我国3PL落后于世界水平：我国的3PL在起步后的几年内，尽管取得了一定的成绩，但与世界发达国家的3PL发展水平有一定差距，总体效果尚不明显。根据美国田纳西州大学的一份研究报告，美国大多数企业在使用3PL服务后，作业成本可降低62%。而目前，在我国，企业使用3PL服务以后作业成本只能降低28%。我国3PL的相对落后主要表现在以下几个方面：(1)使用比例偏低，由美国TENNESSEE大学物流研究中心进行的年度调查表明，在1996年，有58%的美国被调查者采用了3PL的服务，而到2000年这个比例上升到73%。在欧洲，使用3PL的比例更高。仅在1996年，欧洲使用3PL服务的比例已经达到了76%。同时，研究表明，欧洲24%和美国33%的非3PL服务用户正积极考虑使用3PL服务；欧洲62%和美国72%的3PL服务用户认为他们有可能在三年内增加对3PL服务的运用。而在中国，根据中国仓储协会于2001年2-4月组织的第三次全国范围内的物流供求状况调查，在我国：生产企业原材料物流只有18%被分包给3PL，成品销售物流中只有被完全分包给第三方。尽管与中国仓储协会1999年第一次调查资料相比，全由第三方代理的比例上升7个百分点，但这个比例远远地低于欧洲和美国。这个水平甚至远远低于欧美国家90年代中期的水平。(2)服务范围狭穿在欧美，3PL的服务的品种已经由最初的简单仓储运输发展到了具有一定宽度的阶段。3PL提供EDI、信息管理等全新的服务项目，在很大程度上满足了客户的多样需求。而在我国，根据中国仓储协会于2001年2-4月组织的第三次全国范围内的物流供求状况调查的结果，3PL的服务范围仍局限在传统的运输、简单仓储等方面。生产企业的外包物流主要集中在干线运输，其次是市内配送：商业企业的外包物流主要集中在市内配送，其次是仓储，再次是干线运输。与前两次的调查结果相比较，经管各项服务的组成比例有了变化，但物流系统设计、物流总代理等高增值、综合性服务仍然未能成为我国第三方服务的主流服务项目。可以说，我国3PL仍然处于由传统运输、仓储企业向真正意义上的3PL转变的过程中。(3)服务规模偏小我国目前的3PL普遍存在规模偏小的现象。2001年我国3PL企业平均员工数量为259人，而根据一份1997年以前的统计资料，此时的美国3PL企业的（算术）平均员工数 量为432人，其中500人以上的企业占到了36%。另外，全国从事公路货物运输的经营业户有274万户，平均每个经营业户拥有的运营车辆仅辆；拥有运营车辆超过100辆的企业只有中远、中外运等少数企业。(4)服务满意度偏低由美国TENNESSEE大学物流研究中心进行的年度调查表明，约有80%的客户对3PL提供的服务表示满意。而根据中国仓储协会于2001年2-4月组织的第三次全国范围内的物流供求状况调查的结果，只有54%的生产企业和53%的商业企业对3PL的服务表示满意。由此可见，我国3PL服务的满意程度是相对偏低的。 第三方物流供货商所面临的问题：(1)系统发展的成本。( 2)承诺和现实的关联。( 3)文化和关系的一致性。( 4)制定一个合适的价格体系。( 5)获得合格的人材。( 6)制定一个适合性的合同框架。( 7)客户要求越来越苛刻。( 8)技术和社会的飞速变化。 四、阻碍我国企业推行第三方物流战略的原因分析 只根据个别因素就盲目推行或排斥3PL，而不是在完整、准确地把握整个系统结构的基础上考察各方行为的关联性，因而不能以动态联系的思维去挖掘造成问题的深层次原因，这正是我国许多工商企业的通病。 首先，有的企业未能认识到不恰当的物流决策会削弱企业的核心竞争力甚至架空企业的权力。 一个突出表现是盲目扩大外包业务范围，而对外包决策的战略价值及可能会造成的一系列后果缺乏清醒认识。它们不能找到一种有效方法，确定哪些物流活动需要自营以加强控制力，哪些物流活动选择外包会更利于企业整体运作水平的提高。或许它们只是由于无法管理好自己的物流活动而选择外包，并不了解物流管理失控的真正原因，这常常使它们陷入无法与物流服务商进行有效沟通的尴尬境地。 第一、另一个极端的表现是顽固坚持自营而排斥外包，因为它们认为自己拥有自营物流所需的硬件设施和经验。其实这种看法非常粗浅：决策者是否从获取长期竞争优势的高度去权衡过自营和外包总成本的高低与服务水平的优劣；是否全面、准确地考评过物流在整个价值链中的地位并思索过物流是否值得作为企业的核心能力来培养；决策者不愿忍受外包带来企业运作暂时动荡，倒可以忍受本位主义作风严重的各部门低效率地工作以换取四平八稳，这样以妥协换来的稳定意义何在；决策者主观上是不是过于夸大了外包风险。企业这些认识上的根本缺陷常常被其它博弈方利用来要挟企业。 第二、有的企业组建物流联盟时很盲目，对3PL运作的复杂性、风险性缺乏清醒认识。 它们的经营思想充满许多浮躁、狭隘和主观主义的东西，这使得结成的联盟是低效、脆弱、高风险的，往往以失败收场。比如：在联盟酝酿期它们常常不是按照一整套科学的指针体系来选择最佳合作伙伴，而是代之以人情关系的亲疏；在联盟运作过程中往往只是从表面看到结盟带来的直接好处，而对于已经滋生蔓延并缓慢发展的某些不利因素却麻痹大意，并且没有认真考虑过以一套合理的机制保证高效运作的长期性；在联盟出现挫折时有些企业不是考虑如何采取恰当方式与对方沟通协商以共渡难关，而是只顾自身得失，甚至企图把灾祸转嫁给盟友；在联盟被迫解体时很多企业束手无策、惶恐不安，而不能及时拿出一套周全的可最大限度保护自己利益的策略。其失败的主要原因很多时候还不是诸多不可控的外部因素，而在于企业自身短视、自利的根本弱点，以及缺乏充分预计各种可能出现的情况并基于此制定全面战略规划的能力。
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Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes. Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation. Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world. [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System. [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure. Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration. Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station. International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements. [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline. Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing. [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.
随着信息技术的飞速发展，非物流企业与物流公司之间的关系也在发生变化。物流公司从提供传统的公共物流服务转向提供3PL服务，非物流企业则强调供应链管理、各职能部门的高度集成，非物流企业与物流公司更倾向于结成联盟关系，企业间的欺诈背叛行为将会受到制约，因此与这种服务关系转变相适应的决策标准也要随之改变。 BALLOW注意到了传统决策标准的局限性，提出了二维决策标准。他认为自营还是外购服务决策主要基于两个因素——物流对企业成功的影响程度和企业对物流的管理能力。物流对企业成功的重要度较高，企业处理物流的能力相对较低则采用3PL；物流对企业成功的重要度较低，同时企业处理物流的能力也低，则外购公共物流服务；物流对企业成功的重要度很高，且企业处理物流的能力也高，则用自营的方式R1。围绕企业战略目标，寻求物流子系统自身的战略平衡是他建立的决策标准的最大特点。尽管这样，他建立的决策标准有一个致命的缺陷：没有考虑成本的影响。一般来说，每一个特定的物流系统都包括仓库数目、区位、规模、运输政策、存货政策及顾客服务水平等构成的一组决策。因此每一个可能的物流方案都隐含着一套总成本，可用数学公式表示如下： D＝T+S+L+FW+VW+P+C （其中D为物流系统总成本，T为该系统的总运输成本，S为库存维持费用，包括库存管理费用、包装费用以及返工费，L为批量成本，包括物料加工费和采购费，FW为该系统的总固定仓储费用，VW为该系统的总变动仓储费用，P为订单处理和信息费用，指订单处理和物流活动中广泛交流等问题所发生的费用，C为顾客服务费用，包括缺货损失费用、降价损失费用和丧失潜在顾客的机会成本，这些成本之间存在着二律背反的现象）。例如，在考虑减少仓库数量时，虽然是为了降低保管费用，但是在减少仓库数量的同时，就会带来运输距离变长、运输次数增加等后果，从而导致运输费用增大；如果运输费用的增加部分超过了保管费用的减少部分，总的物流成本反而增大了，这样减少仓库数量的措施就没有了意义。在选择和设计物流系统时，要对系统的总成本加以检验，最后选择成本最小的物流系统。因此，不考虑成本的决策标准是不完全的标准。 3、3PL决策标准 考虑到BALLOW决策标准的缺陷，本文认为在进行3PL决策时，应从物流在企业的战略地位出发，在考虑企业物流能力的基础上，进行成本评价。具体实施时，可遵循以下决策程序。 对3PL进行决策时，首先要考虑物流子系统的战略重要性。要决定物流子系统是否构成企业的核心能力，一般可从以下几方面进行判明：(1)它们是否高度影响企业业务流程?(2)它们是否需要相对先进的技术，采用此种技术能使公司在行业中领先?(3)它们在短期内是否不能为其它企业所模仿? 如能得到肯定的回答，那幺就可以断定物流子系统在战略上处于重要地位。由于物流系统是多功能的集合，各功能的重要性和相对能力水平在系统中是不平衡的。因此，还要对各功能进行分析。 某项功能是否具有战略意义，关键就是看它的替代性。如其替代性很弱，很少有物流公司或物流公司很难完成，几乎只有本企业才具备这项能力，企业就应保护好、发展好该项功能，使其保持旺盛的竞争力；反之，若物流企业也能完成该项功能或物流子系统对企业而言并非很重要，那就需要从企业物流能力的角度决定是自营还是外购了。企业物流能力在这里指的是顾客服务水平。顾客是个泛指的概念，它既可以是消费者，也可以是下道工序。如企业不具备满足一定顾客服务水平的能力，就要进行外购。在外购时采用何种服务，是租赁公共物流服务还是组建物流联盟，这就要由物流子系统对企业成功的重要性来决定。在物流子系统构成企业战略子系统的情况下，为保证物流的连续性，就应该与物流公司签订长期合同，由物流公司根据企业流程提供定制服务，即实施3PL；而在物流子系统不构成企业战略子系统的情况下，采用何种服务方式就要在顾客服务水平与成本之间寻找平衡点了。 具备了物流能力，并不意味着企业一定要自营物流，还要与物流公司比较在满足一定的顾客服务水平下，谁的成本更低，只有在企业的相对成本较低的情况下，选择自营的方式才有利；如不然，企业应把该项功能分化出去，实行物流外包。如果物流子系统是企业的非战略系统，企业还应寻找合作伙伴，向其出售物流服务，以免资源浪费。当然，这种物流服务收入不是企业主营收入。 三、我国的第三方物流发展状况 根据中国仓储协会2001年2-4月的调查结果，我国现有的物流供给能力略大于我国目前的物流需求水平。该调查同时表明，经过这几年的发展，我国的3PL取得了长足的进步。 3PL公司的分类：按物流范围和服务功能3PL可以分为综合性物流公司（规模较大、资金雄厚、并且具有良好的物流服务信誉）和功能性物流公司（如运输公司、仓储公司、流通加工公司、单一功能、仅仅承担和完成某一项或几项物流功能）。2001年我国的3PL企业中有29%属于综合性物流公司，而另外的71%则属于运输、仓储等功能性物流公司。 3PL企业的规模：物流企业的规模可以通过多种指针来衡量，最简单的就是通过物流企业的人员数目来比较。我国3PL企业平均员工数量由2000年的248人上升到2001年的259人，平均企业规模扩大了31人。 认可程度：对3PL的认可程度集中体现在3PL的使用比例上。将物流服务全部委托给3PL的工业企业比例由2000年的16%上升到2001年的21%，上升了5个百分比。 3PL企业数量：尽管没有一个完全的统计数量，但相关统计结果表明，我国3PL企业的数量正逐年增长。进入我国的著名外资3PL有UPS、DHL等。而国内的一 些物资、商储企业纷纷表示要全面进军物流业。甚至连著名的电子企业康佳也表示有意利用自身的销售网络提供3PL服务。
楼上这位的英文文献是google华文文献而来的，很不通顺。。。电子商务环境下物流配送Logistics Distribution under E-business Environment 楼上译成了E-business environment under the logistics and distribution 电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要：本文从阐述电子商务与物流配送的相互关系出发，就如何建立与我国国情发展相适应的物流配送模式，降低物流成本，提高配送效率，解决配送问题进行探讨。 关键词：电子商务；物流配送；第三方物流 在互联网技术的不断发展及全球电子商务大环境的引导下，跨国物流和跨区域物流更加频繁，对物流的需求也更加强烈。但电子商务在我国的发展却具有其不成熟性的特点，物流基础设施及技术水平落后,供应商(或制造商)以及客户之间没有形成供应链,配送效率低下,所以电子商务要在中国继续发展必须解决——"物流瓶颈"。 一、电子商务与物流配送 电子商务是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器的应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、企业之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的交易方式。电子商务与传统商务本质区别，就是它以数字化网络为基础进行商品、货币和服务交易，目的在于减少信息社会的商业中间环节，缩短周期，降低成本，提高经营效率，提高服务质量，使企业有效地参与竞争。 物流配送定位在为电子商务的客户提供服务，根据电子商务的特点，对整个物流配送体系实行统一的信息管理和调度，按照用户订货要求，在物流基地进行理货工作，并将配好的货物送交收货人的一种物流方式。这一先进的、优化的流通方式对流通企业提高服务质量、降低物流成本、优化社会库存配置，从而提高企业的经济效益及社会效益具有重要意义。 二、电子商务环境下的物流配送模式 发展现代物流配送，是转变经济增长方式，促进经济增长由粗放型向集约型转变的需要。过去我国长期实行计划经济体制，几乎每个工业企业都建立了仓库、车队负责包装、运输等业务，大而全、小而全、粗放管理问题比较突出，造成企业原材料和产成品库存过大，占压大量资金；自备仓储和自备运输利用率低，成本过高；销售配送体系不健全，产品实体分配效率不能满足售后和服务要求。市场经济条件下，企业要在激烈的竞争中站稳脚跟，必须集中精力发展其核心业务，对传统的物流管理模式进行改革，提高物流管理的社会化和组织程度，变粗放管理为集约经营，才能使企业真正适应市场经济的发展。 发展现代物流配送，是适应加入WTO，提高企业市场竞争能力的需要。目前世界上大多数地区，约1／3的物流运作是承包给第三方的，发达国家甚至达5－8成。而我国的物流服务行业竞争力很弱，没有形成一定的规模优势和资本优势，服务质量与国外企业相比也存在着很大差距。加入WTO后，根据协议，我国将进一步开放物流服务行业，国外成熟的物流企业会大举进入我国，因此，面对经济全球化趋势和我国加入WTO的挑战，实施物流改造，发展现代物流配送是企业参与竞争，赢得竞争优势的必然选择。 在电子商务条件下，构建我国物流配送体系，可以有以下三种模式：一是电子商务与传统商务共用一套物流系统；二是由电子商务企业组建自己的物流系统；三是电子商务企业将所有的物流业务以外包的形式委托第三方物流企业运作。所谓第三方物流是指根据供应商或销售商的委托，由供应商和销售商以外的第三方负责对物流的中间环节进行有效管理，提供从货源供应到最终商品销售之间的全方位物流服务。鉴于发达国家的成功经验和目前我国物流业的发展状况，我认为，委托第三方物流企业运作是我国电子商务企业最理想的物流模式。其理由如下： （1）物流通常不是大多数的电子商务企业的核心业务，电子商务企业把物流业务运作外包于第三方物流企业，可以把资源集中在自身的核心竞争力业务上，以获取最大的投资回报。 （2）第三方物流企业拥有发达的物流网络和针对不同物流市场的专业能力，包括运输、仓储和其它增值服务，同时第三方物流企业还拥有信息技术，他们与独立的软件供应商结盟或者开发了内部信息系统，这使其能够最大限度地利用运输和分销网络，有效进行跨运输方式的货物追踪。 （3）第三方物流企业具有规模经济优势。由于其可以从运输商那里大批量购买运输能力，然后集中配载许多客户的货物，大幅度降低单位运输成本。 （4）通过“共享租用”模型，多个电子商务企业可以共享分发和售后服务。外包也缓和了内部物流执行并减少建造和装备仓库。内部完成电子物流费用高，耗时多，并且由于不具备第三方的专业技术，许多公司会严重损害花很多时间建立的客户关系。 诚然，第三方物流企业的运作不仅要针对生产厂家能否合理经营并优化库存结构，还要针对客户，保证商品来源于最佳路线，以切实降低物流成本，提高产品附加值，同时真正使客户省钱，省力，省时。 三、我国发展第三方物流应注意的问题 （1）物流业务的范围不断扩大。商业机构和各大公司面对日趋激烈的竞争不得不将主要经理放在核心业务，将运输、仓储等相关业务环节交由更专业的物流企业进行操作，以求节约和高效；同时，物流企业为提高服务质量，也在不断拓宽业务范围，提供配套服务。 （2）提供客户定制的物流服务。很多成功的物流企业根据第一方、第二方的谈判条款，分析比较自理的操作成本和代理费用，灵活运用自理和代理两种方式。 （3）物流产业的发展潜力巨大，具有广阔的发展前景。长期以来，由于受计划经济的影响，我国物流社会化程度低，物流管理混乱，机构多元化，物资、商业、经贸、交通、建设等部门均有各自的物流系统。这种分散的多元化物流格局，导致社会化大生产、专业化流通的集约化经营优势难以发挥，规模经营、规模效益难以实现，设施利用率低，布局不合理，重复建设，资金浪费严重。由于利益冲突及信息不通畅等原因，造成余缺物资不能及时调配，大量物资滞留在流通领域，造成资金沉淀，产生大量库存费用。另外，我国物流企业与物流组织的总体水平低，设备陈旧，损失率大，效率低，运输能力严重不足，形成了瓶颈，制约了物流的发展。 在电子商务飞速发展的21世纪，谁掌握了物流和配送，谁就掌握了市场。建立电子商务模式下的物流配送体系，客观上需要那种放网全国，点指世界超强的物流服务企业。当前，我国的一些传统物流企业（如，中远，中外运等）应积极加大市场调研和开拓力度，加大与跨国公司、大型制造商等行业企业以及与连锁、超市零售行业等的合作，与其建立伙伴关系，为其提供一体化的物流配送服务，并尽快发展电子商务，从而提供高质量的、高水平的电子商务环境下的现代物流配送服务，为我国建立良好的现代配送机制贡献自身的一份力量。 参考文献： 《中国物流与采购》 《我国物流企业如何迎接电子商务》 张铎 《电子商务配送问题浅析》 关洪杰、
E-business environment under the logistics and distributionAbstract: e-commerce under the logistics and distribution will help reduce production business inventories and accelerate capital turnover, enhance logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, and stimulate the social needs and is conducive to the whole community's macro-control and promote the healthy operation of the market economy and electronic Business to develop in depth. Key words: e-commerce distributionFirst, China's development of logistics distribution E-commerce logistics entity is the core issue of the distribution items. China, as a developing country, the logistics industry to its late start, low level, the introduction of e-commerce, e-commerce did not have to support the activities of the modern logistics level. However, since e-commerce in China to settle down, people did not stop distribution of the discussion. At present, China mainly three types of e-commerce distribution model, is a full distribution system, that is, the domestic Internet-based, to various regions of the country's logistics system has been linked by agreement, a comprehensive distribution network for the entire process straight . The second category is a regional system of a single business model. Partial to the original business of a single regional distribution site for the base and be integrated, similar to a single business to business services, computer networking, the entire system of networking, and automated management. The third category is professional distribution system of the model. Such as postal communications, railway transport, air, water, Qiyun and other departments have been the perfect use of the national transport network resources to carry out specialized distribution. From across the country, China has long been subject to the impact of the planned economy, low levels of social logistics, logistics management system confusion, the existing three categories of e-commerce distribution model is not yet ripe, efficiency is not high, but in the red. Therefore, the need for China's economic development, enterprise reform and development of e-commerce logistics and distribution, learn from developed countries through the road and experience from China in 1992 began a logistics distribution center of the experimental work. In 1996 the Internal Trade issued "on strengthening the commercial development of logistics distribution center construction work of the notice," pointed out the development and construction of logistics distribution center the importance of the proposed development and construction of the guiding ideology and principle, put forward the "mechanisms and intensive Management, improve the function of the development of the logistics and enhance strength "of the reform and development principles, to establish modern logistics distribution center to change the social construction of logistics distribution centers, the development of modern network as the main direction. Second, China's logistics and distribution patterns and problems of At present, China's increased the number of e-commerce sites, transactions involving goods of daily necessities and other non-consumables, and on its e-commerce distribution model, can be divided into three types, namely operating BtoB (business to business) business model, BtoC (Business to consumers) model and the virtual logistics company model, in practice, although these three models get the recognition and application of common, but in e-commerce and distribution of convergence and optimal operation, there are still many problems, reflected in concrete : China's current social low level of information networks, network infrastructure is relatively weak, especially as e-commerce platform for the delivery and billing infrastructure lags behind, the computer penetration rate low rate of Internet users only about 8 percent and are mainly concentrated in major cities , The use of Internet users in the real rate of online shopping less than percent, electronic shopping credit has not been widely recognized. The understanding of the importance of e-commerce logistics enough. Availability of the overall level of enterprise network low ratio of less than Internet companies, logistics enterprise information construction lagged behind, logistics and distribution of specialization, social, electronic, modern low level. There have been serious problems of poor business reputation, late delivery, delivery or do not send the wrong frequent phenomenon. E-commerce logistics infrastructure is not yet perfect, logistics systems theory is not enough, the logistics technology is still very backward, China's logistics workers and practice the theory of modern logistics of the new theories, new technologies, such as integrated supply chain management, third party logistics, automation Warehouse, automatic sorting system, global positioning system (GPS), and so has just contacted. Jidong of the lack of e-commerce and e-commerce technology has practical experience in human resources, in particular the lack of Jidong e-commerce and logistics distribution to understand the innovative spirit of the compound talents. Third, logistics and healthy development of the countermeasure 1. Enhance the degree of information. Distribution of information for performance: the logistics of the database of information collection and code, the logistics of the electronic information processing and computer, the transmission of information and the standardization of real-time logistics information such as the digital storage. Therefore, the bar-code technology, database technology, electronic ordering system, electronic data exchange, radio frequency technology, management information systems, enterprise resource planning, and other advanced management strategy should be in China's logistics and distribution enterprises to promote use. Information is all modern technology and management tools of the foundation, only to achieve distribution of information can take up to the era of e-commerce distribution industry and historic task. 2. Improve the logistics management system, improve service quality. Internet shopping for the delivery time is too long and has yet to supply the phenomenon as e-commerce company in order to better serve customers, suppliers and customers should be strengthened between the exchange of information and feedback. This will save users to order processing fees, users can also save time and gradually raise awareness of online shopping sense of trust, making good steady development of e-commerce. 3. Distribution lower prices. China's large-scale development of e-commerce online shopping has been difficult, logistics and distribution costs high, especially in the type of Internet transactions, for each client to achieve door-to-door is the high cost, we must work hard to reduce costs, e-commerce solution Logistics and distribution companies and distribution services among enterprises in the prices of contradictions. 4. Perfect laws and policies. E-commerce for the logistics and distribution problems, the relevant government departments should actively study the characteristics of e-commerce, the rapid development of targeted laws, regulations and policies to regulate e-commerce activities, enterprises and consumers in general to increase the confidence of e-commerce Flu. 5. Actively developing third-party logistics enterprises. "TPL" refers to the logistics business from the supply side and demand-side beyond the completion of a third party, in a sense that it is a form of logistics professionalism, "third-party logistics" in logistics management experience, Talent, technology, philosophy and other areas have certain advantages, the e-commerce transactions in both supply and demand of all the logistics activities of agent credentials, well-funded third-party logistics, the logistics can take full advantage of modern technology, is built on the foundation of modern information network technology On the logistics management software to ensure that customers at any time and any place check of goods and provision of supporting services, e-commerce transactions between the parties involved in the logistics can be entrusted to professional logistics enterprises, concentrate on developing the electronics market and business efficiency of the e-commerce BtoB transactions. The establishment of a national logistics public information platform, the development of 4PL. 4PL is a supply chain integrator, mobilization and management organizations and their complementarity of the service provider's resources, capacity and technology to provide an integrated supply chain solutions. Clearly, 4PL must meet three conditions: not the interests of the logistics side, to achieve information sharing, the ability to integrate all the logistics resources. And really meet these conditions, only a virtual network of platforms, and this is the logistics and public information platform. It provides comprehensive supply chain solutions to social integration of logistics resources, enhance the country's logistics industry integrated collaborative capabilities.电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要：电子商务下的物流配送既有利于减少生产企业库存，加速资金周转，提高物流效率，降低物流成本，又刺激了社会需求，有利于整个社会的宏观调控，促进市场经济的健康运行及电子商务向纵深发展。关键词：电子商务 物流 配送一、我国物流配送发展概况 电子商务物流的核心问题是实体物品的配送。我国作为一个发展中国家，物流业起步较晚，水平低，在引进电子商务时，并不具备能够支持电子商务活动的现代化物流水平。但自从电子商务在中国落户，人们就没有停止对物流配送问题的讨论。目前，我国主要有三类电子商务物流配送模式，一类是全程物流配送系统，即以国内互联网为基础，把全国各地区已有的物流系统通过协议联系起来，形成全方位的全程直投配送网。第二类是区域性单一业务系统改造模式。以原有局部区域性单一业务的配送站点为基础，并加以集成，把单一业务改为同类业务服务，通过计算机联网，实现整个系统的网络化、自动化管理。第三类是专业化配送系统改造模式。如邮政通讯、铁运、空运、水运、汽运等部门利用已有的完善的全国性运输网络资源进行专业化配送。从全国范围来看，我国长期以来受计划经济的影响，物流社会化程度低，物流管理体制混乱，已有的三类电子商务物流配送模式还不成熟，效率不高，而且处于亏损状态。因此，针对我国经济发展需要、企业改革及电子商务物流配送发展现状，借鉴发达国家走过的道路和经验，我国从1992年起开始了物流配送中心的试点工作。1996年原国内贸易部发出了《关于加强商业物流配送中心发展建设工作的通知》，指出了发展建设物流配送中心的重要意义，提出发展建设的指导思想和原则，同时提出了“转换机制、集约经营、完善功能、发展物流、增强实力”的改革与发展方针，确定以向现代化物流配送中心转变，建设社会化的物流配送中心，发展现代化网络为主要方向。 二、我国物流配送模式及存在的问题 目前我国电子商务网站数量大增，交易商品涉及日用品及其他非易耗品等，就其电子商务物流配送模式而言，可分为三种类型，分别是经营BtoB（商家对商家）业务的模式、BtoC（商家对消费者）的模式以及虚拟物流公司模式，在实践中这三种模式虽然得到共同的认同与应用，但在电子商务与物流配送的接轨和优化运行上还存在许多问题，具体体现在： 中国目前的社会信息网络化水平低，网络基础设施相对薄弱，特别是作为电子商务平台的传递和结算基础设施滞后，计算机普及率低，网民比率只有8%左右，并主要集中在各大中城市，网民中真正采用网上购物的比率不到，电子购物的信用没有得到广泛认同。 对电子商务物流的重要性认识不够。供货企业网络化整体水平低，上网企业比率不足，物流企业信息化建设滞后，物流配送的专业化、社会化、电子化、现代化程度低。 存在严重的商业信誉差的问题，迟送、送错或不送现象时有发生。 电子商务物流基础尚不完善，物流理论还不够系统，物流技术还很落后，我国物流理论工作者和实践者对现代物流的新理论、新技术，如集成化供应链管理、第三方物流、自动化立体仓库、全自动分拣系统、全球定位系统（GPS）等才刚刚接触。 缺乏既懂电子商务理论和技术又有电子商务实践经验人才，尤其缺乏既懂电子商务又懂物流配送的有创新精神的复合型人才。三、物流配送健康发展的对策 1.提高信息化程度。物流配送信息化表现为：物流信息收集的数据库化和代码化、物流信息处理的电子化和计算机化、信息传递的标准化和实时化、物流信息存储的数字化等。因此,条码技术、数据库技术、电子订货系统、电子数据交换、射频技术、管理信息系统、企业资源计划等先进的管理策略，应在我国的物流配送企业大力推广运用。信息化是一切现代技术和管理手段的基础，只有实现物流配送信息化,才能承担起电子商务时代赋予物流配送业的历史任务。 2.完善物流管理系统功能,提高售后服务质量。针对网上购物出现的送货时间过长以及迟迟没有货源的现象，作为电子商务公司为了能更好的服务于顾客，应加强顾客和供货商之间信息的交流与反馈。这样可以给用户节约订单处理费用，又可以节约用户的时间，逐渐提高人们对网上购物的信任感，使得电子商务良性稳步发展。 3.降低配送服务价格。我国发展电子商务实现大规模的网上购物一直困难重重，物流配送费用偏高，特别是零售型的网上交易，为每个客户实现送货上门是高成本的，必须努力降低成本，解决电子商务公司与物流配送企业之间在配送服务价格方面的矛盾。 4.完善法律政策。针对电子商务物流配送出现的种种问题，政府有关部门应该积极研究电子商务的特点，迅速制定有针对性地法律、法规和政策，以规范电子商务活动，增加企业和广大消费者对电子商务的信任感。 5.积极发展第三方物流企业。“第三方物流”是指物流由商务的供方、需方之外的第三方完成,从某种意义上说它是物流专业化的一种形式，“第三方物流”一般在物流管理经验、人才、技术、理念等方面都具有一定的优势,对电子商务交易中供求双方的所有物流活动进行全权代理，同时第三方物流资金雄厚,可以充分利用现代物流技术,具有建立在现代信息网络技术基础上的物流管理软件,保证客户在任何时间、任何地点查看货物及提供配套的服务，参与电子商务交易的双方可以把物流委托给专业物流企业,专心于电子市场的开拓和商务效率的提高电子商务BtoB交易模式。 建立全国物流公共信息平台，发展第四方物流。第四方物流是一个供应链集成商，它调集和管理组织自己的以及具有互补性的服务提供商的资源、能力和技术，以提供一个综合的供应链解决方案。显然，第四方物流必须满足三个条件：不是物流的利益方、能实现信息共享、有能力整合所有的物流资源。而真正满足这些条件的只有一种虚拟的物流网平台，这就是全国物流公共信息平台。它能提供综合的供应链解决方案，以整合社会物流资源，提高我国物流产业的综合协同能力。
请问,这个文献的作者是谁啊
第三方物流，Third Party Logistics，简称：3PL1. 3rd Party Logistics Study 2012 [2012第三方物流市场报告]. Third Party Logistics: An Analysis of the Feasibility and Contexts of Strategic Relationships [第三方物流：战略化合作的可行性和背景研究] 要翻译过来的文献，一般不可能有的，你用google translate凑合着看吧。不过也可以再发一个问题，找人帮你翻译，不过5000个字，不容易呢。你自己试着看看吧，其实不用每个字都看懂，抓住以下这些关键词就行了，相信你应该可以读懂的。以下是我对第三方物流的理解和总结。==================================第三方物流就是3rd party logistics（3PL），一般是提供intergrated logistics services（整合性的物流/供应链服务）。目的是帮助那些供应商(supplier)和生产商（manufacturer）运货到终端消费者（end-customer）手上，用最高效优质的服务（service of superior quality）和最低廉的价格（be cost efficient）。3PL可以是freight forwarder（货运代理）, warehouse manager（仓库管理）, carrier（承运商） 或其他的服务商（logistics service provider，简称：LSP）。他们通过提供不同的增值服务（value add service），低廉的价格（low cost），专业的解决方案（expert solutions），或成熟的运营网络（extensive operation network）来差异化（differentiate）他们的服务，获得竞争优势（competitive advantages），通过这些竞争优势获取供应商/制造商们的服务合约（service contract），获取报酬和利润（profit）。对3PL来说，服务顾客，追求顾客的满意度（customer satisfaction）是宗旨（ultimate objective）。提供增值（value add）服务是客户的需求，也是3PL获利的基础（basis）。人脉（network）和信息系统（information network）是3PL最宝贵的资产。和客户（供应商/生产商们）建立长久的合作关系（coopration；partnership）是3PL的目标，也是持续发展（sustainable growth）和盈利的基础。合作（collaboration），互信（trust），信息共享（information sharing），战略化的统一[标准和观念]（strategic allignment in standards and principles）是实现长期合作的途径和方法。要成为成功的3PL必须知道自己的SWOT （strengthes：内部优势，weaknesses：内部弱点，opportunies：市场机遇，threats：外部威胁），然后找到适合自身的市场定位（market niche）和相应的竞争发展战略（competition strategy）才行。=====================================希望以上这些词汇对你有帮助。
the quality of logistics services logistics
物流服务 Logistics Service 物流质量 Logistics Quality LogisticsLogistics is the management of the flow of goods, information and other resources, including energy and people, between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet the requirements of consumers (frequently, and originally, military organizations). Logistics involve the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material-handling, and and definitionThe term "logistics" originates from the ancient Greek "λόγος" ("logos"—"ratio, word, calculation, reason, speech, oration").Logistics is considered to have originated in the military's need to supply themselves with arms, ammunition and rations as they moved from their base to a forward position. In ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires, there were military officers with the title ‘Logistikas’ who were responsible for financial and supply distribution Oxford English dictionary defines logistics as: “The branch of military science having to do with procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities.”Another dictionary definition is: "The time related positioning of resources." As such, logistics is commonly seen as a branch of engineering which creates "people systems" rather than "machine systems"....LogisticianLogistician is the profession in the logistics & transport sectors, including sea, air, land and rail modes. Professional qualifications for the logisticians can carry post-nominal letters. Common examples include FCILT/CMILT/MILT (by The Chartered Institute of Logistics & Transport) (CILT), EJLog/ESLog/EMLog (by European Logistics Association) (ELA), PLog (by Canadian Professional Logistics Institute), CML/CPL (by International Society of Logistics) (SOLE), JrLog/Log/SrLog (by China Federation of Logistics & Purchasing) (CFLP), FHKLA/MHKLA (by Hong Kong Logistics Association) (HKLA), PLS/CTL/DLP (by American Society of Transportation & Logistics) (AST&L). However, some universities and academic institutions do help in producing logisticians, by offering academic degree programmes at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, logisticsIn military logistics, logistics officers manage how and when to move resources to the places they are needed. In military science, maintaining one's supply lines while disrupting those of the enemy is a crucial—some would say the most crucial—element of military strategy, since an armed force without resources and transportation is defeat of the British in the American War of Independence, and the defeat of Erwin Rommel in World War II, have been largely attributed to logistical failure.[citation needed] The historical leaders Hannibal Barca, Alexander the Great and the Duke of Wellington are considered to have been logistical field within logistics is called Medical managementLogistics management is that part of the supply chain which plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements. A professional working in the field of logistics management is called a Chartered Institute of Logistics & Transport (CILT) was established in the United Kingdom in 1919 and was granted the Royal Charter in 1926. The Chartered Institute is one of professional bodies or institutions for the logistics & transport sectors, that offers such professional qualification or degree in logistics Management SoftwareSoftware is used for logistics automation which helps the supply chain industry in automating the work flow as well as management of the system. There are very few generalized software available in the new market in the said topology. This is because there is no rule to generalize the system as well as work flow even though the practice is more or less the same. Most of the commercial companies do use one or the other custom there are various software that are being used within the departments of logistics. Few department in Logistics are namely, Conventional Department, Container department, Warehouse, Marine Engineering, Heavy haulage, softwares that are used in these departments are,Conventional department : CVT software / CTMS software /Container Trucking: CTMS software /Warehouse : WMS /Business logisticsLogistics as a business concept evolved only in the 1950s. This was mainly due to the increasing complexity of supplying one's business with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, calling for experts in the field who are called Supply Chain Logisticians. This can be defined as having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price and is the science of process and incorporates all industry sectors. The goal of logistics work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant business, logistics may have either internal focus (inbound logistics), or external focus (outbound logistics) covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption (see supply chain management). The main functions of a qualified logistician include inventory management, purchasing, transportation, warehousing, consultation and the organizing and planning of these activities. Logisticians combine a professional knowledge of each of these functions so that there is a coordination of resources in an organization. There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics. One optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes. The other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some logisticsThe term is used for describing logistic processes within an industry. The purpose of production logistics is to ensure that each machine and workstation is being fed with the right product in the right quantity and quality at the right point in issue is not the transportation itself, but to streamline and control the flow through the value adding processes and eliminate non-value adding ones. Production logistics can be applied in existing as well as new plants. Manufacturing in an existing plant is a constantly changing process. Machines are exchanged and new ones added, which gives the opportunity to improve the production logistics system accordingly. Production logistics provides the means to achieve customer response and capital logistics is getting more and more important with the decreasing batch sizes. In many industries (. mobile phone) batch size one is the short term aim. This way even a single customer demand can be fulfilled in an efficient way. Track and tracing, which is an essential part of production logistics - due to product safety and product reliability issues - is also gaining importance especially in the automotive and the medical industry.物流，最早是在二战中，围绕战争物资供应，美国军队建立的「后勤」（Logistics）理论为原型的。当时的「后勤」是指将战时物资生产、采购、运输、配给等活动作为一个整体进行统一布置，以求战略物资补给的费用更低、速度更快、服务更好。后来，将“后勤”体系移植到现代经济生活中，才逐步演变为今天的物流。物流系统也可像互联网般，促进全球化。在贸易上，若要更进一步与世界连系，就得靠良好的物流管理系统。我们手上的商品很多是‘游历’各国后才来到的。原料可能来自马来西亚和泰国，加工可能在新加坡，生产却在中国，最后才入口到美国。产品的「游历」”路线就是由物流师计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制和监督，使各项物流活动实现最佳的协调与配合，以降低物流成本，提高物流效率和经济效益。目标就是要快且低开销。物流是一个控制原材料、制成品、产成品和信息的系统。 物质资料从供给者到需求者的物理运动，是创造时间价值、场所价值和一定的加工价值的活动。 物流是指物质实体从供应者向需求者的物理移动，它由一系列创造时间价值和空间价值的经济活动组成，包括运输、保管、配送、包装、装卸、流通加工及物流信息处理等多项基本活动，是这些活动的统一。 [编辑] 物流师物流师（Logistician）即是负责物流系统管理的专才。物流师就是一个专家，地位与会计师、律师、医生或工程师同等。1919年，英国成立了专业的物流组织，并在7年的时间内 (1926年)，就取得英皇的认同，成立了英国皇家特许物流与运输专院 (The Chartered Institute of Logistics & Transport) (CILT)。英国皇家特许物流与运输专院院士 (Chartered Member) 就是一个专业物流师。如今，世界上也有其他专业的物流组织，如欧洲专业物流协会 (European Logistics Association) (ELA)，香港物流协会 (Hong Kong Logistics Association) (HKLA)，中国物流与采购联合会 (China Federation of Logistics & Purchasing) (CFLP)，美国国际专业物流协会 (International Society of Logistics) (SOLE) 及 美国运输与物流协会 (American Society of Transportation & Logistics) (AST&L) 所检定及认可的专业物流师。物流管理物流管理是指在社会再生产过程中，根据物质资料实体流动的规律，应用管理的基本原理和科学方法，对物流活动进行计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制和监督，使各项物流活动实现最佳的协调与配合，以降低物流成本，提高物流效率和经济效益。如今，物流管理的专业知识被运用在贸易上，连系了整个世界。参见第一方物流 第二方物流 第三方物流 第四方物流 第五方物流 供应链 物流管理 后勤学（军事物流学） 物流系统论 现代物流技术 集装单元装卸搬运技术 散料装卸搬运技术 自动仓储系统技术 流通加工技术 物流包装技术 物流信息技术 条码技术 EDI技术 地理信息系统GIS 全球卫星定位系统GPS 智能交通系统ITS 射频识别RFID 可追溯性 (物流) 物流企业
楼上这位的英文文献是google华文文献而来的，很不通顺。。。电子商务环境下物流配送Logistics Distribution under E-business Environment 楼上译成了E-business environment under the logistics and distribution 电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要：本文从阐述电子商务与物流配送的相互关系出发，就如何建立与我国国情发展相适应的物流配送模式，降低物流成本，提高配送效率，解决配送问题进行探讨。 关键词：电子商务；物流配送；第三方物流 在互联网技术的不断发展及全球电子商务大环境的引导下，跨国物流和跨区域物流更加频繁，对物流的需求也更加强烈。但电子商务在我国的发展却具有其不成熟性的特点，物流基础设施及技术水平落后,供应商(或制造商)以及客户之间没有形成供应链,配送效率低下,所以电子商务要在中国继续发展必须解决——"物流瓶颈"。 一、电子商务与物流配送 电子商务是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器的应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、企业之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的交易方式。电子商务与传统商务本质区别，就是它以数字化网络为基础进行商品、货币和服务交易，目的在于减少信息社会的商业中间环节，缩短周期，降低成本，提高经营效率，提高服务质量，使企业有效地参与竞争。 物流配送定位在为电子商务的客户提供服务，根据电子商务的特点，对整个物流配送体系实行统一的信息管理和调度，按照用户订货要求，在物流基地进行理货工作，并将配好的货物送交收货人的一种物流方式。这一先进的、优化的流通方式对流通企业提高服务质量、降低物流成本、优化社会库存配置，从而提高企业的经济效益及社会效益具有重要意义。 二、电子商务环境下的物流配送模式 发展现代物流配送，是转变经济增长方式，促进经济增长由粗放型向集约型转变的需要。过去我国长期实行计划经济体制，几乎每个工业企业都建立了仓库、车队负责包装、运输等业务，大而全、小而全、粗放管理问题比较突出，造成企业原材料和产成品库存过大，占压大量资金；自备仓储和自备运输利用率低，成本过高；销售配送体系不健全，产品实体分配效率不能满足售后和服务要求。市场经济条件下，企业要在激烈的竞争中站稳脚跟，必须集中精力发展其核心业务，对传统的物流管理模式进行改革，提高物流管理的社会化和组织程度，变粗放管理为集约经营，才能使企业真正适应市场经济的发展。 发展现代物流配送，是适应加入WTO，提高企业市场竞争能力的需要。目前世界上大多数地区，约1／3的物流运作是承包给第三方的，发达国家甚至达5－8成。而我国的物流服务行业竞争力很弱，没有形成一定的规模优势和资本优势，服务质量与国外企业相比也存在着很大差距。加入WTO后，根据协议，我国将进一步开放物流服务行业，国外成熟的物流企业会大举进入我国，因此，面对经济全球化趋势和我国加入WTO的挑战，实施物流改造，发展现代物流配送是企业参与竞争，赢得竞争优势的必然选择。 在电子商务条件下，构建我国物流配送体系，可以有以下三种模式：一是电子商务与传统商务共用一套物流系统；二是由电子商务企业组建自己的物流系统；三是电子商务企业将所有的物流业务以外包的形式委托第三方物流企业运作。所谓第三方物流是指根据供应商或销售商的委托，由供应商和销售商以外的第三方负责对物流的中间环节进行有效管理，提供从货源供应到最终商品销售之间的全方位物流服务。鉴于发达国家的成功经验和目前我国物流业的发展状况，我认为，委托第三方物流企业运作是我国电子商务企业最理想的物流模式。其理由如下： （1）物流通常不是大多数的电子商务企业的核心业务，电子商务企业把物流业务运作外包于第三方物流企业，可以把资源集中在自身的核心竞争力业务上，以获取最大的投资回报。 （2）第三方物流企业拥有发达的物流网络和针对不同物流市场的专业能力，包括运输、仓储和其它增值服务，同时第三方物流企业还拥有信息技术，他们与独立的软件供应商结盟或者开发了内部信息系统，这使其能够最大限度地利用运输和分销网络，有效进行跨运输方式的货物追踪。 （3）第三方物流企业具有规模经济优势。由于其可以从运输商那里大批量购买运输能力，然后集中配载许多客户的货物，大幅度降低单位运输成本。 （4）通过“共享租用”模型，多个电子商务企业可以共享分发和售后服务。外包也缓和了内部物流执行并减少建造和装备仓库。内部完成电子物流费用高，耗时多，并且由于不具备第三方的专业技术，许多公司会严重损害花很多时间建立的客户关系。 诚然，第三方物流企业的运作不仅要针对生产厂家能否合理经营并优化库存结构，还要针对客户，保证商品来源于最佳路线，以切实降低物流成本，提高产品附加值，同时真正使客户省钱，省力，省时。 三、我国发展第三方物流应注意的问题 （1）物流业务的范围不断扩大。商业机构和各大公司面对日趋激烈的竞争不得不将主要经理放在核心业务，将运输、仓储等相关业务环节交由更专业的物流企业进行操作，以求节约和高效；同时，物流企业为提高服务质量，也在不断拓宽业务范围，提供配套服务。 （2）提供客户定制的物流服务。很多成功的物流企业根据第一方、第二方的谈判条款，分析比较自理的操作成本和代理费用，灵活运用自理和代理两种方式。 （3）物流产业的发展潜力巨大，具有广阔的发展前景。长期以来，由于受计划经济的影响，我国物流社会化程度低，物流管理混乱，机构多元化，物资、商业、经贸、交通、建设等部门均有各自的物流系统。这种分散的多元化物流格局，导致社会化大生产、专业化流通的集约化经营优势难以发挥，规模经营、规模效益难以实现，设施利用率低，布局不合理，重复建设，资金浪费严重。由于利益冲突及信息不通畅等原因，造成余缺物资不能及时调配，大量物资滞留在流通领域，造成资金沉淀，产生大量库存费用。另外，我国物流企业与物流组织的总体水平低，设备陈旧，损失率大，效率低，运输能力严重不足，形成了瓶颈，制约了物流的发展。 在电子商务飞速发展的21世纪，谁掌握了物流和配送，谁就掌握了市场。建立电子商务模式下的物流配送体系，客观上需要那种放网全国，点指世界超强的物流服务企业。当前，我国的一些传统物流企业（如，中远，中外运等）应积极加大市场调研和开拓力度，加大与跨国公司、大型制造商等行业企业以及与连锁、超市零售行业等的合作，与其建立伙伴关系，为其提供一体化的物流配送服务，并尽快发展电子商务，从而提供高质量的、高水平的电子商务环境下的现代物流配送服务，为我国建立良好的现代配送机制贡献自身的一份力量。 参考文献： 《中国物流与采购》 《我国物流企业如何迎接电子商务》 张铎 《电子商务配送问题浅析》 关洪杰、
摘要：随着国民经济的的飞速发展，市场对物流的需求越来越高。 Abstract: with the rapid development of national economy, market demand for logistics is getting higher and higher. 随着物流对商品生产、流通和消费的影响日益明显并越来越引起人们的注意。 As the logistics of commodity production, circulation and consumption has become increasingly apparent and the influence of growing draw people's attention. 从本质上说，企业在市场上的表现主要是由产品的质量、价格以及产品的供给三个因素决定。 Essentially, enterprises in market performance of mainly by the quality of the products, price and product supply three factors. 而这三个因素都受到物流的影响。 While the three factors are the influence of logistics. 随着现代企业生产经营方式的变革和市场外部条件的变化。 With modern enterprise production management way change and market external conditions change. 第三方物流给供应链各参与者带来了很多好处和方便，因而受到了极大的欢迎，市场潜力巨大，必将成为下一世纪物流业的主流。 The third party logistics supply chain each participant to bring many benefits and convenience, and is extremely popular, and market potential is tremendous, will become the mainstream of the logistics industry in the next century. 本文讲从以下几个方面来介绍第三方物流的利弊与制造业、零售业物流模式的选择。 This paper speak from the following several aspects to introduce the advantages and disadvantages of third party logistics with manufacturing, retail logistics mode choice. 关键词：物流 第三方物流 利弊 选择 Keywords: logistics third-party logistics advantages and disadvantages choice
楼上这位的英文文献是google华文文献而来的，很不通顺。。。电子商务环境下物流配送Logistics Distribution under E-business Environment 楼上译成了E-business environment under the logistics and distribution 电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要：本文从阐述电子商务与物流配送的相互关系出发，就如何建立与我国国情发展相适应的物流配送模式，降低物流成本，提高配送效率，解决配送问题进行探讨。 关键词：电子商务；物流配送；第三方物流 在互联网技术的不断发展及全球电子商务大环境的引导下，跨国物流和跨区域物流更加频繁，对物流的需求也更加强烈。但电子商务在我国的发展却具有其不成熟性的特点，物流基础设施及技术水平落后,供应商(或制造商)以及客户之间没有形成供应链,配送效率低下,所以电子商务要在中国继续发展必须解决——"物流瓶颈"。 一、电子商务与物流配送 电子商务是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器的应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、企业之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的交易方式。电子商务与传统商务本质区别，就是它以数字化网络为基础进行商品、货币和服务交易，目的在于减少信息社会的商业中间环节，缩短周期，降低成本，提高经营效率，提高服务质量，使企业有效地参与竞争。 物流配送定位在为电子商务的客户提供服务，根据电子商务的特点，对整个物流配送体系实行统一的信息管理和调度，按照用户订货要求，在物流基地进行理货工作，并将配好的货物送交收货人的一种物流方式。这一先进的、优化的流通方式对流通企业提高服务质量、降低物流成本、优化社会库存配置，从而提高企业的经济效益及社会效益具有重要意义。 二、电子商务环境下的物流配送模式 发展现代物流配送，是转变经济增长方式，促进经济增长由粗放型向集约型转变的需要。过去我国长期实行计划经济体制，几乎每个工业企业都建立了仓库、车队负责包装、运输等业务，大而全、小而全、粗放管理问题比较突出，造成企业原材料和产成品库存过大，占压大量资金；自备仓储和自备运输利用率低，成本过高；销售配送体系不健全，产品实体分配效率不能满足售后和服务要求。市场经济条件下，企业要在激烈的竞争中站稳脚跟，必须集中精力发展其核心业务，对传统的物流管理模式进行改革，提高物流管理的社会化和组织程度，变粗放管理为集约经营，才能使企业真正适应市场经济的发展。 发展现代物流配送，是适应加入WTO，提高企业市场竞争能力的需要。目前世界上大多数地区，约1／3的物流运作是承包给第三方的，发达国家甚至达5－8成。而我国的物流服务行业竞争力很弱，没有形成一定的规模优势和资本优势，服务质量与国外企业相比也存在着很大差距。加入WTO后，根据协议，我国将进一步开放物流服务行业，国外成熟的物流企业会大举进入我国，因此，面对经济全球化趋势和我国加入WTO的挑战，实施物流改造，发展现代物流配送是企业参与竞争，赢得竞争优势的必然选择。 在电子商务条件下，构建我国物流配送体系，可以有以下三种模式：一是电子商务与传统商务共用一套物流系统；二是由电子商务企业组建自己的物流系统；三是电子商务企业将所有的物流业务以外包的形式委托第三方物流企业运作。所谓第三方物流是指根据供应商或销售商的委托，由供应商和销售商以外的第三方负责对物流的中间环节进行有效管理，提供从货源供应到最终商品销售之间的全方位物流服务。鉴于发达国家的成功经验和目前我国物流业的发展状况，我认为，委托第三方物流企业运作是我国电子商务企业最理想的物流模式。其理由如下： （1）物流通常不是大多数的电子商务企业的核心业务，电子商务企业把物流业务运作外包于第三方物流企业，可以把资源集中在自身的核心竞争力业务上，以获取最大的投资回报。 （2）第三方物流企业拥有发达的物流网络和针对不同物流市场的专业能力，包括运输、仓储和其它增值服务，同时第三方物流企业还拥有信息技术，他们与独立的软件供应商结盟或者开发了内部信息系统，这使其能够最大限度地利用运输和分销网络，有效进行跨运输方式的货物追踪。 （3）第三方物流企业具有规模经济优势。由于其可以从运输商那里大批量购买运输能力，然后集中配载许多客户的货物，大幅度降低单位运输成本。 （4）通过“共享租用”模型，多个电子商务企业可以共享分发和售后服务。外包也缓和了内部物流执行并减少建造和装备仓库。内部完成电子物流费用高，耗时多，并且由于不具备第三方的专业技术，许多公司会严重损害花很多时间建立的客户关系。 诚然，第三方物流企业的运作不仅要针对生产厂家能否合理经营并优化库存结构，还要针对客户，保证商品来源于最佳路线，以切实降低物流成本，提高产品附加值，同时真正使客户省钱，省力，省时。 三、我国发展第三方物流应注意的问题 （1）物流业务的范围不断扩大。商业机构和各大公司面对日趋激烈的竞争不得不将主要经理放在核心业务，将运输、仓储等相关业务环节交由更专业的物流企业进行操作，以求节约和高效；同时，物流企业为提高服务质量，也在不断拓宽业务范围，提供配套服务。 （2）提供客户定制的物流服务。很多成功的物流企业根据第一方、第二方的谈判条款，分析比较自理的操作成本和代理费用，灵活运用自理和代理两种方式。 （3）物流产业的发展潜力巨大，具有广阔的发展前景。长期以来，由于受计划经济的影响，我国物流社会化程度低，物流管理混乱，机构多元化，物资、商业、经贸、交通、建设等部门均有各自的物流系统。这种分散的多元化物流格局，导致社会化大生产、专业化流通的集约化经营优势难以发挥，规模经营、规模效益难以实现，设施利用率低，布局不合理，重复建设，资金浪费严重。由于利益冲突及信息不通畅等原因，造成余缺物资不能及时调配，大量物资滞留在流通领域，造成资金沉淀，产生大量库存费用。另外，我国物流企业与物流组织的总体水平低，设备陈旧，损失率大，效率低，运输能力严重不足，形成了瓶颈，制约了物流的发展。 在电子商务飞速发展的21世纪，谁掌握了物流和配送，谁就掌握了市场。建立电子商务模式下的物流配送体系，客观上需要那种放网全国，点指世界超强的物流服务企业。当前，我国的一些传统物流企业（如，中远，中外运等）应积极加大市场调研和开拓力度，加大与跨国公司、大型制造商等行业企业以及与连锁、超市零售行业等的合作，与其建立伙伴关系，为其提供一体化的物流配送服务，并尽快发展电子商务，从而提供高质量的、高水平的电子商务环境下的现代物流配送服务，为我国建立良好的现代配送机制贡献自身的一份力量。 参考文献： 《中国物流与采购》 《我国物流企业如何迎接电子商务》 张铎 《电子商务配送问题浅析》 关洪杰、
题目是Green logistics at Eroski: A case study已发邮箱
《物流与供应链管理》参考文献目录英文参考文献：[1] （美）鲍尔索克斯（Bowersox，），克劳斯（Closs，），库珀（Cooper，.）著．马士华译注．供应链物流管理（英文版•原书第2版）[M]. 北京：机械工业出版社，[2] 姜阵剑，卢山，荆海鸥．Logistics and Supply Chain Management /现代物流与供应链管理概论（双语）[M]．武汉：武汉理工大学出版社，[3] （美）Long D．国际物流：全球供应链管理[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，[4] Jack Brimley and Robert Love，A New Distance Function for Modeling Travel Distances in a Transportation Network[J]，Transportation Science 26[5] John L．Gattorna Strategic Supply Chain Alignment [M]．MPG Books Ltd，Bodmin，Cornwall，1998 [6] Silver, ., Pyke, ., Petersen, R．Inventory Management And Production Planning and Scheduling [M], New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998[7] Martin Christopher．Logistics and Supply Chain Management-Strategies for Reducing Costs and Improving Services [M]．Financial Times/Pitman Publishing，1994[8] Benjamin S Blanchard．Logistics Engineering and Management (4th Edition) [M]. Rentice Hall, 1992[9] James C. Johnson, Donald F. Wood．Contemporary Logistics(4th Edition) [M], Macmillan Publishing Company,1990[10] Donald Waters．Global Logistics and Distribution Planning[M] Boca Raton：CRC Press，1999[11] Igor H Ansoff．The New Corporate Strategy [M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998[12] B Joseph PineⅡ．Mass Customization: The new Frontier in Business Competition [M]. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, ～15[13] John ．Strategic Supply Chain Alignment [M]. MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall, 1998[14] Frank H. Mossman, Paul Bankit，and Omar K. Hfeltrich，Logistics Systems Analysis，reviewed[M].Washington , .: University Press of America, 1979[15] V. Daniel Hunt．Reengineering: Leveraging the Integrated Product Development[M], Oliver Wight Publication,[16] Martin Christopher．Logistics & Supply Chain Management: creating value-adding networks (3rd Edition) [M]. FT Press, February, 2005[17] David H. Taylor．Global Cases in Logistics and Supply Chain Management [M]. International Thomson Publishing Services, March 1997[18] Donald J. Bowersox, David J. Closs, Cooper．Supply Chain Logistics Management (2Rev Ed edition) [M]. McGraw Hill Higher Education, February 2006[19] Ronald H. Ballou．Business Logistics/Supply Chain Management and Logware CD Package (5th edition) [M]. Prentice Hall, September 2003[20] Donald Waters．Logistics: An Introduction to Supply Chain Management [M]. Palgrave Macmillan, January 2003[21] Ann Brewer, Kenneth J Button, David A Hensher．Handbook of Logistics and Supply-Chain Management [M]. Pergamon, July 2001[22] Ronald H. Ballou．Business Logistics: Supply Chain Management (5th edition) [M]. Prentice Hall, August 2003[23] John Mangan, Chandra Lalwani, Tim Butcher．Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management [M]. Publisher: Wiley, June 2008[24] Andreas Klose, M. Gracia Speranza, Luk N. Van Wassenhove．Quantitative Approaches to Distribution Logistics and Supply Chain Management (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems) [M]. Springer, August 2002[25] Jonsson．Logistics and Supply Chain Management [M]. McGraw Hill Higher Education , April 2008[26] John J. Coyle, C. John Langley, Brian Gibson, Robert A．Novack, Edward J. Bardi. Supply Chain Management: A Logistics Perspective (8th edition) [M]. South-Western College Pub, March 2008中文参考文献：[1] 唐纳德•鲍尔索克斯，戴维•克劳斯著．林国龙等译．物流管理：供应链过程的一体化[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1999[2] （美）兰伯特，斯托克，埃拉姆著．张文杰，叶龙，刘秉镰译．物流管理——物流与供应链管理系列[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，[3] 何明珂等．中华人民共和国标准•物流术语[S]．北京：中国标准出版社，国家技术监督局发布，2001[4] （美）科伊尔，（美）巴蒂，（美）兰利著．文武等译．企业物流管理：供应链视角（第7版）[M]. 北京：电子工业出版社，[5] [英]泰勒，胡克等译．全球物流与供应链管理案例[M]．北京：中信出版社，[6] （美）森尼尔•乔普瑞，彼得•梅因德尔．供应链管理—战略、规划与运营[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社，2003[7] 赵林度．供应链与物流管理：理论与实务[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2003[8] 沈文，云俊，邓爱民编著．物流与供应链管理[M]．北京：人民交通出版社，2002[9] 彭志忠．现代物流与供应链管理[M]．济南：山东大学出版社，2002[10] 朱道立，龚国华，罗齐．物流和供应链管理[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2001[11] 马士华，林勇，陈志祥．供应链管理[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2000[12] 马士华．新编供应链管理（21世纪工商管理系列教材）．北京：人民大学出版社. [13] （美）兰伯特，斯托克，埃拉姆著．物流管理——物流与供应链管理系列[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，[14] 宋华，胡左浩．现代物流与供应链管理——21世纪市场营销新知与案例丛书[M]．北京：经济管理出版社，[15] 齐二石，刘亮．物流与供应链管理[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，[16] 宋华．物流成本与供应链绩效管理[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，[17] 徐琪．供应链管理：理论与实验[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，[18] 徐剑，周晓晔，李贵华．物流与供应链管理[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，[19] 霍桂震．物流与供应链管理[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，[20] 张理．现代物流案例分析——21世纪电子商务与现代物流管理系列教材[M]．北京：水利水电出版社，[21] 胡继灵．供应链的合作与冲突管理[M]．上海：上海财经大学出版社，[22] 刘南，赵成锋，陈远高．现代物流与经济发展理论、方法与实证分析[M]．北京：中国物资出版社，[23] 张良卫，朱强．国际物流实务[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，[24] 骆温平．第三方物流[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，[25] 王欣兰．现代物流管理概论[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，[26] 施先亮，李伊松．供应链管理原理及应用[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，[27] 吴隽．物流与供应链管理[M]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，[28] 蒋长兵，吴承健．现代物流理论与供应链管理实践[M]．杭州：浙江大学出版社，[29] 魏修建，姚峰．现代物流与供应链管理（十一五电子商务规划教材）[M]．西安：西安交通大学出版社，
这个世界太疯狂。
基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究【摘要】随着经济全球化的愈演愈烈和合作竞争时代的到来，竞争无国界与企业相互渗透的趋势越来越明显，市场竞争实质上已不是单个企业之间的较量，而是供应链与供应链之间的竞争。面对日益激烈的竞争环境，制造企业越来越感到“专注于核心竞争力”的必要性和迫切性，同时基于资源、成本和服务等方面的考虑，物流服务外包需求日趋强烈，第三方物流（Thirdpartylogistics，TPL）得到长足发展，如何使供应链与第三方物流关系获得成功已经成为实业界和学术界共同关注的研究领域。论文通过文献综述和对汽车物流的分析，提出了基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究这一重要研究问题，阐述了汽车供应链战略的类别，主要包括精细供应链战略、敏捷供应链战略与混合供应链战略，比较分析了三种战略的特征；重点讨论了供应链与第三方物流的关系以及汽车供应链战略对第三方物流模式的内在要求。在此基础上，建立了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流模式的匹配模型，并着重分析了精细物流、敏捷物流和定制物流三种物流模式的内涵、结构特征及其实施策略。最后，对三种物流模式从战略匹配、管理理念、竞争战略等六个方面进行了比较分析。论文的创新点在于，在汽车供应链战略特点分析、供应链与第三方物流关系讨论的基础上，构建了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流的匹配模型，设计了三种物流模式的实施策略，从战略的角度为供应链管理者选择第三方物流提供商提供了一定的参考与借鉴。关键词：供应链战略第三方物流匹配模型精细物流敏捷物流定制物流你好，我有相关论文资料（博士硕士论文、期刊论文等）可以对你提供相关帮助，需要的话请加我，761399457（抠q），谢谢。
楼上这位的英文文献是google华文文献而来的，很不通顺。。。电子商务环境下物流配送Logistics Distribution under E-business Environment 楼上译成了E-business environment under the logistics and distribution 电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要：本文从阐述电子商务与物流配送的相互关系出发，就如何建立与我国国情发展相适应的物流配送模式，降低物流成本，提高配送效率，解决配送问题进行探讨。 关键词：电子商务；物流配送；第三方物流 在互联网技术的不断发展及全球电子商务大环境的引导下，跨国物流和跨区域物流更加频繁，对物流的需求也更加强烈。但电子商务在我国的发展却具有其不成熟性的特点，物流基础设施及技术水平落后,供应商(或制造商)以及客户之间没有形成供应链,配送效率低下,所以电子商务要在中国继续发展必须解决——"物流瓶颈"。 一、电子商务与物流配送 电子商务是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器的应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、企业之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的交易方式。电子商务与传统商务本质区别，就是它以数字化网络为基础进行商品、货币和服务交易，目的在于减少信息社会的商业中间环节，缩短周期，降低成本，提高经营效率，提高服务质量，使企业有效地参与竞争。 物流配送定位在为电子商务的客户提供服务，根据电子商务的特点，对整个物流配送体系实行统一的信息管理和调度，按照用户订货要求，在物流基地进行理货工作，并将配好的货物送交收货人的一种物流方式。这一先进的、优化的流通方式对流通企业提高服务质量、降低物流成本、优化社会库存配置，从而提高企业的经济效益及社会效益具有重要意义。 二、电子商务环境下的物流配送模式 发展现代物流配送，是转变经济增长方式，促进经济增长由粗放型向集约型转变的需要。过去我国长期实行计划经济体制，几乎每个工业企业都建立了仓库、车队负责包装、运输等业务，大而全、小而全、粗放管理问题比较突出，造成企业原材料和产成品库存过大，占压大量资金；自备仓储和自备运输利用率低，成本过高；销售配送体系不健全，产品实体分配效率不能满足售后和服务要求。市场经济条件下，企业要在激烈的竞争中站稳脚跟，必须集中精力发展其核心业务，对传统的物流管理模式进行改革，提高物流管理的社会化和组织程度，变粗放管理为集约经营，才能使企业真正适应市场经济的发展。 发展现代物流配送，是适应加入WTO，提高企业市场竞争能力的需要。目前世界上大多数地区，约1／3的物流运作是承包给第三方的，发达国家甚至达5－8成。而我国的物流服务行业竞争力很弱，没有形成一定的规模优势和资本优势，服务质量与国外企业相比也存在着很大差距。加入WTO后，根据协议，我国将进一步开放物流服务行业，国外成熟的物流企业会大举进入我国，因此，面对经济全球化趋势和我国加入WTO的挑战，实施物流改造，发展现代物流配送是企业参与竞争，赢得竞争优势的必然选择。 在电子商务条件下，构建我国物流配送体系，可以有以下三种模式：一是电子商务与传统商务共用一套物流系统；二是由电子商务企业组建自己的物流系统；三是电子商务企业将所有的物流业务以外包的形式委托第三方物流企业运作。所谓第三方物流是指根据供应商或销售商的委托，由供应商和销售商以外的第三方负责对物流的中间环节进行有效管理，提供从货源供应到最终商品销售之间的全方位物流服务。鉴于发达国家的成功经验和目前我国物流业的发展状况，我认为，委托第三方物流企业运作是我国电子商务企业最理想的物流模式。其理由如下： （1）物流通常不是大多数的电子商务企业的核心业务，电子商务企业把物流业务运作外包于第三方物流企业，可以把资源集中在自身的核心竞争力业务上，以获取最大的投资回报。 （2）第三方物流企业拥有发达的物流网络和针对不同物流市场的专业能力，包括运输、仓储和其它增值服务，同时第三方物流企业还拥有信息技术，他们与独立的软件供应商结盟或者开发了内部信息系统，这使其能够最大限度地利用运输和分销网络，有效进行跨运输方式的货物追踪。 （3）第三方物流企业具有规模经济优势。由于其可以从运输商那里大批量购买运输能力，然后集中配载许多客户的货物，大幅度降低单位运输成本。 （4）通过“共享租用”模型，多个电子商务企业可以共享分发和售后服务。外包也缓和了内部物流执行并减少建造和装备仓库。内部完成电子物流费用高，耗时多，并且由于不具备第三方的专业技术，许多公司会严重损害花很多时间建立的客户关系。 诚然，第三方物流企业的运作不仅要针对生产厂家能否合理经营并优化库存结构，还要针对客户，保证商品来源于最佳路线，以切实降低物流成本，提高产品附加值，同时真正使客户省钱，省力，省时。 三、我国发展第三方物流应注意的问题 （1）物流业务的范围不断扩大。商业机构和各大公司面对日趋激烈的竞争不得不将主要经理放在核心业务，将运输、仓储等相关业务环节交由更专业的物流企业进行操作，以求节约和高效；同时，物流企业为提高服务质量，也在不断拓宽业务范围，提供配套服务。 （2）提供客户定制的物流服务。很多成功的物流企业根据第一方、第二方的谈判条款，分析比较自理的操作成本和代理费用，灵活运用自理和代理两种方式。 （3）物流产业的发展潜力巨大，具有广阔的发展前景。长期以来，由于受计划经济的影响，我国物流社会化程度低，物流管理混乱，机构多元化，物资、商业、经贸、交通、建设等部门均有各自的物流系统。这种分散的多元化物流格局，导致社会化大生产、专业化流通的集约化经营优势难以发挥，规模经营、规模效益难以实现，设施利用率低，布局不合理，重复建设，资金浪费严重。由于利益冲突及信息不通畅等原因，造成余缺物资不能及时调配，大量物资滞留在流通领域，造成资金沉淀，产生大量库存费用。另外，我国物流企业与物流组织的总体水平低，设备陈旧，损失率大，效率低，运输能力严重不足，形成了瓶颈，制约了物流的发展。 在电子商务飞速发展的21世纪，谁掌握了物流和配送，谁就掌握了市场。建立电子商务模式下的物流配送体系，客观上需要那种放网全国，点指世界超强的物流服务企业。当前，我国的一些传统物流企业（如，中远，中外运等）应积极加大市场调研和开拓力度，加大与跨国公司、大型制造商等行业企业以及与连锁、超市零售行业等的合作，与其建立伙伴关系，为其提供一体化的物流配送服务，并尽快发展电子商务，从而提供高质量的、高水平的电子商务环境下的现代物流配送服务，为我国建立良好的现代配送机制贡献自身的一份力量。 参考文献： 《中国物流与采购》 《我国物流企业如何迎接电子商务》 张铎 《电子商务配送问题浅析》 关洪杰、
请问,这个文献的作者是谁啊
国际常用外贸物流英语知识1． 所有航线共有的运输费用英语（共32个） 代码 英文解释 中文解释OCB OCEAN FRT. BOX 海运费CYC CY HANDLING CHARGE 日本港口操作附加费IAC Intermodel Administrative Charge 多式联运附加费SPS Shanghai Port Surcharge 上海港附加费YAS Yen Applica surcharge 日元货币附加费ACC ALAMEDA CORRIDOR 绿色通道费CAF Currency Adjustment Factor or Devaluation Surcharge 币值调整费CUC Chassis Usage 托盘使用费DDC DEST. DELIVERY CHARGE EBS Emergent Bunker Surcharge 紧急燃油附加费EMS Emergency Surcharge(near the war field) 紧急战争附加费ERS EQUIP. REST. SURCH 空箱调运费FSC Fuel Surcharge 燃油附加费GRI GEN RATE INCREASE 运费普遍增长 CongestioNLLO Lift on / Lift off 上下车费ODB OCB, DDC and BAF ORC Original Receiving Charge 启运港接货费OWS OVERWEIGHT SURCHAARGE 超重附加费PCF Panama Canal Fee 巴拿马运河费PCS Port Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤费PSC Port Service Charge 港口服务费PSS Peak season surcharge 旺季附加费SCF Suez Canal Fee 苏伊士运河费SPS Shanghai Port Surcharge 上海港附加费BAF Bunkering Adjustment Fee 燃油附加费CFS CFS Charge 集装箱场站费用COD Charge of Diversion 转港费DHC Dest. Terminal Handling Charge 目的港港口附加费DIB ’ Destination Inland (Box) 目的港内陆附加费EFS Emergency Fuel Surcharge 燃油附加费IMO IMCO additional 危险品附加费LHC Loading port Terminal Handling Charge 装港港口附加费OIB Original Inland (Box) 启运港内陆附加费WRS War Risk Surcharge 战争风险附加费ISPS INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT FACILITY SECURITY CHARGE 国际船舶和港口安全费用Suez Canal Surcharge 苏伊士运河附加费Transhipment Surcharge 转船附加费Direct Additional 直航附加费Port Surcharge 港口附加费Port Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤附加费Heavy-Lift Additional 超重附加费Long Length Additional 超长附加费Cleaning Charge 洗舱费Fumigation Charge 熏蒸费Ice Surcharge 冰冻附加费Optional Fees or Optional Additional 选择卸货港附加费Alteration Charge 变更卸货港附加费Deviation Surcharge 绕航附加费ICD INLAND CONTAINER DEPOT 内陆集装箱装卸站常用海运术语ANERA：ASIA NORTH AMERICA EASTBUND RATE AGREEMENT远东-北美越太平洋航线东向运费协定A/W: ALL WATER 全水陆APPLY TO CUSTOMS: 报关 ( DECLARATION==CLEAR FROM CUSTOMS)ANTIDATED B/L: 倒签提单AMS: AUTOMATED MANIFEST SYSTEM 美国24小时前提交载货清单规定TWRA：TRANS PACIFIC WESTBOUND RATE AGREEMENT 泛太平洋西向运费同盟BAF： BUNKER ADJUSTMENT FACTOR 燃油附加费B/L： BILL OF LADING 提单BAY PLAN: 配载图CAF：CURRENCY ADJUSTMENT FACTOR 货币贬值附加费CY： CONTAINER YARD 集装箱堆场CFS：CONTAINER FREIGHT STATION 拼货拆装箱场所COLLECT：到付CARGO RECEIPT: 货物签收单CUSTOMS BROKER: 报关行COC：CARRIER’S OWNED CONTAINER 船东箱CNTR NO.: CONTAINER NO. 柜号CBM: CUBE METER 立方米CUFT: CUBE FEET 立方材(乘以)CLP: CONTAINER LOADING PLAN 集装箱装载图DDC: DESTINATION DELIVERY CHARGE 目的港收货费用DST: DOUBLE STACK TRAIN 双层火车运送DOC: DOCUMENT FEE 文件费DEMURRAGE CHAGE: 超期堆存费DETENTION: 滞箱费D/O: DELIVERY ORDER 提货单DEVANNING: 拆柜(=UNSTUFFING)DOCK RECEIPT： 场站货物收据ETA:ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL 预计到达日ETD: ESTIMATED TIME OF DEPARTURE 预计开航日EBS: EMERGENCY BUNKER SURCHARGE 燃油附加费ETC: ESTIMATED TIME OF CLOSING 结关日EDI: ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE 电子数据转换FEU: FORTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNITS 40’尺柜简称FAF: FUEL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR 燃油附加费FLAT RACK: 平板货柜FO: FREE OUT 船边交货FIO: FREE IN & OUT 承运方式的一种，表示船公司不负责两边的装卸费FCL: FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOAD 整柜FAK: FREIGHT ALL KINDS 不分ITEM 计价FMC: FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION 美国联邦海事委员会FIATA: INT’L FEDERATION OF FORWARDING AGENTS ASSOCIATION 国际货运承揽联盟GOH: GARMENT ON HANGER 吊衣柜GRI: GENERAL RATE INCREASE 一般运费调高GULF PORT: 指美国靠墨西哥湾之港口HAFFA: 香港货运物流业协会 HONGKONG ASSOCIATION FREIGHT FORWARDING AND LOGISTICS : HANDLING CHARGE 手续费HQ: HIGH CUBE 高柜IPI: INTERIOR POINT INTERMODAL 美国内陆公共运输点IA: INDEPENDENT ACTION 运费同盟会员采取的一致措施.IATA: INT’L AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION 国际航空运输协会LCL: LESS THAN CONTAINER CARGO LOAD 拼箱货L/L: LOADING LIST 装船清单L/C: LETTER OF CREDIT 信用证NVOCC: NON VESSEL OPERATING COMMON CARRIER 无船承运人MLB: MINI LAND BRIDGE 美国大陆桥MANIFEST: 舱单MATE’S RECEIPT: 大副签收单O/F: OCEAN FREIGHT 海运费ORC: ORIGINAL RECEIVING CHARGE 原产地收货费OCEAN B/L: 海运提单OUT PORT CHARGE: 非基本港附加费ON BOARD DATE: 装船日PARTIAL SHIPMENT: 分批装运PSS: PEAK SEASON SURCHARGE 旺季附加费PCC/PCS: PANAMA CANEL CHARGE/SURCHARGE 巴拿马运河费PCF： PORT CONSTRUCTION FEE 港口建设费P/P: FREIGHT PREPAID 运费预付PNW: PACIFIC NORTHWEST 远东至北美太平洋北部地区之航线简称PSW: PACIFIC SOUTHWEST 远东至北美太平洋南部地区之航线简称PORT SURCHARGE: 港口附加费POA: PLACE OF ACCEPTANCE 收货地POL: PLACE OF LOADING 装货地、起运港POD: PLACE OF DISCHARGE 卸货地PTI: PRE-TRIP INSPECTION 冻柜检测参数RIPI-REVERSE IPI : 由大西洋港口进入内陆R/T: REVENUE TON 计费单位RRS:RATE RESTORATION SURCHARGE 运价调整SOC: SHIPPER’S OWNED CONTAINER 自备箱S/O: SHIPPING ORDER 订舱单SEAL NO.: 铅封号SEAWAY BILL: 随船提单STORAGE: 仓储费STUFFING: 装柜SHIPPING ADVICE: 装船通知书S/C: SERVICE CONTRACT 运送契约TEU: TWENTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNITS 20尺柜简称THC: TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGE 码头费USWC: UNITED STATE WEST COAST 美国太平洋西岸之港口USEC: UNITED STATE EAST COAST 美国太平洋东岸之港口VSL/VOY: VESSEL/VOYAGE船名航次YAS: YEN ADJUSTMENT SURCHARGE 日元贬值附加费ACI:ADVANCE COMMERCIAL INFORMATIONDEMURRANGE/STORAGE： 仓租DETENTION： 柜租D/O：DELIVERY ORDER 到货通知L/C：LETTER OF CREDIT 信用证C/O： CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN 原产地证明书，证明货物产或制造地的证件FORM A：普惠制产地证某些国家给予我国一些优惠政策作为进口海关减免关税的依据，如：英、美、德、瑞士、瑞典、芬兰等。1． 干货集装箱（DRY CARGO CONTAINER）2． 散货集装箱（BULK CONTAINER）如：装谷物，树脂等3． 冷藏集装箱（REEFER CONTAINER，RF）4． 敞顶集装箱（OPEN-TOP CONTAINER，OT）即开顶柜5． 框架集装箱（PLAT FORM BASED CONTAINER）6． 牲畜集装箱（PEN CONTAINER）7． 罐式集装箱（TANK CONTAINER，TK）8． 汽车集装箱（CAR CONTAINER）CLG: Closing Date 结关日ETD：Estimated time of departure 预计离港日ETA:：Estimated time of arrival 预计到港日