments. Furthermore, derivatives can prove beneficial to companies when used in incentive payment schemes, tax planning or loan repayments. Following the increasing use of derivative instruments the last thirty years, it is certain that their corporate use will be even more augmented through the design and implementation of new types.ReferencesArnold, G. (2005), Handbook of corporate finance, Financial Times Prentice HallEales, B., A., (1995), Financial Risk Management, McGraw Hill: MaidenheadHull, J., C., (2000), Options futures and other derivatives, (5th edit.), Prentice Hall InternationalTaylor, F., (2000), Mastering derivatives markets, (2nd edit.), Financial Times Prentice HallWinston, D., (1995), Financial Derivatives, Chapman and Hall: London发不下了，邮箱上传中。。。

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