有关微生物生态学研究方法的论文

2012年1)Ding Wenjuan,Wang Renqing, Yuan Yifu, Liang Xiaoqin, Liu Jian. 2012.Effects of nitrogen deposition on growth and relationship ofRobinia pseudoacaciaandQuercus acutissimaseedlings. Dendrobiology, 67: 3-13.2)Zhang Juan, Dai Jiulan, Du Xiaoming, Li Fasheng, Wang Wenxing,Wang Renqing. 2012. Distribution and sources of petroleum-hydrocarbon in soil profiles in Hunpu wastewater-irrigated area, China’s northeast. Geoderma, 173: 215-2233)Zhang Juan, Dai Jiulan, Haorui Chen, Du Xiaoming, Wang Wenxing, Wang Ning,Wang Renqing. 2012. Petroleum contamination in groundwater/air and their effects on farmland soil at the outskirt of an industrial city, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration.In press(DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.04.002)4)Wang Qiang,Wang Renqing, Tian Chengyu, Yu Yue, Zhang Yongli, Dai Jiulan. 2012. Using microbial community behavior as the complementary environmental condition indicator: a case study of an iron deposit tailing area. European Journal of Soil Biology, 51: 22-29.5)Chen Hua,Wang Renqing, Ge Xiuli, Zhang Juan, Du Ning, Wang Wei, Liu Jian. 2012. Competition and soil fungi affect the physiological and growth traits of an alien and a native tree species. Photosynthetica, 50(1): 77-85.6)Wang Shujun, Liu Jian,Wang Renqing, Ni Zirong, Xu Shipeng, Sun Yueyao. 2012. Impact of socio-economic development on ecosystem services and its conservation strategies: a case study of Shandong Province, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(5): 3213-3229.7)Chen Hua,Liu Jian, Xue Tong,Wang Renqing. 2012. Roads accelerate the invasion process of alien species. Advanced Materials Research, 347-353: 1483-1487.8)Yu Yue, Wang Hui, Liu Jian, Wang Qiang, Shen Tianlin, Guo Weihua,Wang RenQing. 2012. Shifts in microbial community function and structure along the successional gradient of coastal wetlands in Yellow River Estuary. European Journal of Soil Biology,49:12-21.9)Ge Xiuli,Liu Jian,Wang Renqing.2012. The comparison between the historical and current vegetation in Nansi Lake area. Advanced Materials Research, 518-523: 5180-5184.10)Xue Tong, Dai Jiulan, Zhang Mengmeng,Wang Renqing. 2012. FT-IR spectroscopic structural characterization of forest soil and its adsorption and desorption for mercury. Pedosphere. Accepted.11)Zhang Mengmeng, Liu Jia, Tian Chengyu,Wang Renqing, Dai Jiulan. 2012. Effect of pH, temperature and the role of ionic strength on the adsorption of mercury (II) by typical Chinese soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43: 1599-1613.12)薛童,陈华,张依然,王仁卿,戴九兰. 2012.腐殖质化学的光谱研究新进展.安徽农业科学, 6: 3833-3836.13)郭微,戴九兰,王仁卿. 2012.溶解性有机质影响土壤吸附重金属的研究进展.土壤通报, 43(3):761-768.2011年14)Ding Wenjuan, Liu Jian, Wu Daqian, Wang Yue, Chang Cheinchi,Wang Renqing. 2011. Salinity stress modulates habitat selection in the clonal plantAeluropus sinensissubjected to crude oil deposition. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 183(3): 262-271.15)Wang Yutao, Liu Jian, Hansson Lars, Zhang Kai,Wang Renqing.2011. Implementing a relative stricter discharge standard in a regional industry to enhance eco-efficiency and sustainability: a case study of Shandong pulp and paper industry, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(4): 303-310.16)Liu Lei, Liu Jian, Wang Yutao, Wang Nvjie,Wang Renqing.2011. Cost-benefit analysis and ecological compensation of watershed-scale wetland restoration: a case study in Shandong province,China.International Journal of Environmental Research, 5(3): 787-796.17)Chen Hua, Liu Jian, Zhang Yongli, Wang Qiang, Ge Xiuli, Wei Yinghua,Wang Renqing. 2011. Influence of invasive plantCoreopsis grandifloraon functional diversity of soil microbial communities. Journal of Environmental Biology, 32(5): 567-572.18)王仁卿，杜宁，郭卫华，张淑萍，戴九兰，刘建,王玉志,王玉涛.2011.走向国际化的生态学——山东大学生态学的过去、现在和将来.山东大学学报(理学版), 46(10):197-207.19)张孟孟,戴九兰,王仁卿. 2011.溶解性有机质对土壤中汞吸附迁移及生物有效性的影响研究进展.环境污染与防治, 5: 95-99, 110.20)Han Xuemei,Wang Renqing, Guo Weihua, Pang Xugui, Zhou Juan, Wang Qiang, Zhan Jincheng, Dai Jierui. 2011. Soil microbial community response to land use and various soil elements in a city landscape of North China. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(73): 16554-16565.21)Guo Weihua, Jeong Jihee, Kim Zinsuh,Wang Renqing, Kim Enhye, Kim Sunghwan. 2011. Genetic diversity ofLilium tsingtauensein China and Korea revealed by ISSR markers and morphological characters. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 39: 352–360.22)Guo Weihua, Li Bo, Zhang Xinshi,Wang Renqing. 2011. Water balance in SPAC under water stress: a case study of Hippophae rhamnoides and Caragana intermedia. In: Efe R. (Eds). Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.23)Wang Wei, Wang Renqing, Yuan Yifu, Du Ning, Guo Weihua.2011. Effects of salt and water stress on plant biomass and photosynthetic characteristics of Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensisLour.) seedlings. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(78): 17981-17989.24)Zhou Juan,Wang Renqing, Guo Weihua, Zhou Guangjun, Wang Qiang, Wang Wei, Han Xuemei, Pang Xugui, Zhan Jincheng, Dai Jierui. 2011. Soil microbial community diversity and its relationships with geochemical elements under different farmlands in Shouguang, China. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 42: 1008-1026.25)杜宁,张秀茹,王炜,陈华,谭向峰,王仁卿,郭卫华. 2011.荆条叶性状对野外不同光环境的表型可塑性研究.生态学报, 31(20): 6049-6059.2010年26)Liu Jia, Dai Jiulan,Wang Renqing, Li Fasheng, Du Xiaoming, Wang Wenxing. 2010. Adsorption/desorption and fate of mercury (II) by typical black soil and red soil in China. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 19: 587-601.27)Wang Qiang, Dai Jiulan, Yu Yue, Zhang Yongli, Shen Tianlin, Liu Jiangsheng,Wang Renqing. 2010. The changes of soil microbial structural and functional characterizations under the stress of heavy metals in typical agriculture soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 161: 495-508.28)Du N., Guo W. H., Zhang X. R.,Wang R. Q. 2010. Morphological and physiological responses ofVitex negundoL. var.heterophylla(Franch.) Rehd. to drought stress. Acta Physiol Plant, 32: 839-848.29)Guo W. H., Li B., Zhang X. S.,Wang R. Q. 2010. Effects of water stress on water use efficiency and water balance components ofHippophae rhamnoidesandCaragana intermediain the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum. Agroforestry Systems, 80: 423–435.30)Wu D. Q., Liu J., Wang S. J.,Wang R. Q.2010. Simulating urban expansion by coupling a stochastic cellular automata model and socioeconomic indicators. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 24: 235–245.31)Wu Daqian, Liu Jian, Wang Shujun,Wang Renqing.2010. Simulating urban expansion by coupling a stochastic cellular automata model and socioeconomic indicators. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 24(2): 235-245.32)徐飞,郭卫华,徐伟红,王仁卿.2010.刺槐幼苗形态、生物量分配和光合特性对水分胁迫的响应.北京林业大学学报, 32 (1): 24-30.33)吴大千，王仁卿，高甡，丁文娟，王炜，葛秀丽，刘建. 2010.黄河三角洲农业用地动态变化模拟与情景分析.农业工程学报, 26(4): 285-290.34)葛秀丽，刘建，王镥权，李卫东，王仁卿.2010.南四湖区域乡土植物生态特性研究.见：第十三届世界湖泊大会论文集(The 13th World Lake Conference).北京：中国农业大学出版社，pp. 2725-2728.35)王强,戴九兰,吴大千,余悦,申天琳,王仁卿. 2010.微生物生态研究中基于BIOLOG方法的数据分析.生态学报, 30(3): 817-823.36)何欢,申天琳,戴九兰,郭微,王强,马丽,王仁卿. 2010.潮土潜在硝化速率对重金属锌镉的响应研究.农业环境科学学报, 29(5): 918-922.37)王强,戴九兰,付合才,申天琳,吴大千,王仁卿. 2010.空间分析方法在微生物生态学研究中的应用.生态学报, 30(2): 439-446.38)王女杰，刘建，吴大千，高甡，王仁卿.2010.基于生态系统服务功能的区域生态补偿研究——以山东省为例.生态学报，30(23): 6646-6653.2009年39)Dai J. L., Zhang M., Hu Q. H., Huang Y. Z.,Wang R.Q., Zhu Y. G. 2009. Adsorption and desorption of iodine by various Chinese soils: II. Iodide and iodate. Geoderma, 153: 130-135.40)Wang S. J., Li Jennifer, Wu D. Q., Zhang K.,Wang R.Q., Liu L.2009. The ecological impact assessment of urban development policies: a case study of Ji’nan city, China. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 4: 427-450.41)Wang S. J., Liu J., Ren L. J., Zhang K.,Wang R.Q.2009. The development and practices of Strategic Environmental Assessment in Shandong Province, China. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29: 408-420.42)Wang S. J., Jennifer Li, Wu D. Q. , Liu J., Zhang K.,Wang R.Q.2009. The Strategic Ecological Impact Assessment of urban development policies: a case study of Rizhao City, China.. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 23: 1169-1180.43)Wu D. Q. , Liu J., Zhang G. S., Ding W. J., Wang W.,Wang R.Q.2009. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation into cellular automata model: an application to the dynamics of Chinese tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis Lour.). Ecological Modelling, 220: 3490-3498.44)Xu F., Guo W. H., Xu W. H., Wei Y. H.,Wang R.Q.2009. Leaf morphology correlates with water and light availability: What consequences for simple and compound leaves. Progress in Natural Science, 19: 1789 -1798.45)Xu F., Guo W. H.,Wang R.Q., Xu W. H., Du N., Wang Y. F. 2009. Leaf movement and photosynthetic plasticity of black locust（Robinia pseudoacacia）allebiate stress under different light and water conditions. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31: 553 - 563.46)Yang J. H., Zhang S. P., Liu J., Zhai W.,Wang R.Q.2009. Genetic diversity of the endangered species Rosa rugosa Thunb. in China and implications for conservation strategies. Journal of Systematics and Evolution，47(6): 515-524.47)Zhang J., Dai J. L.,Wang R.Q., Li S. F., Wang W. X. 2009. Adsorption and desorption of divalent mercury (Hg2+) on humic acids and fulvic acids extracted from typical soils in China. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,335: 194-201.48)王玉涛,郭卫华,刘建,王淑军,王琦,王仁卿2009.昆嵛山自然保护区生态系统服务功能价值评估.生态学报,9 (1): 523-531.49)吴大千,刘建,贺同利,王淑军,王仁卿. 2009.基于土地利用变化的黄河三角洲生态服务价值损益分析.农业工程学报, 2009, 25 (8): 256-261.50)吴大千,刘建,王炜,丁文娟,王仁卿. 2009.黄河三角洲植被指数与地形要素的多尺度分析.植物生态学报, 33 (2):237-245.2008年51)Dai J. L., Li S. J., Zhang Y. L.,Wang R.Q. 2008. Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji’nan city, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 147: 317-326.52)Liang Y., Liu J., Zhang S. P., Wang S. J., Guo W. H. andWang R.Q. 2008. Genetic diversity of the invasive plant Coreopsis grandiflora at different altitudes in Laoshan Mountain, China. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 88(4):831-83753)Liu J., He W. M., Zhang S. M., Liu F. H., Dong M.,Wang R.Q.2008. Effects of clonal integration on photosynthesis of the invasive clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides.Photosynthetica,46(2): 299-302.54)Zhang Y. L., Dai J. L.,Wang R.Q., Zhang J. 2008. Effects of long-term sewage irrigation on agricultural soil microbial structural and functional characterizations in Shandong, China. European Journal of Soil Biology, 44(1): 84-91.55)Zhou J., Guo W. H.,Wang R.Q., Han X. M., Wang Q. 2008. Microbial community diversity in the profile of an agricultural soil in northern China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20: 981-988.56)刘江生,王仁卿,张永利,王强,戴九兰. 2008.山东省黄河故道土壤环境背景值研究.环境科学, 29(6):1699-1704.57)徐飞,郭卫华,徐伟红,王仁卿. 2008.短期干旱和复水对麻栎幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光的影响.山东林业科技, 4: 1-5.58)张高生,王仁卿. 2008.现代黄河三角洲生态环境的动态监测.中国环境科学, 28(4): 380-384.59)张高生,王仁卿. 2008.现代黄河三角洲植物群落数量分类研究.北京林业大学学报, 30:31-36.2007年60)Guo W. H., Liu H., Du N., Zhang X. S.,Wang R. Q. 2007. Structure design and establishment of database application system for alien species in Shandong Province. Journal of Forestry Research, 18 (10): 11-16.61)Guo W. H., Li B., Zhang X. S.,Wang R. Q.2007. Architectural plasticity and growth responses of Hippophae rhamnoides and Caragana intermedia seedlings to simulated water stress. Journal of Arid Environments, 69(3): 385-399.62)Han X. M., Guo W. H.,Wang R. Q., Wang M. C. 2007. Microbial communities in microcosm soils treated with battery waste. 17(9): 29-36.63)Han X. M., Guo W. H.,Wang R. Q., Zhou J., Wang M. C.2007. Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity in five plant communities in North China assessed by polyphasic methods. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19(10): 1228-1234.64)Liu C. C.,Wang R. Q.2007. Leaflet movement of Robinia pseudoacacia in response to a Changing light environment. Journal of integrative plant biology, 49(4): 419-424.65)Zhang G. S.,Wang R. Q., BaiminSong. 2007. Plant Community Succession in Modern Yellow River Delta, China. Journal of Zhejiang University Science, 8(8): 540-548.66)Zong M.J., Han X.M., Zhang Z.G.,Wang R.Q.2007. DNA recovery from soil in restoration area and indicated biodiversity. Ekológia (Bratislava), 26: 381-389.67)杜宁,郭卫华,王仁卿. 2007.昆嵛山典型植物群落生态学特征研究.生态学杂志, 26(2): 151-15868)杜宁,郭卫华,王仁卿. 2007.嵛山典型林下灌草层植物种间关系研究.山东大学学报, 42(3): 71-8369)郭卫华,李波,张新时,王仁卿. 2007.水分胁迫对沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)和中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)蒸腾作用影响的比较.生态学报, 27 (10): 4132-4140.70)王瑶,刘建,王仁卿. 2007.阿利效应及其对生物入侵和自然保护中小种群管理的启示.山东大学学报, 42 (1): 76-82.71)徐飞,郭卫华,王炜,徐伟红,王玉芳,王仁卿. 2007.黄河三角洲柽柳与芦苇光合特性比较.山东林业科技, 6: 29-33.72)徐飞,郭卫华,王玉芳,王炜,杜宁,王仁卿. 2007.济南市校园6个绿化树种光合荧光特征比较初探.山东大学学报,42 (5): 86-94.73)吴大千,杜宁,王炜,翟雯,王玉芳,王仁卿,张治国. 2007.昆嵛山森林群落下灌草层结构与多样性研究.山东大学学报, 42(1): 1-7.74)吴大千,徐飞,郭卫华,王仁卿,张治国. 2007.中国北方城市常见绿化植物夏季气孔导度影响因素及模型比较.生态学报, 10: 4141-4148.75)徐伟红,郭卫华,徐飞,王仁卿. 2007.三种枣树叶绿素荧光参数的日变化.山东农业科学, 2: 29-32.76)吴彤,李俊祥,戴洁,王仁卿. 2007.山东省外来植物的区系特征及空间分布.生态学杂志, 26 (4): 489-494.77)张永利,戴九兰,王仁卿,王文兴. 2007.土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应研究进展.生态科学, 26 (2): 186-190.2006年78)Zhang X. Q., Liu J., Clive V. J. Welham, Liu C. C., Li D. N., Chen L.,Wang R. Q. 2006. The effects of clonal integration on morphological plasticity and placement of daughter ramets in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Flora, 201(7): 547-55479)韩雪梅,郭卫华,周娟,张淑萍,王仁卿.2006.土壤微生物生态学研究中的非培养方法.生态科学,25(1): 87-9080)王嘉,王仁卿,郭卫华. 2006.重金属对土壤微生物影响的研究进展.山东农业科学, 1: 101-105.81)张宪强,郭卫华,杨继红,刘成程,王仁卿. 2006.刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)无性系种群结构与生长动态的研究.山东大学学报, 41 (2): 135-139.82)周娟,郭卫华,宗美娟,韩雪梅,王仁卿. 2006.房干村不同植被下可培养细菌多样性研究.山东大学学报, 41 (6): 161-167.83)宋楠,宋亚囝,王仁卿,郭卫华,刘建. 2006.山东省农业外来植物入侵现状及防治对策分析.山东科学, 19 (3): 15-21.2005年84)Liu J., Liang S. C., Liu F. H.,Wang R. Q., Dong M. 2005. Invasive alien plant species in China: regional distribution patterns. Diversity and Distribution, 11(4): 341-347.85)Liu J., Zhu X. W.,Wang R. Q., Dong M. 2005. Effects of grasshoppers on the dominant plants naturally growing in degraded grassland ecosystem in Northern China. Ekologia (Bratislava), 24 (2): 117-124.86)Qi X. S., Zhang S. P., Wang Y. Z.,Wang R. Q.,. 2005. Advantages of the integrated pig-biogas-vegetable greenhouse system in North China. Ecological Engineering, 24(3): 177-185.87)刘建,刘凤红,董鸣,王仁卿. 2005.浑善达克沙地南缘榆树种群的大小结构和邻体格局.中国沙漠, 25 (1): 75~80.88)鲁敏,李英杰,王仁卿. 2005.油松容器育苗基质性质与苗木生长及生理特性关系.林业科学, 41 (4): 86~93. .89)齐鑫山,丁卫建,王仁卿,聂岩,田明英. 2005.果园间种白三叶草对土壤生态及果树生产的影响.农村生态环境. 21(2): 13~1790)宋志文,王仁卿,席俊秀,韩潇源,孙贤风,王玮. 2005.荣成人工湿地净化效果的季节和年际变化.农村生态环境, 21 (4): 43~48.91)宋志文,王仁卿,席俊秀,韩潇源,姚晨. 2005.人工湿地对氮、磷的去除效率与动态特征.生态学杂志, 24(6) : 648-65192)张淑萍,王仁卿,杨继红,张强,魏英华. 2005.胶东海岸野生玫瑰(Rosa rugosa)的濒危现状与保护策略.山东大学学报, 40 (1): 112~118.93)张永利,张宪强,王仁卿. 2005. 鲁中山区植物区系初步研究.山东林业科技, 1: 1~5.

论文范文是指论文写作参考方面的范文，主要涉及到论文写作规范、论文格式要求、论文内容要求、不同的学校要求不同，但基本都是细微的差别，总体基本都相似。由于论文范文本身的内容和性质不同，研究领域、对象、方法、表现方式不同，因此，论文范文就有不同的分类方法。论文范文分为专题型、论辩型、综述型和综合型四大类。论文范文是指论文写作参考方面的范文，主要涉及到论文写作规范、论文格式要求、论文内容要求、不同的学校要求不同，但基本都是细微的差别，总体基本都相似。 为了探讨和掌握论文的写作规律和特点，需要对论文范文进行分类。由于论文范文本身的内容和性质不同，研究领域、对象、方法、表现方式不同，因此，论文范文就有不同的分类方法。按内容性质和研究方法的不同可以把论文范文分为理论性论文范文、实验性论文范文、描述性论文范文和设计性论文范文。按议论的性质不同：可以把论文范文分为立论文范文和、驳论文范文。立论性的论文范文是指从正面阐述论证自己的观点和主张。一篇论文侧重于以立论为主，就属于立论性论文范文。立论文要求论点鲜明，论据充分，论证严密，以理和事实服人。驳论性论文范文是指通过反驳别人的论点来树立自己的论点和主张。如果论文范文侧重于以驳论为主，批驳某些错误的观点、见解、理论，就属于驳论性论文范文。驳论文范文除按立论文对论点、论据、论证的要求以外，还要求针锋相对，据理力争。按研究问题的大小不同可以把论文范文分、为宏观论文范文和微观论文范文。凡属国家全局性、带有普遍性并对局部工作有一定指导意义的论文范文，称为宏观论文范文。它研究的面比较宽广，具有较大范围的影响。反之，研究局部性、具体问题的论文范文，是微观论文范文。它对具体工作有指导意义，影响的面窄一些。另外还有一种综合型的分类方法，即把论文范文分为专题型、论辩型、综述型和综合型四大类：1．专题型论文范文。这是分析前人研究成果的基础上，以直接论述的形式发表见解，从正面提出某学科中某一学术问题的一种论文范文。专题应用型论文范文是一种运用所学的理论基础和专业技能知识，独立地探讨或解决本学科某一问题的论文范文，其基本标准应该是：通过论文范文，可以大致反映作者能否运用所学得的基础知识来分析和解决本学科内某一基本问题的学术水平和能力。当然，它的选题一般也不宜过大，内容不太复杂，要求有一定的创见性，能够较好地分析和解决学科领域中不太复杂的问题。2．论辩型论文范文。这是针对他人在某学科中某一学术问题的见解，凭借充分的论据，着重揭露其不足或错误之处，通过论辩形式来发表见解的一种论文范文。3．综述型论文范文。这是在归纳、总结前人或今人对某学科中某一学术问题已有研究成果的基础上，加以介绍或评论，从而发表自己见解的一种论文范文。4．综合型论文范文。这是一种将综述型和论辩型两种形式有机结合起来写成的一种论文范文。

微生物论文>>巧塔桥助达标19世纪德国教育学家第斯多惠认为：“一个坏教师奉送真理，一个好教师则教人发现真理。”这是很有道理的，因为学习是复杂的思维活动，是在教师引导下不断提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的过程。因此，在教学过程中，教师应根据学生实际，积极创造条件，巧妙搭桥，帮助学生达标。巧设疑，搭好兴趣—思维之桥课堂提问是教学活动中的重要形式，是师生感情交流的纽带，是课堂教学中信息反馈的主要途径。同时，也能诱发学生学习兴趣，启迪其思维，有助于达到教学目标。好的提问是启发学生思维的“激活酶”，强化记忆的“催化剂”。在讲授某一内容伊始，可先用适当有趣的事物来设置疑问，以诱发学生急于解疑的思维活动，引起他们强烈的学习欲望。例如，在讲授线形动物门——蛔虫时，学生对蛔虫比较熟悉，可是教师提出：蛔虫体积这样大，怎么能在人体内寄生呢？人体小肠分泌的消化液为什么不能将其消化吸收呢？这些问题对学生来说是陌生的。抓住学生熟悉但又不完全了解的事物，提出问题，设置悬念，可收到良好的教学效果。课堂问题设计成功与否，关键在于了解学生，掌握教学内容、目标，从而设计出不同的提问形式。所设计的问题要严谨，有针对性、灵活性，能引起学生的注意和思考，激发其兴趣，启发其思维，才能真正帮他们高效达标