chengjiebgjicom
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
sh玫瑰人生
（1990年以后）1、《观众与读者：从接受美学角度看剧场艺术与戏剧文学的差异》10，000字，《南京大学学报》1990、42、《西方近代风景画艺术巡礼》9，000字，《艺术百家》1991、13、《叙述与代言：中西戏剧模式比较》13，000字，《戏剧》（中央戏剧学院学报）1991、24、《从小说到戏剧：文类的差异与互渗》12，000字，《艺术百家》1992、15、《歌与话：中西戏剧的交流与差异》13，000字《文艺研究》1992、26、《文本．阅读．读者》9，000字，《南京大学学报》1992、27、《视界与戏剧性》8，000字，《学术论丛》1992、38、《莎士比亚与西方戏剧的视界结构》8，000字，《艺术景观》1992、39、《〈家〉与两种终极关怀》8，000字，《人文杂志》，1992、410、《戏剧视界结构初探》18，000字，《中国话剧研究》，1992、411、《语默动静之间》12，000字，《文学研究》（南大出版社）1992、1212、《叙述与对话：中西戏剧话语模式比较》14，000字，《中国社会科学》，1992、5。（“Patterns of Drama：A Comparative Study”8，000字，“SOCIAL SCIENCE IN CHINA” 1997、4。）13、《中西戏剧的时空与剧场经验》13，000字，《戏剧》（中央戏剧学院学报），1992、414、《剧本与剧场：戏剧及其研究的观念与方法》11，000字，《文艺研究》1993、315、《从金庸作品看文化语境的武侠小说》17，000字，《中国社会科学》，1995、5。（“On the Works of Jin Yong”9000字，“SOCIAL SCIENCE IN CHINA”，1996、4。）16、《幻想中的英雄》8，000字，《厦门大学学报》，1996、117、《幻觉与意境》8，000字，《文艺研究》，1996、318、《迈向中西比较戏剧学的起点》11，000字，《戏剧艺术》（上海戏剧学院学报），1997、119、《新加坡华文文学的认同：创造与传统》9，000字，《华侨华人历史研究》，1997、220、《试论戏剧语词与动作的关系》8，000字，《文艺研究》，1997、621、《新加坡华人文学30年》5，000字，《文艺报》，1997、4、2922、《从激昂的批判到闲适的眺望》6，000字，《文艺报》，1997、8、1423、《新加坡华文文学的文化语境》9，000字，《文艺理论与批评》，1997、624、《跨文化的文本形象研究》，8、000字，《江苏社会科学》，1999、125、《世纪末的法国剧坛》6、000万字，《戏剧文学》，2000、626、《侨民文学．马华文学．新华文学》9、000字，《文艺理论与批评》2001、127、《20世纪西方文学批评的四种范式》9、000字，《厦门大学学报》2001、228、《停滞/进步：西方的形象与中国的现实》，25、000字，《书屋》，2001、1029、《天地大舞台》，24、000字，《戏剧》（中央戏剧学院学报），2001、330、《现实主义．爱国主义．多元化的文学本体主义》11、000字，新加坡《新世纪学刊》，2001，31、《列班．扫马西行研究》，12、000字，《国际汉学》，第三辑，2002、432、《双重他者：解构〈落花〉的中国想象》，14000字，《戏剧》（中央戏剧学院学报）2002、333、《“万里长城建造时”：卡夫卡的中国神话》，9、000字，《厦门大学学报》2002、634、《东方主义：理论与论争》， 9、000字，《厦门大学学报》2003、135、《东风西渐：从孔教乌托邦到红色圣地》，21、000字，《文艺理论与批评》2003、136、《中国形象的伟大遗产》，5、600字，《文艺报》2003、2、1837、《史诗剧场与残酷戏剧：现代剧场政体的意识形态批判》，14、000字，《戏剧》（中央戏剧学院学报）2003、138、《从历史构筑意识形态：中国现代史学与历史剧的意义》， 9、000字，《人文杂志》2003、239、《“义和团”与“付满洲博士”：20世纪初的“黄祸”恐慌》，17、000字，《书屋》，2003、440、《中国形象：西方现代性的文化他者》10、00字，《粤海风》2003、341、《探寻世界文明的中华文化资源》，15、000万字，《东南学术》2003、342、《有关历史剧讨论的讨论》、8、000字，《晋阳学刊》2003、443、《牧歌田园：二十世纪西方想象的另一个中国》，18、000字，《书屋》，2003、644、《茶与鸦片：两个帝国命运的改写》30、000万字，《天涯》2003、445、《为中华民族的复兴清理文化资源》7、000万字，《文艺报》2003、8、1946、《被别人表述：国民性批判的西方话语谱系》17、000字，《文艺理论与批评》2003、547、《美好新世界》，18、000万字，《书屋》，2003、1048、《鸦片帝国：浪漫主义时代的一种东方想象》11、000万字，《外国文学研究》2003、549、《世纪末的中国形象：莫名的敌意与恐慌》，19、000字，《书屋》，2003、1250、《汉学或“汉学主义”》，《厦门大学学报》，13、000字，2004、151、《中国异托邦：20世纪西方的文化他者》，18、000万字，《书屋》，2004、252、《重整马华文学独特性》，1万字，《华侨华人历史研究》2004、153、《海客谈瀛洲：帝制时代中国的西方形象》，《书屋》2004、454、《天下辨夷狄：晚清中国的西方形象》、《书屋》，2004、6
仙呢榕儿
俯视与仲视——谈中西戏剧观众心态视角差异详细内容 观众心态视角不是指观众从某种学科角度(如社会学、历史学角度)去看戏剧演出，而 是指观众与戏剧演出之间的心态落差造成的视角。观众把自己的心态放在一定的位置去 观看戏剧演出，而观众的心态位置与演出在观众心中的位置不是完全平等的，这种落差 造成的视角就是观众心态视角。 中西戏剧观众的心态视角存在着很大差异。中国戏曲观众采用的是俯视角，西方戏剧 观众采用的是仰视角。也就是说，中国戏曲观众处在一种心态上的高位置，去俯视演出 ；而西方戏剧观众处在一种心态上的低位置去仰视演出。 这种视角的差别主要表现在观演关系的中心不同。 在剧场里，演员表演戏剧，观众观看演出，但在观演关系中，二者却不占同等的位置 。不同的戏剧，二者的侧重点不同。一是以观众为中心，一是以演出为中心。观演关系 中的观众中心制是指观众处在中心地位，在演出时间、演出长度、演出内容上具有较大 的决定权，观看时也有较大的自由度。演出中心制则相反，演出者具有较大的自主性， 演出时间，剧目内容由演出者决定，观众在观看演出时有较大的限制。在观众中心制的 观演关系中，观众在心态上处于高位置去俯视演出，形成俯视的心态视角。在演出中心 制的观演关系中，观众在心态上处于低位置去仰视演出，形成仰视的心态视角。 西方戏剧的观演关系倾向于演出中心制，演出者较少与观众提前商量，演出时，与观 众的直接交流较少，注重演出的整一连续性，演出过程中较少有与演出无关的穿插。观 众提前买票进入剧场，按号入座，观看时不宜做与观剧无关的事，甚至鼓掌也只适合在 幕间和演出结束后，以免干扰演出。这时，观众是用仰视的心态视角去观看演出。 中国戏曲的观演关系倾向于观众中心制。中国古典戏曲演出可以分为公众演出和堂会 演出，公众演出不管在剧场还是在广场，观众前去观剧的时间都是自由的，观看演出时 的限制较少，可以做与观剧无关的事(如聊天、吃东西)，也可以随时表示对演出的喜恶 甚至干涉演出(如喝彩、喝倒彩)。为少数观众服务的堂会演出，则完全以观众为中心。 演出时间、演出剧目由观众决定，甚至剧目的情节台词因为避讳等原因要做临时改变。 演出过程中常加入与剧目不相干的节目(如每有重要人物到场，演出立刻停止，加演“ 跳加官”之类向来宾祝福的“例戏”)。[1]这时，观众用俯视的心态视角去观看演出。 这种心态视角的差别是如何形成的呢? 或许有人认为这是因为中国戏曲以唱念做打为表现方法，欣赏戏曲主要是欣赏演员的 唱做技艺；而西方戏剧的文学性很强，欣赏西方戏剧主要是欣赏戏剧的思想内容。的确 ，这在一定程度上促进了中西戏剧心态视角差别的形成。但是，这句话却解释不了以下 事实：作为西方戏剧重要部分的大歌剧和芭蕾舞，文学性并不强，也是以展示歌舞技艺 为主，而人们却以仰视的心态视角去欣赏。昆曲的文学性是很强的，而在堂会演出中， 宾客仍以俯视的心态视角去观看。 中西戏剧观众心态视角差异的根本原因在于二者的起源和形成过程不同。 西方戏剧发端于古希腊祭祀大典上的歌舞表演。每年春季祭祀中有人化装成酒神的伴 侣——羊人，众人载歌载舞，颂赞酒神的功绩。后来，在歌舞中加进一个演员，由他轮 流扮演几个人物，并与歌队长对话，这是最初的戏剧因素。内容也扩大到其他神的丰功 伟绩和超人英雄的故事。至此，戏剧作为一种独立的艺术样式已经成型。整个中世纪的 戏剧都是在教堂、广场演出的宗教剧，主要表现上帝的伟大和圣徒事迹。文艺复兴时期 正式形成了话剧、歌剧、舞剧三大剧种。 中国古典戏曲的源头说法不一，一说源于俳优，但这仅包含了戏剧的一些表演因素； 另一说是源于具有宗教祭祀性质的巫祭祀仪式，但它对中国戏曲的形成起到多大的决定 性作用还未达成共识。中国戏曲正式形成较晚。北宋时，为了适应广大市民阶层的文化 娱乐需要，各种民间技艺便纷纷从各地汇集到城市里来了。其中，对戏曲的形成影响最 大的主要有说唱性质的艺术：诸宫调；歌舞性质的艺术：大曲；扮演性质的艺术；傀儡 戏、参军戏等，这三种性质的艺术样式相互吸收，才形成了戏曲的雏形阶段——宋杂剧 、金院本。这些都是多种民间(或已经走向民间)的娱乐样式的杂合。北宋末南宋初，宋 杂剧的一支演变为南戏，中国戏曲才发展成熟。[2] 从中西戏剧形成可以看出，西方戏剧产生于祭祀，是宗教仪式的一个组成部分，始终 带有宗教色彩。宗教仪式是庄严肃穆的，参加宗教仪式的人们怀着崇敬的心情赞颂神的 伟大，在观看表现神的伟绩的戏剧时，同样怀着崇敬的心情。这时，戏剧演出处在一种 精神上的高位置，观众处在一种精神上的低位置，观众的心态视角是仰视的。后来的戏 剧虽然脱离了祭祀的宗教气氛，但这种仰视的心态视角却带着祭祀仪式的痕迹保留了下 来。 中国戏曲的形成过程是多种娱乐样式的综合。宗教祭祀仪式对它的形成影响并不大， 相对于西方戏剧的形成渊源来说，它本质上是一种娱乐手段，而且，它对多种娱乐手段 综合的过程同时也是娱乐性加强的过程。人们去瓦肆看戏就是为了娱乐，自然在心理上 处在高位置，去俯视处在低位置的戏曲。以后，戏曲走向富贵人家宴请宾朋的堂会，走 向农村集市庙会的庙台，走向农村庆丰收的草台，它的观众都是怀着喜洋洋的轻松心情 去俯视它。后来的戏曲中也有具有宗教意味的神仙道化剧，但它完全没有西方戏剧初期 的庄严神圣的宗教氛围。 这种形成渊源上的差异，影响了中西戏剧从业人员的社会地位的差异，影响了戏剧在 正统文艺中地位的差异，这些都加强了观众的心态视角的差异。 古希腊戏剧演员和剧作家的社会地位很高，他们被看作宗教仆人，受人尊敬，古希腊 联邦会议规定，他们的生命财产不受侵犯，无论战时平时，他们能去各地，甚至敌国演 出。[3]欧洲文艺复兴以后，戏剧家的社会地位仍很高，法国戏剧家高乃依、布瓦洛等 都是最高学术机构——法兰西学院院士，这种现象不只在法国，在欧洲都是普遍的。陈 独秀在《论戏曲》中谈到西方戏剧家在民族战争中用戏剧使国民振奋，民族复兴的壮举 ，并说“戏园者，实天下之大学堂也；优伶者，实普天下之大学教师也。”这虽然是他 根据西方的情况对中国戏剧提出的希望，但从侧面反映出了西方人对戏剧的重要性的认 识以及戏剧演员社会地位的评估。试想，“学生们”观看“大学教师”的演出，自然是 仰视的心态。 俯视与仲视——谈中西戏剧观众心态视角差异详细内容 来自: 免费论文网 戏剧艺术在西方的文艺样式体系中始终占有重要地位，古希腊的文艺理论代表作—— 《诗学》就是戏剧理论，古罗马时的《诗艺》有三分之一是戏剧理论，黑格尔认为：“ 戏剧无论在内容上还是在形式上都要形成最完美的整体，所以应该看作诗乃至一般艺术 的最高层。”[4]这种认识强化了戏剧观众的仰视视角。 中国戏曲演员古时的社会地位与古希腊的演员相比真是天壤之别。他们被社会鄙视， 被称为“倡优”、“戏子”。先秦时，戏曲艺人的远祖——优，只不过是逗王侯开心的 玩物，倡优的身份是奴隶，没有人身自由。“进入封建社会后，——他们大体分为两类 ：一类是隶官倡优(隶籍于宫廷和官府)，一类是私家倡优，前者为官伎，后者为家伎， 性质分别为官奴和家奴”，[5]他们“或战争俘虏沦为奴，或属有罪之家罚为奴，或为 穷人家子弟卖为奴。他们必须自相婚配，故其奴隶身份也世代相传”。[6]至清朝前期 ，乐户、官伎等贱民制度被废除，但仍有“一妓二丐三戏子”之说。戏曲作家也只是在 元朝废除科举时才专职从事戏剧创作，而正统文人把创作戏曲只是当作业余兴趣而已， 抱着一种“玩”的心态，他们出文集时决不把戏曲收入。戏曲艺术始终被拒斥于正统文 艺的大门之外。古时观众看“戏子”的演出，自然是俯视的心态。 观众心态视角与戏剧的悲喜色彩的选择倾向有着密切的联系。观众心态视角的差异使 得戏剧的悲喜色彩倾向不同。反过来，戏剧悲喜色彩的不同又加强了心态视角的差异。 在西方“悲剧历来被认为是戏剧中的冠冕。”[7]但丁认为喜剧是“从逆境与恐怖开始 ，但以幸福、欢乐与充满魅力的情调结束。”所以，“他的表现风格是卑下的。”[8] 丹尼诺认为“喜剧作家拈来素材都是人们熟悉的家庭琐事，虽不能说是低级的甚至邪恶 的，但悲剧诗人处理的都是高贵帝王的死亡和庞大帝国的毁灭。”[9]这些话的潜台词 就是强调悲剧高于喜剧。西方人推崇悲剧的重要原因是悲剧庄严肃穆的气氛，与作为戏 剧源渊的宗教祭祀的庄严气氛最接近，都是用仰视的心态视角。 中国戏曲观众喜欢看喜剧。戏谚有“无丑不成戏”之说。清代流行剧集《缀白裘》中 大半是喜剧。这与戏曲形成时的娱乐滑稽传统有着直接的联系，其中反映出的俯视心态 也是一脉相承的。中国古典戏曲的演出场合多为农村的年节庙会，城市中的戏园茶园， 富贵人家宴请宾朋的堂会等喜庆场合。观众都想来得到娱乐，所以不适合演悲哀死伤等 不愉快不吉利的事。这影响到了剧作家的创作。李渔有诗：“唯我填词不卖愁，一夫不 笑是我忧。举世尽成弥勒佛，度人秃笔始堪投。”即使悲剧(苦戏)中也有许多喜剧成分 ，也采用喜剧化的手法，如大团圆结局，丑角插科打诨，甚至“苦戏笑唱”。[10]许多 剧种都流传这样一出折子戏《傻女婿拜年》，写一农家姑娘被迫嫁给财主的傻儿子。这 本是一出悲剧，但却选取了一个喜剧场景：两口子回门给丈人拜年，傻子丑态百出闹出 许多笑话。这种“苦戏笑唱”，一来适合了演出时的喜庆气氛；二来把苦事当做笑话讲 ，这本身就加强了观众俯视心态的意味。难怪有人认为中国戏曲没有真正的悲剧。 同样是看悲剧，中西戏剧观众的心态视角也不相同。中国戏曲悲剧冲突带有鲜明的伦 理批判倾向。冲突的基础是两种截然相反的伦理道德，如秦香莲与陈世美，敫桂英与王 魁之间的冲突都是如此。西方悲剧不管是命运悲剧、性格悲剧、社会悲剧，都是人对于 其强大的对立面，即命运、社会、性格所做的奋力挣扎反抗。如俄狄浦斯之于命运，哈 姆雷特之于性格，斯多芒克之于社会，但他们最后都以毁灭告终。中国戏曲悲剧中的主 人公往往是弱小善良的老百姓，尤其是有不幸遭遇和无辜受冤的女性。而西方悲剧的主 人公多是高贵、威严、有强大力量的帝王将相、贵族富人、神人英雄等。由此可见，中 国戏曲的悲剧是把观众推在高高的道德伦理的评判席上，让观众俯视这些可怜的无辜的 弱者，进而对这故事、人物做出道德评判。而西方悲剧的观众仰视着台上那些比自己更 有力量的主人公在命运、性格、社会面前做拼死抗争，却仍逃不脱失败的结果，进而产 生了“恐惧和怜悯”，从而使观众感情得到“净化”。 中西戏剧各自经过了漫长的发展过程，形成了各自的特点，只有认清它们的相同和差 异，并互相借鉴，才有助于它们更好的发展。 【参考文献】 [1][5][6]路应昆《中国戏曲与社会诸色》[M].长春：吉林教育出版社1992.P41；P13 ；P15 [2]俞为民《中国古代戏曲简史》[M].南京：江苏教育出版社1991.P13 [3]罗念生《古希腊戏剧·后记》[M].北京：作家出版社1992 [4][德]黑格尔著朱光潜译《美学》第三卷下册.[M].北京：商务印书馆1997.P240 [7][10]蓝凡《中西戏剧比较论稿》[M].北京：学林出版社1992.P542；P558 [8][9][英]尼科尔著 徐士瑚译《西欧戏剧理论》[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社1985.P1 00
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隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
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