首先我觉得这个题目太大了，可以narrow down一下。要选个相对狭窄的切入点，比如说从一些著作的翻译中，译者如何处理颜色词汇的翻译来看。 如果你确实想从颜色词的翻译角度谈中西文化差异，推荐你用《红楼梦》。我毕业论文是写的“《红楼梦》英译本中女性角色的性格缺失”，写的时候对其英译本做过很多调查，也看到过已经有人对色彩词反映的中西方文化差异这一方面有所研究，你可以去参考。 仅列述自己的一些想法，希望能帮助到你~
题目定了么，格式给我。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日
可写 Introduction 或 Background 介绍写论文的目的 或 研究的目标
题目定了么，格式给我。
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
百度文库，自己搜索。
白色代表圣洁，蓝色代表希望，黑色代表神秘，褐色代表深邃0.......诸如此类
颜色与人类的生活息息相关，是人类认识世界的一个重要领域。色彩不仅具有物理属性，还有着丰富的文化内涵和延伸意义。因此是语言、文化及翻译研究中的一个重要课题。 世界各民族语言表达颜色的词语多寡不一，分类各异。英语和汉语对基本颜色词的分类差别不大。汉语中有赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫；
英语中有red（红）、white（白）、black（黑）、green（绿）、yellow（黄）、blue（蓝）、purple（紫）、brown（棕）。这些基本颜色之间有相同的方面，也有不同的区别。另外，受地理环境、民情风俗、思维方式、宗教信仰、民族心理等因素的影响，各种颜色对于不同民族的人而言，在视觉和心理上所引发的联想和象征意义也不尽相同，翻译时应该特别注意其中的差异。下面我就简要列举几个主要颜色词在英语和汉语中的对比：
1． 红色（red）
红色表示快乐、热情，它使人情绪热烈、饱满、激发爱的情感。
在英语和汉语中，红色有时可以完全对立，有时却大相径庭：红旗 red flag、
红糖 brown sugar、红茶 black tea、红榜 honour roll、红豆 love pea、红运 good luck、火灾 red battle
此外，红色对中国人和英美人而言，会产生不同的理解和联想。在翻译古典小说《红楼梦》时，英国翻译家David Hawkes认为书中的“红色”对汉语文化的人而言，表示喜庆、幸福、吉祥，但在英语国家的人眼中，绿色和金黄色具有类似的联想意义，而红色则以为着流血、危险或暴力。因此，他在翻译时涉及“红色”的词语时作了一定的变通处理： 贾宝玉神游大虚境，警幻仙曲演红楼梦。
Jia Baoyu visits the Land of Illusion;
And the fairy Disenchantment performs the Dream of Golden Days.
贾宝玉品茶栊翠庵，刘姥姥醉窝怡红院。
Jia Baoyu tastes some superior tea at Green Bower Hermitage; And Grannie Liusamples the sleeping accommdation at Green Delights.
作者在翻译原文中的“红楼梦”和“怡红院”时，没有选用“red”一词，而是分别译为Golden和Green这两个虽然不同色彩，但对译语读者来说具有相近意义的颜色词。当然，这样的处理方法是否合适，是否有利于原文文化在译语中的再现，另当别论。不过，我们可以从中看出颜色词的延伸涵义对语言和翻译的影响。
2． 绿色（green）
绿色表示和平、使人的心里有安定、恬静、温和之感。 绿色在英语中可以表示“嫉妒、眼红”，如：green with envy, green as jealoosy, green-eyed monster都是指“十分嫉妒”的意思。汉语中表示“嫉妒”意义的“眼红”，应翻译为green-eyed，而不能翻译为red-eyed。
由于美元纸币都是绿色的，所以green在美国也指“钱财、钞票、有经济实力”等意义，如：
In American political elections the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them.
在美国政治竞争中，选中获胜的候选人通常都是些有财团支持的人物。
在英语中绿色还用来表示无经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄等意思，如：
The new typist is green at her job.
刚来的打字员是个生手。
You cannot expect Mary to do business with such people. She is only eighteen and as green as grass.
你不能指望玛丽同这样的人做生意，她只有十八岁，还毫无经验。
3． 黄色（yellow）
黄色表示快乐、明亮，使人兴高采烈，充满喜悦之情。 黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。在英语 中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如： a yellow dog 卑鄙的人
a yellow livered 胆小鬼
He is too yellow to stand up and fight.
他太软弱，不敢起来斗争。
英语中的黄色还用来作为事物的特定颜色，例如，美国有些城市的出租车上标有“yellow”（而不是 “taxi”）的字样，代表出租车，因为那里的出租车为黄颜色。如：
Yellow Pages 黄页（电话号码簿，用黄纸印刷）
Yellow Book 黄皮书（法国等国家的政府报告，用黄封面装帧
Yellow boy （俗）金币
汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。能够表示汉语中这些意思的词汇应该是：pornographic(色情的)、ralgar(庸俗下流的)、obscene(猥亵的)等。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如
blue jokes (下流的玩笑)
blue films (黄色电影)
4． 蓝色（blue）
蓝色给人以安静、凉爽、舒适之感，使人心胸开朗。 蓝色在汉语中的引申意义极少，而在英语中blue是一个 含义十分丰富的颜色词。在翻译同这一颜色有关的表达时，我们应该注意其中的特别含义。
英语中的blue常用来喻指人的“情绪低落”、“忧愁苦闷”，如：
They felt rather blue after the failure in the football match. 球赛踢输了，他们感到有些沮丧。
---She looks blue today. What’s the matter with her?
---She is in holiday blue.
她今天显得闷闷不乐，出了什么事？
她得了假期忧郁症。
holiday blue相当于winter depression，
指冬季假期时，人困在家里，感到无聊寂寞时的心情或情绪。另一个同低落的情绪有关的词组是：
a blue Monday(倒霉的星期一)，指度过快乐的周末后，星期一又要上学或上班，所以情绪不好。
blue在英语中有时用来指“黄色的”、“下流的”意思，如：
blue talk 下流的言论
blue video 黄色录像
有时blue又有社会地位高、出身名门的意思，如：blue blood(贵族血统)
此外，blue在英语中与其它词汇搭配，还有另外的意义，如：
out of blue 意想不到
once in a blue 千载难逢
drink till all’s blue 一醉方休
5． 白色（white）
白色使人有素雅、纯洁、轻快之感。
白色在汉语和英语的联想意义中都有纯洁和洁白的意 思，但也有一些含义上的不同。例如，汉民族文化中，白色与死亡、丧事相联系，如“红百喜事”中的“白”指丧事（funeral），表示哀悼。但在英语文化中，white表示幸福和纯洁，如新娘在婚礼上穿白色礼服，代表爱情的纯洁和婚姻的贞洁。
英语中的white有时表达的含义，与汉语中的“白色”没有什么关系。
a white lie 善意的谎言
the white coffee 牛奶咖啡
white man 善良的人、有教养的人
white-livered 怯懦的
white elephant 昂贵有无用之物
汉语中有些与“白”字搭配的词组，实际上与英语“white”所表示的颜色也没有什么联系，而是表达另外的含义，如： 白开水 plain boiled water
白菜 Chinese cabbage
白字 wrongly written or unispronounced character 白搭 no use
白费事 all in vain
6. 黑色（black）
黑色使人感到庄严、沮丧和悲哀。
黑色在英语和汉语两种语言文化中的联系意义大致相同。例如，黑色是悲哀的颜色，英美人在葬礼上穿黑色服装，中国人在葬礼上戴黑纱。英语中的Black Friday指耶稣在复活节前受难的星期五，是悲哀的日子。
black在英语中还象征气愤的恼怒，如：
black in the face 脸色铁青
to look black at someone 怒目而视
另外，黑色在汉语和英语中都有“阴险”、“邪恶”的含义，不过翻译时不一定用“黑”或“black”的字眼，例如： 黑心 evil mind
黑手 evil back stage manipulator
黑幕 inside storyo
黑线 a sinister line
害群之马 black sheep
凶日 black day
暗淡的前途 black future
除了上面所提到的各种联想意义外，颜色词还与历史、社会、经济等现象有关系，表现出一定的社会属性，例如：
【历史方面】
to raise to the purple 升为红衣主教
to be born in the purple 生于帝王之家
to marry into the purple 与皇室或贵族联姻
【社会方面】
blue- collar workers 蓝领阶层，指普通体力劳动者 grey- collar workers 灰领阶层，指服务行业的职员
white- collar workers 白领阶层，指接受过专门技术教育的脑力劳动者
pink- collar workers 粉领阶层，指职业妇女群体
golden- collar personnel 金领阶层，指既有专业技能又懂管理和营销的人才经济方面
red ink 赤字
in the black 盈利
white goods 白色货物，指冰箱、洗衣机等外壳为白色的家电产品
brown goods 棕色货物，指电视、录音机、音响等外壳为棕色的电子产品
总之，大自然的色彩是丰富斑斓的，英汉颜色词语的词 语有时对应，有时相佐。我们在翻译时应该仔细推敲、谨慎处理。
颜色与人类的生活息息相关，我们我们无时无刻不在与颜色打交道。 大千世界的颜色种类无穷无尽，有各自的独特物理属性，在语言中也有鲜明生动的体现。 对颜色的认知，是人类最基本的认知范畴之一。人类对颜色的认知，是有很明显的共同处的。发映在语言上，就是虽然各种语言表达颜色的词汇数量差别较大，但是表达颜色的基本词汇，如黑、白、红、黄、绿、蓝等，在很多语言中都是相通的，是非常一致的。 不过，由于各民族文化风俗，地理位置，历史传统，宗教信仰，民族心理，思维习惯等方面差异，颜色词语有时有表现出各民族独特的“个性”，带有显著的文化烙印。这就使得颜色词语的翻译，可以采用不同的方法。 下面，先让我们来比较一下英汉两种语言中一些常见颜色词汇的异同。 A. red（红色） 无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。因为日历中，这些日子常用红色字体。因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。 红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组： red figure：赤字 red ink：赤字 in the red：亏损 red-ink entry：赤字分录 red balance：赤字差额 除此之外，还有如 red cent：一分钱；red gold：纯金；red tip on stock market：指股票市场的最新情报 汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”。例如： 红糖：brown sugar 红茶：black tea 红榜：honour roll 红豆：love pea 红运：good luck 红利：dividend 红事：wedding 红酒：red wine 火灾：red ruin 血战：red battle 彩霞：red sky B. black（黑色） 在英语中经常有“不好的”、“坏的”、“邪恶的”这种意味。例如： black money：黑钱（指来源不正当而且没有向政府报税的钱） black market：黑市交易或黑市（意为暗中进行政府禁止买卖的商品或外汇的交易，或指进行违法的投机市场）；由此派生出black market price：黑市价格 另外，英语中，和红色墨水是记账时的意思相反，黑色还可表示盈利。例如： black figure / in the black：盈利、赚钱、顺差 又如 black figure nation：国际收支顺差国 interest in the black：应收利息 C. blue（蓝色） 在英语中通常表示不快乐、忧郁的情绪。如： in a blue mood：情绪低沉 还常用来表示社会地位高、有权势或出身贵族或王族。如 He is a real blue blood.（他是真正的贵族。） blue-eyed boys：受到管理当局宠爱和特别照顾的职工 a blue moon：千载难逢的机会 经济词汇中blue表示许多不同意思。如： blue book：蓝皮书 blue-sky market：露天市场 blue-collar workers：从事体力劳动的工人 blue chip：热门证券 blue button：喻指有权进入股票交易的经纪人 blue return：蓝色所得税申报表（专供诚实的纳税人申报用） blue-chip rate：英国的优惠的信贷利率 blue laws：蓝法（指禁止在星期日从事商业交易的美国法律） blue-sky law：蓝法（指美国各州为管理股票所制定的股票发行控制法） blue sky bargaining：漫天讨价（指谈判或其它交易中提出根本不切实际的或不合理的要求，使协议无法达成） D. green（绿色） 英语中的green常用来表示表示“嫉妒”，如 green-eyed：嫉妒/眼红 green还表示“新鲜”或没有经验、缺乏训练，如： green meat：鲜肉 a green hand：新手 green在财经领域还有下列意思： green back：美钞（因为美元背面为绿色）（用于口语） green power：“金钱的力量”或“财团” green stamp：指美国救济补助票，因印成绿色而得名 green sheet指政府预算明细比较表 green pound：绿色英镑（指共同体内部计算农产品价格而规定的高汇率英镑。） E. white（白色） 在英语中white常使人联想起清白，如： white war：没有硝烟的战争，常指“经济竞争”。 有些事物因其颜色为白而得名，如 white goods：指的是体积大、单价高的家用电器用具，这类物体常刷成白色，故名。 white money：银币 white coal：水力 white elephant：昂贵却派不上用场的物体或物主不需要但又无法处置之物 white sale：大减价 the white way：白光大街（指城里灯光灿烂的商业区） F. 其它颜色构成的词汇。 如： grey market：半黑市 grey area：灰色地区（指失业严重地区） pink slip：解雇职工通知单 yellow pages：黄页（指分类电话簿，并非指黄书。） 通过以上例子，我们可以看出，颜色词语的翻译，大致有以下四种方法： （一）直译。基本按照原文的词语形式来翻译。如： White House 白宫 red figure：赤字 yellow pages：黄页（指分类电话簿，并非指黄书。） （二）改换颜色词。根据译入语（英汉翻译时，就是汉语了）的习惯，用读者熟悉的颜色词来改变原文的颜色词。如： black tea 红茶 black and blue 青一块紫一块 (而不是青一块黑一块) （三）原文中无颜色词，译文中根据汉语的表达习惯，可以增加适当的颜色词。如 He didn't try in vain.他没有白干。 （华先发主编，《新实用英译汉教程》，湖北教育出版社） Her eyes became moist.她眼圈红了。 （同上） （四）意译。有些颜色词语因为是习惯用法，有引申意义，这时，可以根据原文的意思，完全忽略原文的颜色词，而用译入语的适当词语来翻译。如： 红豆 love pea pink slip：解雇职工通知单 a green hand：新手
1. 橙子的颜色：选择橙色的人通常都非常热爱大自然并且渴望与自然浑然一体。他们喜欢户外活动。在林中漫步会让他们感觉到重生的力量。如果喜爱橙色的人们被迫长期呆在房间里，可能会生病。青青的树木和可爱的动物对他们来说十分重要。 橙色的人喜爱运动，比较适合从事的职业有农场主、足球运动员和野外露营的队长。 橙色是繁荣与骄傲的象征，是自然的颜色。由于它代表着力量、智慧、震撼、光辉、知识和性能力，橙色也被奉成神圣的颜色。橙色是活跃的催化剂给神经和血液以力量。橙色也和敏感、同情、自助及助人，不确定和天真有关。2. 紫色，神秘的颜色：喜欢紫色的人总在努力做地比现有的更好，无论是在信仰、情感或是精神方面。他们渴望知识，热爱读书。为了能够成就理想的自我，人们会在自己的生活中和别人的生活中寻求答案。由于追求完美而又对自己极为苛刻，他们也在极力与自己做着艰苦地斗争。 紫色是由温暖的红色和冷静的蓝色化合而成，是极佳的刺激色。紫3. 棕色：棕色代表着稳定和中立。棕色也是地球母亲的颜色，体现着广泛存在于自然界的真实与和谐。 棕色是稳定与保护的颜色，它代表着充满生命力和感情。在颜色金字塔的测试中，棕色被看作是具有精神抵抗力的颜色。它的这些特点主要是因为棕色是由橙色和黑色混合而成。 棕色是一种可靠、值得信赖的颜色。当颜色由浅棕色逐渐加深时，一种真实的感觉也逐渐演变成了让人信赖。棕色也可以令人感到难过、沮丧，但总的来说棕色是象征着阳刚之气的颜色。棕色也给人一种强调逐渐减少的感觉，其实意味着这种要求的态度已经变得很固执，棕色也意味着确定和旺盛的生命力。喜欢棕色的人非常热爱生活中最美好的事物，他们富有感情，喜欢美食、美酒和有人陪伴。 身着棕色的人往往也是诚实、平凡的人，喜欢一种井然有序、稳定的生活方式。4.白色是新雪的颜色，或代表来自上天的灵光，这使得白色是一种与众不同的颜色。喜欢白色的人带着好奇观察周围的人，他们也与周遭浑为一体。 白色给人一种害羞的感觉，但这不是真正的害羞。他们只是在耐心地等待引起别人的注意，看上去很害羞，但实际上他们是非常外向活泼地。 喜欢白色的人无论做什么，总是带着一种圣洁的生活态度。别人也会认为他们如此，尽管他们可能并非真地如此。 白色代表着纯洁和神圣。5. 绿色作为一种中立颜色，绿色与复苏、生长、变化、天真、富足、平静等有关。 喜欢绿色的人乐意去帮助每一个人，他们是自然界的母亲，往往在和医疗有关的行业里工作。 绿色是由蓝色和黄色对半混合而成，因此绿色也被看作是一种和谐的颜色。它象征着生命、平衡、和平和生命力。对孕妇而言，绿色可以制造一种平静安宁的氛围。绿色是最容易被看见的颜色，因为绿色经过水晶体几乎刚好落在视网膜上。6. 蓝色是一种情感化的颜色，喜欢蓝色的人往往爱呆在个人世界里并且对别人也存在戒备心理。蓝色的灰调表明这个人喜欢一切井然有序。当蓝色逐渐加深，所带有情感色彩也越浓。海军蓝是非常情绪化的颜色，同时也极力在掩饰着什么。具有海军蓝性格的妇女可能会喜欢饮酒作乐，也可能会喜欢去逛商店。 如果房间里蓝色过多，您可能会感到很压抑。蓝色是种很好的颜色，但也需要其他颜色进行平衡。蓝色令人想到孤独、沉思、独立和平静，它是真理和和谐的颜色，常常用于冷却、安抚、调整和保护。与蓝色有关的还包括：交流、发自内心的声音、确定、统一、创造、意识、忧郁、男性的力量、清楚、信任、骄傲、幼稚、冷酷、好学等等。7.喜欢红色的人通常激情四溢,精力充沛,而且很会赚钱。他们在一种真正的红色时尚中显得非常性感,魅力十足.他们的性格决定了他们经常希望自己成为别人注意的焦点。红色让人产生权力和控制的欲望。生意场上人们喜欢穿红色,认为是权力的象征。喜欢红色的人给人一种精力充沛,异常活跃的感觉。8. 和快乐相关的黄色：爱黄色的人们喜爱权力和控制他人.他们不想改变,很有科学性,分析性,判断性,自我中心,独立性,专业性,很顽固,不坦率,经常担心焦虑什么。有黄色个性的人们很有生意头脑.他们想让别人知道他们受过良好的教育,不管是自学的还是其他的,他们想通过他们智力上的努力来获取成功。9.黑色代表着放弃，一种最后的放弃，想穿黑色可能表明经过激烈地思想斗争之后想放弃所有的一切。黑色也意味着自制，在特定场合身穿黑色表明你想以一种权威的形象出现。曾经做过中西文化色彩与心情方面的课题研究，以PPT形式呈现。如果你想要，留个邮箱给我，我传给你
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。
重点词汇：Proposal
英［prə＇pəʊzl］
释义：
n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚
［复数：proposals］
短语：
The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真
词语使用变化：proposal
n.（名词）
1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。
2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。
3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
proposal
Proposal 更正式点opening speech；opening report；Thesis Proposal 也都可以但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
可以这么说，Proposal更正式点。（楼上属于所答非所问）