这个不能复制过来的啊，你在百度知道搜索一下就知道了啊
我可以给你 +471903103 专业论文及翻译，还有CAD图形。
Electric Automation 电气自动化ELECTRIC AUTOMATION DEVICE AND METHOD FOR ADJUSTING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC AUTOMATION DEVICE The invention relates to an electric automation device comprising a control unit that is controlled by a computer. In order to create an automation device that can be set to predefined functions in a particularly flexible manner while requiring less testing, a computer hardware component (2) is provided with control software comprising a basic functional area which includes an operating system (3), a device driver (4), and communication modules (5) so as to form a basic automation device (1) while the basic automation device (1) is complemented with any application modules (7a, 7b, 7c, 8, 9) that can be connected to the basic functional area via a software interface (6) in order to obtain the automation device. The invention also relates to a method for producing or adjusting the functions of such an electric automation device. 电气自动化专业介绍一、专业概况 随着高新技术的发展和生产自动化程度的提高，我国国民经济发展，正在和继续需要大批技术应用型实用人才。电气自动化技术是现代制造技术中不可缺少的重要技术门类，也是一个国家科技实力乃至综合竞争力的综合反映，在工业发展中具有前导地位。电气自动化技术，集机、电、计算机、信息处理等多学科于一体，是多学科相互交叉、渗透、结系淖酆涎Э疲�诠�窬�媒ㄉ柚姓加兄匾�牡匚弧R虼耍�梢运档缙�远��际跏嵌ヌ炝⒌氐氖乱担�枪�窬�梅⒄购腿嗣裆�钏�教岣叩奈镏侍跫�� ?br> （一）、培养目标本专业培养德、智、体、美、劳全面发展，具有良好职业道德和综合业务素质，具备较强的创新意识和创业能力，掌握电气自动化技术、计算机控制技术的基础理论，能在生产、建设、管理、服务第一线从事常用电气自动化设备、常用电气设备、供配电系统和装置、计算机控制系统、PLC控制系统的安装、调试、运行和维护的实用型高技能专门人才。 （二）、培养要求及职业能力分析 1、培养要求：本专业主要学习电气自动化的专业技术知识，应具有较强的本专业技术应用能力。 2、职业能力分析 （1）具有良好的身体素质、职业道德和人文素质，较强的语言文字表达能力和一定的社会交往能力及继续学习能力。 （2）具有较强的用英语进行人际和人机交流能力，具有阅读和翻译本专业有关英文资料的能力。 （3）具有较强的在信息化社会中工作、学习、生活所必备的计算机应用能力；熟练使用电子电气CAD软件；掌握一门程序设计语言。 （4）具有分析和测试常见的电工电子线路，能设计一般电工电子应用线路，能熟练使用常规电工电子仪器、仪表，具有熟练的电工基本操作技能。 （5）熟悉常用低压电器的基本原理及使用；能熟练阅读电气控制线路的原理图与接线图；具有对常规电气设备、供配电设备等电气控制系统进行安装、调试、维护能力。 （6）具有正确选用、安装、调试、维护电力电子装置和典型交、直流调速系统的能力。 （7）具有熟练的可编程控制器应用能力。 （8）具有以嵌入式计算机数字控制技术为核心的新技术基本应用能力，对相应控制系统具有调试维护能力。 （9）具有对一般的机械零件图、产品装配图与机械、液压和气压传动系统回路的识读能力，了解常用机械设备的结构特点及工艺过程，了解常见的机械和电气的配合关系。 （10）了解企业管理的基本知识，具有一定的质量意识。 （三）、课程设置 课程设置共分五部分：公共必修课、专业必修课、专业限定选修课、专业选修课及公共选修课。 1、公共必修课包括：思想道德修养、法律基础、邓小平理论、马克思主义哲学、体育、英语、高等数学、计算机操作基础等。 2、专业必修课包括：电工基础、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、电机及拖动基础、机械制图及公差、机械工程基础、嵌入式计算机原理及应用、C语言程序设计、自动检测与转换技术、现代电力电子技术、可编程序控制器应用、自动控制原理与系统、C语言、工厂电气控制技术、电子电气CAD、变配电技术、变频调速原理与应用、工业控制网络、DSP原理与应用及专业英语等。其中主干课程为：电工基础、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、电机及拖动基础、嵌入式计算机原理及应用、自动检测与转换技术、现代电力电子技术、可编程序控制器应用、自动控制原理与系统等。 3、专业限选课包括：计算机控制技术、工业自动化仪表、控制电机、智能控制等。 4专业任选课包括：电工电子工艺、多媒体技术、楼宇自动化、计算机系统仿真、计算机维修、程序设计（VB）等。 5、公共选修课包括：包括两个能力模块：经济管理科学类和人文与社会科学类。 （四）、实践教学环节 1、专业主要实践教学包括：电工实验、模拟电子技术实验、数字电子技术实验、电机与电力拖动实验、可编程序控制器应用实验、嵌入式计算机原理实验、现代电力电子技术实验、电工基础课程设计、电子技术课程设计、嵌入式计算机原理课程设计、可编程序控制器应用课程设计、自控系统课程设计、综合系统实训、金工实习、电工电子实习、专业参观、综合生产实习、毕业设计等。 2、非专业实践教学包括：入学教育、军训、暑期社会实践、社团活动、体育活动、文艺活动等。 （五）、职业技能证书 本专业证书包含三个方面： 1、公共必修证书：PET、计算机一级证书。 2、专业必修证书：CAD初级、维修电工中级。 3、任选证书：CET四级证书、计算机三级证书(单片机方向）、CAD中级证书、维修电工高级证书、气液电控制技术。 （六）、本专业师资力量 学院拥有一支学术造诣高、教学经验丰富、实践能力强的师资队伍。电气自动化技术专业现有师资26人，其中副高职称以上有17人，“双师型”教师10人。能够满足公共基础课、专业基础课和专业课的理论及实践教学的需要。 二、职业前景 1、对口行业 电气自动化技术是传统而具有新内涵的专业，本专业培养拥护党的基本路线，德、智、体、美等全面发展，具备从事电气自动化技术所需要的理论知识和职业技术能力，主要在生产、建设、服务和管理等第一线工作的高级技术应用性专门人才。本专业的毕业生可就职于国防、航天、航空、航海、铁道、机械、轻工、化工、电子、电力、电信、钢铁、石油、矿山、煤炭、地质、勘测等广泛的工业、农业、科学研究领域，也可就职于现代物流及现代服务业。 2、就业前景 在上海市经济委员会的《上海制造业战略升级的行动纲要》中指出：加快推动制造业的战略升级是贯彻党的十六大精神，坚定地走新型工业化道路，实现向制造业强国转变的国家战略需要，也是上海建立新型产业体系，提高城市综合竞争力，坚持“四个中心”的客观要求。上海制造业战略升级的重点包括：高新技术产业重点发展电子信息和现代生物与现代医药制造业；交通运输设备制造业重点发展汽车、轨道交通、船舶、民用飞机；装备制造业重点发展大型成套设备、电站设备、新能源和新型环保设备制造业；原材料制造业重点发展石油化工和精细化工、精品钢材制造业；生产性服务业重点发展制造业物流、技术服务等产业；大力发展就业广、清洁型的都市型工业。根据电气自动化的内涵，上述产业无不包含电气自动化技术，同时也对电气自动化技术专业的人才提出了更高的要求。据上海市政府组织的《面向新世纪上海紧缺人才需求趋势与开发研究对策》的报告显示，复合型技术人才是紧缺的专业人才，而电气自动化技术专业是培养复合型技术人才的有效载体。可以预见在未来数年内，电气自动化专业毕业生就业前景良好。
Electric Power Systems 电力系统 The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. 现代社会的电力供应依赖于更多地比以往任何时候。 It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 它无法想象的世界应该是什么，如果电力供应中断了世界各地。 Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 电力系统（或电力能源系统），提供电力到现代社会，已成为不可缺少的组成部分产业界的。 The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 第一个完整的电力系统（包括发电机，电缆，熔断器，计量，并加载）的托马斯爱迪生所建-站纽约市珍珠街的历史始于1882年9月运作。 This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 这是一个半径直流系统组成的一个蒸汽发动机驱动的直流发电机面积约公里至59供电范围内的客户。负载，其中包括完全的白炽灯，为V提供110通过地下电缆系统。 Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators. 在一个类似的系统在大多数大城市在世界各地运行数年。随着马达的弗兰克斯普拉格发展在1884年，电机负载被添加到这些系统。这是什么开始发展成为世界上最大的产业之一。在最初的直流系统广泛使用尽管如此，他们几乎完全被空调系统所取代。到1886年，直流系统的局限性也日益明显。他们可以提供功率只有很短的距离从发电机。To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. 为了保持发射功率损失（我2 R）和电压下降到可接受的水平，电压等级，必须长途输电高。如此高的电压不发电和电力消耗可以接受的，因此，电压转换成为一个方便的手段的必要性。 The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. 在发展的变压器，法国和交流输电由L.巴黎戈拉尔和JD吉布斯导致交流电力系统。 In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. 1889年，第一次在北美交流传输线将在俄勒冈州波特兰之间威拉梅特大瀑布和实施。It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.这是一个单相线路传输功率为4,000公里，超过21 V系统的距离。随着交流的发展多相系统由尼古拉特斯拉，成为更具吸引力的。通过1888年，特斯拉举行交流多项专利电动机，发电机，变压器和输电系统。西屋公司购买了这些早期的发明专利，并形成了系统的基础，现在的交流。 In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世纪90年代，有很大的争议或交流电力行业是否应该统一于直流。到了世纪之交的，在交流系统赢得了原因出在下面的直流系统为： （1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. （1）电压水平可以很容易地改变了空调系统，从而提供了传输的灵活性，发电用不同的电压和消费。 （2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators. （2）交流发电机简单得多比直流发电机。 （3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors. （三）交流电机和电机便宜简单得多，比直流。 The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. 前三个阶段的美国北线投产于1893年- 1 2300五，南加州12公里路线研究。 In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. 在电力传输初期交流，频率不规范。 Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. 有许多不同频率的使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫兹。 This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries. 这对互连的问题。最后60赫兹标准获得通过，成为美国在北美，虽然是50赫兹在许多其他国家使用。 The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels. To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . 较长的距离越来越需要大量的电力传输多激励他们逐步使用高压的水平。为了避免电压增殖数量无限，业界标准电压水平。在美国，标准是115，138， 161，和230千伏的高电压（高压）类，345，500和765千伏级的特高电压（超高压）。在中国，各级使用电压为10，35，110级高压， 220，中国330（仅在西北）和500千伏超高压类。The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. 第一个750 kVtransmission线将建在不久的将来在中国西北地区。With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. 随着交流的发展/直流转换设备，高压直流高压直流（HVDC）传输系统已经成为更具吸引力的经济和情况特殊。 The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. 在高压直流输电可用于输电块以上的大长途电话，并提供不同系统间的异步连接在AC联网系统将是不切实际的，因为稳定考虑，或因标称频率的系统。 The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. 基本要求到电源系统是提供一个不间断的能源供应，以客户可接受的电压和频率。 Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. 由于电力无法大量储存在一个简单的方法和经济，电力的生产和消费必须同时进行。系统的故障或误操作的权力在任何阶段可能导致电力供应中断给客户。 Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. 因此，一个正常的电力系统连续运行的，提供可靠的电力供应给客户的重要性是至关重要的。 Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. 电力系统稳定，可广泛定义为干扰财产的权力系统，可继续经营的状态下正常运行的平衡条件和后向遭受恢复一个可以接受的平衡状态。 Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode. 在电力系统的不稳定可能会表现在经营方式和多种不同的方式取决于系统配置。 Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially "in step". This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to " rotor angle stability ". 传统上，稳定性问题一直是一个保持同步运行。由于电力系统的发电电力，一个令人满意的系统运行的必要条件是，依靠同步电机同步电机都留在同步或通俗的“步骤”。这一方面是受稳定的发电机转子的动态角度和功角的关系，然后提到“转子角稳定”。
首先：声明，不是我总结的中国的航海有着悠久的历史，对历史经济的发展也有着深远的意义。在陆上交通工具不发达的时代，船舶运输担当着主要的交通工具。从"刳木为舟，剡木为楫"到郑和下西洋，再到现代的先进的远洋技术，中国航海有着突飞猛进的发展。中国同时通过海路走向世界, 同世界各国进行经济文化交流, 发展友好关系, 共同促进人类文明的进步。 人类使用船舶作为运输工具的历史，几乎和人类文明史一样悠久。从远古的独木舟发展到现代的运输船舶，大体经历了四个时代：舟筏时代、帆船时代、蒸汽机船时代和柴油机船时代。 舟筏时代 人类以舟筏作为运输、狩猎和捕鱼的工具，至少起源于石器时代。中国1956年在浙江出土的古代木桨，据鉴定是四千年前新石器时代的遗物。说明舟筏的历史，可以追溯到史前年代。 独木舟 原始人类将巨大树干用火烧或用石斧加工成中空的独木舟，是最古老的水水上运输工具。它的踪迹遍于全世界，至今在南美洲和南太平洋群岛的居民，仍使用独木舟作为生产和交通工具。 筏 远古人类就知道将树干、竹竿、芦苇等捆扎成筏，或用兽皮做成皮筏，在水上漂行。筏较独木舟吃水浅，航行平稳，而且取材方便，制造简易。在中国东南山区溪流中，使用竹筏作为交通工具迄今仍然相当普遍。 木板船 进入青铜器时代以后，人类对木材的加工能力提高了，于是将原木加工成木板来造船。木板船可以造得比独木舟大，性能比筏好。木板平接或搭接成为船壳，内部用隔壁和肋骨以增加强度，形成若干个舱室。早期的木板船，板和板之间、船板和框架构件之间是用纤维绳或皮条绑缚起来的，后来用铜钉或铁钉连接。板和板之间则用麻布、油灰捻缝，使其水密。 桨、篙和橹 舟筏时代的船舶靠人力来推进和操纵，所用的工具为桨、篙和橹。桨不受水域深度和广度的限制，在地中海区域应用极为广泛。古罗马的划桨船，用奴隶划桨，一船桨数多至数十根甚至百余根。篙可以直接触及水底和河岸，使用轻便，主要用于浅水航道。橹是比桨先进的划船工具，效率高而不占水面，兼具推进和操纵航向的功能，在中国内河木船上广泛使用。 帆船时代 据记载，远在公元前四千年，古埃及就有了帆船。中国使用帆船的历史也可以追溯到公元以前。从15世纪到19世纪中叶，是帆船发展的鼎盛时期。15世纪初中国航海家郑和远航东非，15世纪末C.哥伦布发现新大陆，他们的船队都是由帆船组成的。在帆船发展史中，地中海沿岸地区、北欧西欧地区和中国都曾作出重大贡献。19世纪中叶美国的飞剪式快速帆船，则是帆船发展史上的最后一个高潮。不同地区的帆船，在结构、形式和帆具等方面各有特色。 地中海的古帆船 埃及出土的一件公元前四千年的陶器上绘制有最古的帆船的图象。船的前端突出向上弯曲，船的前部有一个小方帆，这种船只能顺风行驶，无法利用旁风。公元前2000～前1600年，腓尼基人、克里特岛人和希腊人都先后在地中海上行驶帆船。克里特岛人的帆船两端翘起，单桅悬一方帆，这种船型在地中海应用了几千年之久。古希腊和古罗马的帆船备有桨，只在进出港口和调度时才使用。古希腊帆船干舷高，耐波性好，单桅上挂方帆，船尾两侧有巨大的尾桨，起舵的作用。船首伸出的桅桁上增一小帆便于操纵。单桅横桁上边增设三角顶帆。古罗马的帆船又有改进，增设前后三角帆，船的操纵性能得到改善。 北欧和西欧帆船 公元9～11世纪北欧的维京人,是当时世界上优秀的航海民族，航迹远达格陵兰和北美。他们用当地出产的橡木造出了适航性能良好的帆船。这种帆船长约30米，宽约6米，首尾形状接近对称,有龙骨和首尾柱。外壳板搭接并用铁钉相连。船上树单桅，装有支桅索,挂一面方帆，能在横风下行驶。船形瘦削,耐波性优于地中海帆船。 1492年，C.哥伦布率领西班牙船队到达西印度群岛。他所乘坐的“圣玛丽亚”号，是一艘长28米、排水量约200吨的三桅帆船。1497年，.伽马率领葡萄牙船队绕过好望角发现通往印度的航路。1519～1522年，F.麦哲伦率领的西班牙船队完成了环球航行。这一系列地理上的发现，大大刺激了欧洲航海和造船事业的发展。16世纪以后,欧洲帆船的排水量逐渐增大到500～600吨,帆具日益复杂，三桅船渐趋普遍，帆面不断增大。大桅上增装了顶桅和顶帆，主帆下装了底帆，桅的支索上张了三角帆,船上整个空间都张满了帆,航速得到提高。1800年前后，英国继葡萄牙、西班牙之后成为最大的海上强国。英国及其殖民地拥有海上帆船达5000艘。 飞剪式帆船 这是起源于美国的一种高速帆船。前期的飞剪式帆船，可以1833年建造的“安·玛金”号为代表，排水量为493吨。飞剪式帆船船型瘦长,前端尖锐突出,航速快而吨位不大。19世纪40年代,美国人用这种帆船到中国从事茶叶和鸦片贸易。以后美国西部发现金矿而引起的淘金热，使飞剪式帆船获得迅速发展。1853年建造的“大共和国”号，长93米，宽米,深米，排水量3400吨，主桅高61米,全船帆面积3760平方米,航速每小时12～14海里，横越大西洋只需13天，标志着帆船的发展达到顶峰。19世纪70年代以后，作为当时海上运输主要工具的帆船，被新兴的蒸汽机船迅速取代。 中国帆船 中国帆船也有二千多年的历史。据《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载，秦王朝曾派徐福携带童男童女及工匠人等数千人，乘船出海。三国时代东吴太守万震所著《南洲异物志》中，有关于访问今日的柬埔寨、越南等地所乘大船的记述。唐代与日本文化交往频繁。中国当时的帆船已能驶侧向逆风，有较好的耐波性。唐贞观年间，从今温州至日本，仅需6天；以后能以3天时间从中国镇海驶抵日本。宋代造船和航海事业均有显著进步。当时所造海船能载500～600人，并已使用指南针罗盘，航程远及波斯湾和东非沿海地区。1974年在福建省泉州湾出土一艘宋代海船残骸，船体瘦削，具有良好的速航性能和耐波性，船内有12道水密隔壁，船侧外壳板由三层杉木板组成，结构坚固，估计船全长约35米，载重量200吨以上。明朝初年,郑和曾率领庞大的船队于公元1405～1433年间七次远航，遍历东南亚、印度洋各地，远达非洲东海岸。据记载,郑和所乘“宝船”长44丈,宽18丈，有12帆，是当时世界上首屈一指的优秀帆船。 中国帆船的构造和欧洲帆船不同。欧洲帆船两端尖而上翘，中国帆船则两端用木板横向封闭而形成平底的长方形盒子。舵位于尾部中心线上，尾部造成楼形高台，以防止上浪。船内有多道水密隔壁，结构坚固。中国帆船的帆是横向用竹竿加强的“硬篷”。这种平衡纵帆，操作灵便,能承受各个方向的风力。15世纪时,中国帆船无论在尺度和性能上都处于领先地位。16世纪以后，欧洲帆船才逐渐超过中国帆船。 蒸汽机船时代 18世纪蒸汽机发明后，许多人都试图将蒸汽机用于船上。1807年，美国人R.富尔顿首次在“克莱蒙脱”号船上用蒸汽机驱动装在两舷的明轮，在哈德逊河上航行成功。从此机械力开始代替自然力，船舶的发展进入新的阶段。 早期的蒸汽机船 19世纪上半叶是由帆船向蒸汽机船过渡的时期。早期的蒸汽机船装有全套帆具，蒸汽机只是作为辅助动力。1819年美国人M.罗杰斯建造的“萨凡纳”号蒸汽机帆船，用了27天时间横渡大西洋，在整个航程中只有60小时是使用蒸汽机推进，其余时间仍用风力。在早期，蒸汽机安装在甲板上，驱动装在两舷的巨大明轮。1839年，第一艘装有螺旋桨推进器的“阿基米德”号船建成，船长38米，主机功率80马力。早期蒸汽机是安装在木帆船上的。1850年以后，逐渐用铁作为造船材料。1880年以后，钢很快代替铁作为造船材料。1876年英国建造的新船只有8％用钢材建造,而到1890年，则只有8％是铁船了。 “大东方”号蒸汽机船 1854～1858年英国人.布鲁内尔建造的“大东方”号铁船被认为是造船史上的奇迹。布鲁内尔第一个将关于梁的力学理论应用于造船，在船体建造上首创了纵骨架结构和格栅式双层底结构。双层底向两舷延伸直到载重水线以上，形成了双层船壳。上甲板也用同样结构以增加船体强度。“大东方”号长207米(680英尺),排水量27000吨,比当时的大型船大6倍。船内部用纵横舱壁分隔成22个舱室。船上安装两台蒸汽机,一台驱动直径56英尺的明轮,另一台驱动直径24英尺的螺旋桨，蒸汽机总功率8300马力，最高航速每小时16海里。船上有6根桅，帆总面积8747平方米（85000平方英尺）。它能载客4000人，装货6000吨。直到半个世纪以后才出现比它更大的船。“大东方”号尽管经营失败，但在造船理论和技术方面，却为现代钢船开辟了道路。 蒸汽机船的完善 早期蒸汽机船驱动明轮用的蒸汽机是单缸摇臂式，汽压也很低。19世纪80年代出现了三涨式蒸汽机，汽压提高到千克力/厘米2。此时明轮已为螺旋桨所代替，三涨式蒸汽机配合螺旋桨成为典型的动力装置。19世纪末，蒸汽机已发展到四涨式六汽缸，蒸汽压力提高到 千克力/厘米2，功率达到1万马力。高压水管锅炉也逐渐取代了苏格兰式火管锅炉。20世纪初，货船一般是用三涨式蒸汽机作主机，功率约2000马力，航速约每小时10海里，载重量增大到6000吨。航行于大西洋上的大型远洋客船,以往复式蒸汽机为动力,单机功率达到2万马力。 汽轮机船、柴油机船的问世 1896年，英国人C.帕森斯将他发明的反作用式汽轮机成功地应用于船上；同年，瑞典人C.迪拉瓦尔发明了冲击式汽轮机。进入20世纪以后,船用汽轮机不断改进,因为重量轻,功率大,旋转均匀和无往复运动部件等，普遍应用于大型高速船。至今,某些大功率船仍用汽轮机作为推进动力。1892年,德国人R.狄塞尔发明压燃式内燃机，即柴油机，20世纪初开始应用于船上。柴油机热效率高、油耗低，因而得到广泛应用。40年代末，柴油机船的吨位即已超过蒸汽机船。 油船和散货船的出现 早期的杂货船承揽一切货种的运输，包括散装的煤炭、谷物等和桶装的油类。1886年开始出现具有现代油船特征的船，也就是将货油直接装在分隔的油密舱室内并用泵和管系进行装卸。进入20世纪后，对石油的需求日增，油船逐渐形成一支专用船队。1944年最大的油船载重量为 23000吨。散货船略早于油船出现，但在20世纪上半叶由于港口装卸效率不高，发展缓慢,最大的载重量只有1万吨左右。第二次世界大战后，各工业国经济恢复，原料需求剧增，油船和散货船都向大型化发展。 大型远洋客船的兴起 19世纪70年代以前，运输船舶都是客货混装的。1870年，英国人S.丘纳德和T.伊士梅创办丘纳德汽船公司和白星汽船公司，在英国和北美之间航线上开辟旅行条件舒适的客船航班,豪华客船“海洋”号航行成功。此后各国相继建造大型豪华客船,航行于大西洋航线和东方航线上。80年代，已有载客千人以上，载重万吨以上，航速每小时超过20海里的豪华客船。20世纪30年代，大型远洋客船的建造达到高潮，如著名的“玛丽皇后”号、“伊丽莎白皇后”号和“诺曼第”号都是在这个时期建造的。它们的载重量都在 8万吨以上，主机为汽轮机，功率16万马力，航速每小时超过30海里。第二次世界大战以后，这一势头又恢复了，到60年代，因远程喷气客机的兴起才停止下来。大型远洋客船的建造，对造船科学技术的发展起了重要的推动作用，同时也使某些保障航行安全的法规逐步建立和完善。例如1912年“泰坦尼克”号海难事件导致了后来国际海上人命安全公约的签订。 柴油机船时代 柴油机船问世后，发展很快，逐渐取代了蒸汽机船。第二次世界大战结束后，工业化国家经济的迅速恢复和发展，国际贸易的空前兴旺，中东等地石油的大量开发，促使运输船舶迅速发展。1982年同1948年相比，船舶艘数增长了倍，总吨位增长了倍（见世界商船队）。船舶普遍采用柴油机推进。第二次世界大战期间，为了适应战时运输的需要，美国建造的2610艘自由轮（万吨级使用燃油锅炉和蒸汽机的杂货船）是最后建造的一批往复式蒸汽机远洋运输船舶。为了提高船舶运输的经济效益，船舶出现了大型化、专业化、高速化、自动化和内燃机化的多种趋势。 船舶大型化 首先是油船吨位的增长和油船的大型化。1930年的世界商船队中，油船吨位只占总吨位1/10，1980年上升为1/2。1983年初,各种油船的载重量达到亿吨。油船吨位的剧增主要在于油船大型化。50年代，3～4万吨的油船已被认为是 “超级油船”。60年代中期，就出现了20万吨以上的超大油船和30万吨以上的特大油船。70年代又出现了50万吨以上的大油船。石油危机发生和苏伊士运河恢复通航后,这种趋势已经停止,许多大型油船正面临拆毁的命运。在油船大型化的同时，也出现了装运煤炭、矿砂、谷物等的干散货船的大型化。60年代末，大型散货船的载重量超过10万吨，最大的已达17万吨。从50年代后期起，建造了能兼装原油和干散货的兼用船，如油散船和油散矿船等。 船舶专业化 第二次世界大战以后，各种专用船发展很快。杂货船用途广泛,适应性强,在艘数上至今仍占首位。典型的杂货船都以低速柴油机为动力，载重量不超过2万吨,航速每小时15海里左右。中国设计的“风”字号和“阳”字号货船都是典型的杂货船。为了提高杂货船运输多种货物的能力，近年制造出多用途船，除载运普通件杂货外，还能载运集装箱、重货、冷藏货和散货等。 水路集装箱运输于50年代中期兴起，1957年出现第一艘集装箱船。这是件杂货运输形式的重大变革。这种运输形式在货物包装、装卸工艺、码头管理和水陆联运等方面都有所突破。采用集装箱运输，可以大大缩短船舶停港时间,节约人力,保证货运质量和实现“门到门”运输。20多年来集装箱船发展很快。1982年全世界已有全集装箱船718艘,1294万总吨，分别占世界商船总数的1％和总吨数的3％。这种船船型瘦削，航速高，货舱内有导轨，甲板上有缚固设备，一般不设装卸设备，而是依靠港口专用设备进行装卸。 第二次世界大战后得到发展的重要专用船还有：装运液化天然气和液化石油气的液化气船；船上设有跳板，能使牵引车、叉车载货自驶上下的滚装船（又称开上开下船）；以驳船作为运输单元，不需要停靠码头进行装卸而能实现江海直达运输的载驳船等。 远洋客船自从被喷气客机取代后，客船的性质已发生变化。60年代以来，旅游事业兴起，出现了一批定期、定航线,甚至环球航行的旅游船,为旅游者提供旅游、疗养、文化娱乐、社会活动以至海洋天文教育等综合性的服务。与此同时，在重要的短程航线上，还出现了一种吨位较小、除载客外还能携带旅客自备汽车的汽车客船。 船舶高速化 自50年代起，航运界为了加快船舶周转，一度掀起船舶高速化的热潮。普通杂货船航速提高到每小时18海里,集装箱船航速在每小时20海里以上,美国建造的“SL-7”型高速集装箱船,以两台6万马力汽轮机为主机，最高航速达每小时33海里。但从石油危机以来，燃料费在运输成本中的比重直线上升。迫使营运中的高速船纷纷减速行驶，新造船舶的航速也出现下降趋势。但是非排水型的高速客船，如水翼船和气垫船已应用于短途客运航线上，并日益发展。 船舶自动化 60年代初期以来，各国航运企业为了减少船员人数、改善船员劳动条件和提高船舶营运的经济效益，逐步实现了轮机、导航和舣装三个方面的自动化。如60年代中期造出机舱定期无人值班的船舶，已得到各国船级社的承认。 船舶内燃机化 船舶内燃机化是指船舶普遍采用柴油机为主机。柴油机同蒸汽机比较，具有热效率高、油耗低、占地小等优点。自从1911年造出第一艘柴油机海船以来，采用柴油机为主机的货船和客船日益增多。但到第二次世界大战结束时止，世界商船队中蒸汽机船仍占多数。战后，低速大功率柴油机由于增压技术的进步，单机功率不断提高,最大已达5万马力。过去必须安装汽轮机的大型高速船也能应用柴油机。另一方面柴油机对燃用劣质油的适应性也不断改善，这样在经济上便具有优越性。对于机舱空间受限制的滚装船、集装箱船、汽车渡船等,则可以选用体积小、重量轻的中速柴油机,通过减速箱来驱动螺旋桨。油耗低、能燃用劣质油的不同功率的柴油机现在几乎占领了船用发动机的全部市场。因此，第二次世界大战后的运输船舶发展阶段被称为柴油机船时代。
在这个卷绕系统中，我们使用三菱A系列的PLC做主站PLC,因为它有很快的响应速度和很强的信息处理能力。它和FX系列的PLC（卷绕和非卷绕系统的）搭配使用，用来控制整个卷绕系统。 系统的运行过程和顺序被设计人员预先输入控制程序中，控制程序设置了一系列卷绕系统的作业来告诉PLC（这个系统的）怎么去控制这个系统。当前传感器和执行器的状态被PLC存储为一系列的输入、输出或者状态标记信号存在PLC的存储器中。因此，PLC程序是一个PLC控制的制造系统中的监控基础。PLC经常使用的编程语言是梯形图语言，PLC系统提供了可以在一台主机终端上运行的工具软件的开发环境，这个工具软件可以提供梯形图语言的开发、检验、测试和诊断功能。首先，高级程序用图表（梯形图）的形式被写出来，然后，梯形图被转换为二进制的指令编码，以便这些程序可以被存储在随机存储器里（RAM）或者可擦除可编程存储器里（EPROM）。每一个连续的指令通过CPU经行解码并执行，CPU的“thefimction”（此处可能英文有误）根据 程序的设定来控制存储器和输入输出（I/O）设备的操作并处理数据，每一个在PLC上的输入输出的连接点都有一个被识别的I/O地址。这个直接反映数据和输入输出和存储器关联的方法，是基于实际的PLC存储器被分成了三个区域：输入镜像存储器，输入镜像存储器和内部存储器这三个。 翻译的有点累，可能个别用词不当，多包含！挺容易读懂的，就是翻译起来有些词不达意，不过这个确实是电气工程的专业英语。
我这里有，我正好在写造船史方面的论文，但是挺多的。你具体是哪个方面，或者哪个时期，我挑选以后发给你吧！ 已经发过去了，请查收！分两个压缩包！
船舶电子电气工程培养目标：培养适应21世纪我国国民经济和社会发展需要，知识、能力、素质协调发展，符合国际和国家海船船员适任值班标准要求，具备船舶电子、电气与控制工程相关的基础理论知识、专业知识及技能，熟悉海船运输安全和海洋环保相关公约和法律法规，综合素质好，实践能力强，能在船舶运输及相关企事业单位从事船舶电子、电气与控制系统的运行维护、修造、管理和设计开发等工作，具有“诚毅”品格、创新精神和国际竞争力的航海类高级工程技术人才。培养要求：本专业毕业生应具有以下的知识、能力和素质。具有一定的体育和军事基本知识，养成良好的体育锻炼和卫生习惯，具备STCW公约马尼拉修正案规定的心理素质、健康标准和体能要求。掌握一门外语，具备英语听、说、读、写基本能力，能顺利地阅读本专业方向的外文书籍和资料，并能顺利地应用英语就国际航运事务和相关技术进行沟通交流。掌握本专业方向必需的基础理论知识，主要包括强电、弱电相关的基础理论(电路原理、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、电力电子技术、计算机网络)，控制基础理论(单片机原理及应用、自动控制原理、PLC原理及应用)、电机学、机械基础等。掌握STCW公约马尼拉修正案规定的船舶电子电气员职业能力标准所要求的专业知识与技能，了解本专业方向的学科前沿和发展趋势，熟悉国际和国家关于海船运输安全和海洋环保方面的公约和法律法规。参加国家海事局规定的有关合格证训练项目、理论考试科目和评估项目训练，通过国家海事局考试并具备规定的海上资历后，可取得无限航区船舶电子电气员适任证书。主干学科：船舶与海洋工程、电气工程、控制科学与工程。核心课程：高等数学、大学物理、线性代数、复变函数与积分变换、程序设计基础理论、大学英语、电路原理、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、单片机原理及应用、船舶电机与拖动、自动控制原理、电力电子技术、PLC原理及应用、船舶局域网技术及应用、主机遥控与机舱监测、船舶电站及其自动化装置、船舶通信系统、船舶导航设备、船舶辅助机械控制系统、船舶电子电气专业英语、船舶电子电气专业英语听力与会话等。主要实践性教学环节：课程实验、课程设计、海船船员专业合格证、船舶航行教学实习、工程训练、综合训练、毕业实习与论文等。修业年限：四年授予学位：工学学士电气工程及其自动化培养目标：培养适应21世纪我国国民经济和社会发展需要，知识、能力、素质协调发展，获工程师基本训练，具备电气工程基础理论与专业知识和技能，能在电气行业及相关工业领域从事电气设备及其控制的运行管理、产品研发、工程设计与施工、系统集成以及设备检修等工作，富有创新精神的高级工程技术人才。培养要求：本专业毕业生应具有以下的知识、能力和素质。系统地掌握本专业必需的技术基础理论，主要包括电学基础理论（电路原理、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术），信息处理与应用（传感器与检测技术、单片机原理及应用、计算机控制技术），电力电子技术、电机与拖动基础、自动控制原理、运动控制系统、电气控制与PLC应用等方面知识等。能将所学的知识融会贯通，灵活地综合应用于工程实践中，具有研究和解决电气设备及其控制工程实际问题的初步能力，具有创造性思维和初步科技研究与开发能力。主干学科：电气工程、控制科学与工程、船舶与海洋工程。核心课程：毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论、马克思主义基本原理、思想道德修养与法律基础、中国近现代史纲要、陈嘉庚精神、大学信息技术基础、程序设计基础理论(C语言)、大学英语、高等数学、大学物理、线性代数、概率论与数理统计、电路原理、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、单片机原理及应用、传感器与检测技术、电机与拖动基础、自动控制原理、电力电子技术、电气控制与PLC应用、计算机控制技术、运动控制系统。主要实践性教学环节：课程实验、课程设计、工程训练、社会实践、毕业实习与论文等。修业年限：四年授予学位：工学学士轮机工程培养目标：培养适应21世纪我国国民经济和社会发展需要，知识、能力、素质协调发展，符合国际和国家海船船员适任值班标准要求，具备轮机工程相关的基础理论知识、专业知识及技能，熟悉海船运输安全和海洋环保相关公约和法律法规，综合素质好，实践能力强，能在船舶运输及相关企事业单位从事轮机工程相关设备和系统的运行维护、修造、管理和技术开发等工作，具有“诚毅”品格、创新精神和国际竞争力的航海类高级工程技术人才。培养要求：本专业毕业生应具有以下的知识、能力和素质。具有一定的体育和军事基本知识，养成良好的体育锻炼和卫生习惯，具备STCW公约马尼拉修正案规定的心理素质、健康标准和体能要求。掌握一门外语，具备英语听、说、读、写基本能力，能顺利地阅读本专业方向的外文书籍和资料，并能顺利地应用英语就国际航运事务和相关技术进行沟通交流。掌握本专业必需的基础理论知识，主要包括机电、液压设备和系统相关的基础理论（机械制图、工程力学、工程流体力学、轮机热工基础、轮机工程材料、电工学、单片机原理及应用等）以及自动控制的基础理论等。掌握STCW公约马尼拉修正案规定的船舶轮机员职业能力标准所要求的专业知识与技能，了解本专业方向的学科前沿和发展趋势，熟悉国际和国家关于海船运输安全和海洋环保方面的公约和法律法规。参加国家海事局规定的有关合格证训练项目、理论考试科目和评估项目训练，通过国家海事局考试并具备规定的海上资历后，可取得无限航区船舶轮机员适任证书。主干学科：船舶与海洋工程、电气工程、控制科学与工程。核心课程：机械制图、工程力学、工程流体力学、轮机热工基础、机械设计基础、轮机工程材料、电工学、船舶柴油机、船舶辅机、轮机维护与修理、轮机英语、船舶电气设备及系统、轮机自动化；船舶管理*、船舶动力装置技术管理*、轮机英语听力与会话*、船舶电站及其自动化装置*；船体结构与制图#、船舶动力系统设计与安装工艺#、计算机辅助船舶设计与制造# 等。(注：上标*的课程是专为轮机管理方向开设的主要课程，上标#的课程是专为船机修造方向开设的主要课程，未标注的课程为两个修读方向共有的主要课程。)船舶与海洋工程培养目标：培养适应21世纪我国国民经济和社会发展需要，知识、能力、素质协调发展，获工程师基本训练，具备船舶与海洋工程基础理论知识与专业基本技能，侧重为各地方船厂和海峡西岸经济区培养基础扎实、专业知识过硬、踏实肯干，能胜任船舶设计、制造、试验调试、检验、经营、管理等工作，具有“诚毅”品格、富有创新精神的高级工程技术人才。培养要求：本专业毕业生应具有如下知识、能力和素质。较系统地掌握本专业必需的技术基础理论，主要包括工程力学（理论力学、材料力学、船舶流体力学、船舶结构力学）、船体结构与制图、机械设计基础、电工学、船舶工程材料与焊接、船舶与海洋工程建造技术、船舶静力学、船舶阻力与推进、船舶设计原理、船体强度与结构设计等基本理论。熟悉本专业领域内1-2个专业方向或有关方面的专业知识，了解其学科前沿和发展趋势。具有本专业必需的制图、计算、测试、调研、查阅文献和基本工艺操作等基本实践技能，具有船舶设计、修造工艺以及船舶监修监造的初步能力。具有一定计算机基础知识和较强的计算机应用能力，能较熟练使用计算机工具解决工程中的有关问题。对于不同专业方向，培养规格又有所侧重“船舶制造”方向的学生要求了解现代造船模式基本理论，具有较强的结构设计、建造技术以及生产组织管理方面的知识和船体生产设计能力。“船舶舾装”方向的学生要求了解现代造船模式基本理论，具有较强的船舶外装、涂装和舱室内装方面的知识和舾装生产设计能力。主干学科：数学、力学、船舶与海洋工程。核心课程：高等数学、大学物理、线性代数、概率论与数理统计、大学信息技术基础、程序设计基础（C语言）、大学英语、机械制图、理论力学、材料力学、船舶流体力学、电工学、船舶结构力学、船舶静力学、船舶工程材料与焊接、船舶阻力与推进、船体结构与制图、船体强度与结构设计、船舶设计原理、船舶与海洋工程建造技术、计算机辅助船舶设计与建造等。主要实践性教学环节：课程实验、课程设计、船厂实习、工程训练、毕业实习与论文等。修业年限：四年授予学位：工学学士 专业设置集美大学“船舶与海洋工程”学科设有以下4个研究方向：现代轮机管理工程、船舶轮机自动化与仿真、船舶与海洋结构物制造及可靠性、船舶与海上装置能源工程。2009年集美大学“船舶与海洋工程”学科获批成为新增博士学位授权立项建设的一级学科点；现有1个“船舶与海洋工程”一级学科硕士点，2个“轮机工程”和“船舶与海洋结构物设计制造”二级学科硕士点，以及1个“船舶与海洋工程”专业学位硕士点。学科现有双聘院士2名，教授19人，副教授20人；其中22人获得博士学位，9人具有海外留学或研究经历。依托“轮机工程”、“船舶与海洋结构物设计制造”、“热能工程”3个福建省重点学科，以及“福建省船舶与海洋工程重点实验室”（闽科计[2009]51号）和“福建省清洁燃烧与能源高效利用工程技术研究中心”（闽科计[2009]37号）2个省部级研究平台，集美大学“船舶与海洋工程”学科不断在学术研究和服务地方经济建设方面取得显著的进步和可喜的成绩。2008年以来已主持/完成国家自然科学基金项目3项，主持开展科技部“科技人员服务企业项目”3项、“863计划项目”子课题1项，以及福建省自然科学基金项目在内的其它省部级科研项目近20项；近3年科研经费年均达到759万元/年。 现代轮机管理工程有教授4人，博士5人，3人具有海外留学/研究经历；已获得2项国家自然科学基金、13项省部级和市厅级科研项目的资助；获得厦门市科技进步奖1项；科研到账经费累计达400余万元，其中纵向科研经费100多万，取得较好的研究积累，已在国内外重要学术刊物和国际会议上发表30余篇较高水平的学术论文，其中近20篇论文被SCI/EI/ISTP收录；建有多个具有特色的学科研究平台和拥有多种先进的检测仪器设备，具备良好的实验研究条件。特色一：运用系统仿真和实验研究相结合的手段，研究船舶空调及冷藏设备的优化设计及控制，研究各类先进的节能技术在船舶空调及冷藏设备中的应用，对适用于船舶制冷设备的绿色环保制冷剂展开创新性的基础研究。建有较具特色的船用变风量空调系统实验台、绿色制冷剂及高温热泵实验台，在建船用冷藏集装箱性能及故障诊断实验台、船用转轮除湿空调实验台、船舶余热驱动的吸附制冷实验台等学科研究平台。特色二：以研发适配于典型船舶（港口作业船、渡轮、邮轮、勘探船）动力系统特性的燃料电池推进系统中燃料高效储运技术为目的，开展由碳/催化金属/镁系合金制备复合储氢材料的应用基础研究，探寻合成高效复合储氢材料的技术措施。拥有法国塞塔拉姆仪器公司的PCT ProE&E高压气体吸/脱附分析仪，建有性能先进的燃气（氢气、甲烷）高压吸附实验台。特色三：采用实验和仿真相结合的手段，开展船舶柴油机的性能测试及燃烧性能分析；运用油液检测、振动信号分析等手段，对船舶柴油机的典型故障进行诊断研究；着力研究先进检测技术以及新型传感器、磁记忆技术在船舶动力装置性能测试和故障诊断中的应用。建有船舶柴油机性能实验室，现有奥地利DEWETRON燃烧分析仪、AVL烟气分析仪等先进检测仪器设备。 船舶轮机自动化与仿真有教授5人，博士5人，拥有福建省重点学科“船舶与海洋结构物设计制造”，建有船舶数字化设计中心以及船舶液压系统及元件性能测试平台，现有TRIBON、CADDS5、SB3DS 、ADAMS、ANSYS等专业软件；已承担省部级科技项目11项，其它横向课题7项，科研到账经费累计近565万元;鉴定/验收成果6项，获软件著作权3个，发表学术论文41余篇，其中EI检索论文10篇。特色一：应用神经网络方法进行船舶分段测量数据与设计模型数据坐标变化的误差分析，解决船体三维分段最优配准的数字化测量的关键问题，建立非线性最优配算模型与特征值分析方法，进行分段测量信息对船舶建造过程的误差预测，提高造船精度。现拥有船体设计与工艺设计开发平台，长期与厦门船舶重工股份有限公司合作，开展船舶数字化造船与精益造船研究，解决船舶分段无余量制造关键技术问题。特色二：长期开展船舶系统可靠性安全性研究，重点开展散货船综合安全性评估新方法研究。将故障模式分析、独立系统的可靠性研究与检测技术相结合，进行系统加载试验与模拟加载方法的理论研究与应用。将仿真技术与半物理仿真技术运用于船舶制造与机电设备性能研究，重点对安全航运中船舶舵机机电系统进行可靠性研究，建立起具有研发、试验和测试为一体的国内唯一的综合性液压试验平台，以及先进的整机车载测试系统、港口设备分系统实验平台、船舶液压舵机模拟加载实验平台。特色三：以无损探伤、材料分析、油液监测等检测技术，开展船舶及海上装备运行状态监测和故障诊断研究。依托船舶检验检测技术平台，进行动力装置的磨损、腐蚀及疲劳的模拟实验和仿真计算，以及对损毁设备零部件的失效分析，对设备进行可靠性评估及残余寿命预测。利用等离子体辅助球磨制备纳米功能材料的技术、纳米电刷镀技术以及特种焊接技术，对关键海上装备及船舶零部件进行先进再制造工艺的研究。
Control of Parallel Inverters in Distributed AC Power Systems with Consideration of Line Impedance Effect在分布式交流电力系统中考虑连线阻抗影响时的并联逆变器控制 论文发到你的邮箱了
我有一篇我本科毕设的小论文，英文中文都有，而且是我人工翻译的，8000字左右。你要的话PM我。我是电气工程及其自动化专业的。《Analysis of thyristor-controlled phase shifter applied in damping power system oscillations》
Electric Power Systems 电力系统 The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. 现代社会的电力供应依赖于更多地比以往任何时候。 It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 它无法想象的世界应该是什么，如果电力供应中断了世界各地。 Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 电力系统（或电力能源系统），提供电力到现代社会，已成为不可缺少的组成部分产业界的。 The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 第一个完整的电力系统（包括发电机，电缆，熔断器，计量，并加载）的托马斯爱迪生所建-站纽约市珍珠街的历史始于1882年9月运作。 This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 这是一个半径直流系统组成的一个蒸汽发动机驱动的直流发电机面积约公里至59供电范围内的客户。负载，其中包括完全的白炽灯，为V提供110通过地下电缆系统。 Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators. 在一个类似的系统在大多数大城市在世界各地运行数年。随着马达的弗兰克斯普拉格发展在1884年，电机负载被添加到这些系统。这是什么开始发展成为世界上最大的产业之一。在最初的直流系统广泛使用尽管如此，他们几乎完全被空调系统所取代。到1886年，直流系统的局限性也日益明显。他们可以提供功率只有很短的距离从发电机。To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. 为了保持发射功率损失（我2 R）和电压下降到可接受的水平，电压等级，必须长途输电高。如此高的电压不发电和电力消耗可以接受的，因此，电压转换成为一个方便的手段的必要性。 The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. 在发展的变压器，法国和交流输电由L.巴黎戈拉尔和JD吉布斯导致交流电力系统。 In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. 1889年，第一次在北美交流传输线将在俄勒冈州波特兰之间威拉梅特大瀑布和实施。It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.这是一个单相线路传输功率为4,000公里，超过21 V系统的距离。随着交流的发展多相系统由尼古拉特斯拉，成为更具吸引力的。通过1888年，特斯拉举行交流多项专利电动机，发电机，变压器和输电系统。西屋公司购买了这些早期的发明专利，并形成了系统的基础，现在的交流。 In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世纪90年代，有很大的争议或交流电力行业是否应该统一于直流。到了世纪之交的，在交流系统赢得了原因出在下面的直流系统为： （1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. （1）电压水平可以很容易地改变了空调系统，从而提供了传输的灵活性，发电用不同的电压和消费。 （2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators. （2）交流发电机简单得多比直流发电机。 （3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors. （三）交流电机和电机便宜简单得多，比直流。 The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. 前三个阶段的美国北线投产于1893年- 1 2300五，南加州12公里路线研究。 In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. 在电力传输初期交流，频率不规范。 Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. 有许多不同频率的使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫兹。 This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries. 这对互连的问题。最后60赫兹标准获得通过，成为美国在北美，虽然是50赫兹在许多其他国家使用。 The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels. To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . 较长的距离越来越需要大量的电力传输多激励他们逐步使用高压的水平。为了避免电压增殖数量无限，业界标准电压水平。在美国，标准是115，138， 161，和230千伏的高电压（高压）类，345，500和765千伏级的特高电压（超高压）。在中国，各级使用电压为10，35，110级高压， 220，中国330（仅在西北）和500千伏超高压类。The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. 第一个750 kVtransmission线将建在不久的将来在中国西北地区。With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. 随着交流的发展/直流转换设备，高压直流高压直流（HVDC）传输系统已经成为更具吸引力的经济和情况特殊。 The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. 在高压直流输电可用于输电块以上的大长途电话，并提供不同系统间的异步连接在AC联网系统将是不切实际的，因为稳定考虑，或因标称频率的系统。 The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. 基本要求到电源系统是提供一个不间断的能源供应，以客户可接受的电压和频率。 Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. 由于电力无法大量储存在一个简单的方法和经济，电力的生产和消费必须同时进行。系统的故障或误操作的权力在任何阶段可能导致电力供应中断给客户。 Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. 因此，一个正常的电力系统连续运行的，提供可靠的电力供应给客户的重要性是至关重要的。 Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. 电力系统稳定，可广泛定义为干扰财产的权力系统，可继续经营的状态下正常运行的平衡条件和后向遭受恢复一个可以接受的平衡状态。 Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode. 在电力系统的不稳定可能会表现在经营方式和多种不同的方式取决于系统配置。 Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially "in step". This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to " rotor angle stability ". 传统上，稳定性问题一直是一个保持同步运行。由于电力系统的发电电力，一个令人满意的系统运行的必要条件是，依靠同步电机同步电机都留在同步或通俗的“步骤”。这一方面是受稳定的发电机转子的动态角度和功角的关系，然后提到“转子角稳定”。
Welding Automation Research in the engineering school is largely focused on problems involving sensing, modeling, and control of welding processes, ., welding automation. Faculty and students from electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and material science are involved in the welding automation research. The overall objective of this research is to provide both greater productivity and enhanced quality for welding in the manufacturing
基于价格预测（预期价值与风险）的能源受限时期。理由：based on 后面紧跟的Price Forecasts Including Expected Values and Risk是限定前面的Energy Constrained Generation Dispatch。即Based on 后面的是条件状语
什么意思？要英文的？题目要汉语翻译？
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器已经发送。
我有一篇我本科毕设的小论文，英文中文都有，而且是我人工翻译的，8000字左右。你要的话PM我。我是电气工程及其自动化专业的。《Analysis of thyristor-controlled phase shifter applied in damping power system oscillations》
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.
Control of Parallel Inverters in Distributed AC Power Systems with Consideration of Line Impedance Effect在分布式交流电力系统中考虑连线阻抗影响时的并联逆变器控制 论文发到你的邮箱了
电气工程：1Electrical Engineering My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major. My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication & Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step. For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research. During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well. The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory. I am eager to find out more about the applications of coding theory to spread spectrum communication systems. In addition I have been a student member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) for the past three years. Through its workshops/seminars and publications like the 'The Spectrum' it has exposed me to a lot of emerging technologies in the field of communications. It is a strong belief in my family that the American education system has the best to offer in the whole world. This belief arises out of the experience that my parents had when they did their Masters of Science in the University of Pennsylvania during the years 1967-69. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectually stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use. India is a developing country with an enormous potential in the information technology business. To serve the needs of this developing industry and more important its vast population, communications is going to become of utmost importance. Thus conditions here are very conducive to supplement my aspirations when I return after completing my graduate studies. 2Electrical Engineering As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers. Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me. In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge. Pursuing a graduate degree in the research field I have chosen also feels like a challenge, and I know that study will frustrate me at times. However, I feel that my commitment to learning will not be swayed. I feel confident in my ability to be creative in my perspective, and to persevere. My ultimate goal is to be an innovator in the field I have chosen to study. Professionalism and creativity are my most valued strengths. At the heart of my interest is the advancement of man in concert with his environment. My personal philosophy of life will matter greatly during my study and after its completion. That is why I devote time to reflection on my goals and their implications. Money has never been a motivator for my work, nor do I think it will be in the future. However, as a professional and a graduate, I realize that my earning potential will be significant. That is why I also commit myself to charity and fairness. In the past I have been a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and have achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. In the course of my experience in that organization, I learned respect and moral value. Now, as a member of the IEEE, I value my professional standing and its commensurate moral implications. Ethics in engineering is as important as technical skill, and as such I intend to uphold my own ethical obligations to the best of my ability. As a Northeastern University student, I would commit all that I have to offer to my study. I intend to pursue research in MEMS technology. At Rowan University as an undergraduate student I have already conducted some research and development of MEMS sensors for military applications, resulting in publication. An article, written by myself and my project member David Bowen and edited by our advisor Dr. Robert Krchnavek, was published in the NAVSEA Intelligent Ships Symposium Proceedings of 2001. The paper was titled "Designing a 3-Axis, Monolithic, MEMS-Based Accelerometer" and was under review for endorsement by the US Navy's NAVSEA facility in Philadelphia during that year. Building on my past success in MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized. Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do. 3I Wish to Pursue an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering During my senior year at Purdue University, I made a decision that has impacted the entire course of my education. While my classmates were making definite decisions about their career paths, I chose to implement a five-year plan of development and growth for myself. I designed this plan in order to examine various careers that I thought might interest me, as well as to expand upon my abilities at the time. As I was attaining a BS degree in Electrical Engineering, I decided to focus primarily on fields related to the VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits area. My main goals were either to gain work experience or to further my education by pursuing an MS degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE). I saw an opportunity to both work and learn through employment at Xilinx Inc. Operating as a product engineer at a successful, high-tech semiconductor company has enabled me to utilize my technical and interpersonal skills in new and challenging ways. The position has also allowed me to interact with a multitude of departments including marketing, integrated circuit (IC) design, software/CAD development, manufacturing, reliability, accounting, and sales. I thus have gained an array of experience that extended beyond the parameters of my own responsibilities. In the workplace, I rely heavily upon the interpersonal techniques I developed as a counselor in a Purdue residence hall, as well as the organizational skills I had acquired through holding various leadership positions in cultural and engineering societies. I have also cultivated an interest in high-technology marketing that has continued to grow throughout my career. My experiences with Xilinx have heightened my hunger for knowledge in the VLSI field. Two months after joining the corporation, I applied to several part-time programs in the vicinity that would allow me to acquire an MSEE degree within two to three years. San Jose State seemed an ideal choice, for its evening MSEE courses would allow me to pursue two independent, full-time positions concurrently. The San Jose program has complimented my Xilinx duties well; both demand large levels of energy and enthusiasm while guiding me to my ultimate goal a high degree of education in VLSI sciences. The resources that I poured into both endeavors have reaped many gains. I have been promoted to a Product-Yield Engineering position within Xilinx's Coarse Grain Static Memory (CGSM) Product Engineering division. My extensive coursework plays a key role in my continued success at Xilinx. Relevant classes in advanced digital and analog VLSI design, as well as sub-micron ULSI technology, have allowed me to understand more completely the workings of Xilinx, a fab-less semiconductor company that also functions as a software and hardware design, testing, and marketing center. The gains in knowledge I have made through the combination of work experience and education have indeed been exponential. The academic records of my senior year at Purdue, coupled with my MSEE coursework, are ample proof of my dedication to learning. I feel I have overcome through hard work and dedication the brief "dry phase" I underwent at Purdue during the close of my sophomore and the first semester of my junior years. My performance at that time is in no way indicative of my usual achievements; they are instead the result of urgent family difficulties that required much foreign travel and serious attention to resolve. In May, I shall graduate with an MSEE degree from San Jose well ahead of my original estimates. This early graduation with Dean's Honors is the result of my firm belief in the value of diligence, as well as my renewed determination to strive for perfection in both work and school. I am now embarking on another five-year plan, during which I hope to fulfill several specific career goals. For instance, being part of a very dynamic and results-oriented Yield team at Xilinx calls for continuous development of computational and statistical techniques. The Yield team is divided to focus on specific process/fabrication issues and process (manufacturing) optimization. My own position is an integral part of the optimization group. Speed and cost issues continue to press high technology atmospheres towards optimization, probability and stochastic processes and systems, and rigorous simulations of mathematical models. The MS in EES&OR offered at your university will grant me the statistical knowledge that is crucial for process and production optimization in a fab-less environment. In addition, product engineering requires fundamental research on mathematical models for linear and non-linear programming, as well as the utilization of efficient computer software. I continuously employ the knowledge I gained at Purdue in Operations Research and advanced mathematics courses. Yet despite the value of these classes and my high performance in them, I now require further education to best fulfill my duties. An MS in the EES&OR field, will give me knowledge that is invaluable to a career in product development, project management and strategic planning. The program will allow me to improve decision-making skills in operations, strategy, and policy issues. I will strengthen my theory and application in countless areas:continuous, discrete, numerical optimization; probabilistic and stochastic processes; dynamic systems and simulation; economics, finance, and investment; decision analysis; dynamic programming and planning under uncertainty; operations and service; corporate and individual strategy; and private and public policy , the EES&OR program will not only help me to excel at Xilinx but will also further any future career. My commitment to work and education over the last three years proves that I will pursue this MS with enthusiasm and technical edge that the MS would provide is I will be working while attending Stanford, I shall mingle education with practical application, and bring to the table interesting problems from my experience and past education. Technical challenges encountered through projects in the EES&OR program will provide motivation and opportunity for methodological data collection, processing and presentation issues presented are integral to my future goals, and the management challenges raised will provide invaluable experience for professional practice. This will in turn build a solid foundation for a life-long career that can overcome any problem in decision-making. In addition, taking courses in economics, finance, and investment analysis will allow much growth of knowledge in investment issues in different industries. The EES&OR program thus appeals not only to my engineering, economics, science and mathematical background, but will compliment my technical abilities with the conceptual frameworks needed to analyze problems in operations, production, strategic planning, and marketing in the realm of emiconductor/IC/engineering systems. I feel that I am prepared to meet the challenges of the curriculum. My coursework in intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade, operations research, linear algebra, and probabilistic methods, along with my extensive calculus background, will allow me to function well within the program. My long-term career goals include a move into marketing and product management. I believe that attaining this MS degree is the cornerstone to achieving my goals. It will give me the academic background necessary to succeed in product development, project management, and strategic planning. It will improve decision-making skills necessary for optimizing performance. The integration of two excellent programs in Economics Systems and Operations Research thus suits my current position and ties in with future goals perfectly by improving decision making in operations, strategy and policy. At present I desire to continue at Xilinx; attending a program that provides the flexibility and convenience of the SITN, is therefore imperative. Hence, being at Stanford as an HCP student alsoattracts me. I believe that Stanford is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining exposure to and experience with a diverse student body and faculty. It is my belief that one continues to learn throughout one's life, and the most effective method of learning is through interaction with 's diversity offers an environment for learning, both inside and outside the classroom. I hope to share my varied knowledge with my classmates and to take from them a new understanding of topics that are foreign to me. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of education and environment offered by Stanford. Its outstanding academic reputation, mingled with its diverse environment and thriving Bay Area location, creates an opportunity for growth that is second to none. I have many ambitions for myself as I embark on this stage of my life. I believe that an education from Stanford will provide invaluable experiences and skills that will allow me to become a successful and innovative business leader in the new millennium. 4Research Department of Biomedical Engineering is designed to research on and solve the bio-electrical and biomagnetic engineering problems in the field of biology and medicine with the aid of engineering principles and methods. Its main task is to explain, from perspective view of engineering, the biological and pathologic processes of the living organisms, especially human beings, and research on and develop the related medical devices and life science devices. Its research directions mainly include the modeling and emulation of the biological system, testing and analysis of biomedical signals, the biomedical imaging and processing , the biological effects of electromagnetic field and the development of artificial organs and medical devices, Bioengineering With the development and integration of electromagnetism, biology and medicine, biological electromagnetism exercises more and more influence on human life and health, environment protection and biological engineering. The research on electromagnetic bioengineering is a new research direction for IEECAS, mainly including research on rules of mutual influence between electromagnetic field and life matter, biological electromagnetic effect and its application in biology, medicine and medical equipment. At present, the research team has set up labs such as biological electromagnetic environment lab, biological electromagnetic signals & electromagnetic property testing lab, electromagnetic biological effect testing lab and biological electromagnetic simulation lab. It is equipped with various electrical and magnetic fields for experiments of biological electromagnetic effects, simulation software and biochemical experiment equipment. With such equipments, it can do biological electromagnetic experiments on live animals and detached live cells, detect, analyze and process the very weak biological electromagnetic signals, analyze and test live organism or detached cell under electromagnetic interaction with biochemical quantitative methods. The recent research work focuses on the effects 方向对不对，不知你要哪种，告诉我，我再接着找多的话email you
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