The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is an American novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt.[edit] Plot summaryThe Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.[1]The novel begins in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her bosom. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to America while he settled some affairs in Europe. However, her husband never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover’s identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child’s father.[1]The elderly onlooker is Hester’s missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister’s torments and Hester’s secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1]Dimmesdale’s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester’s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl’s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning Adultery. Hester can see that the minister’s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale’s self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his identity to Dimmesdale.[1]Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. While walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on Hester, though Pearl can bask in it. They then wait for Dimmesdale, and he arrives. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.[1]Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married an European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", and it was used for Hester and Dimmesdale.[edit] Major themesNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne[edit] SinSin and knowledge are linked in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Bible begins with the story of Adam and Eve, who were expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. As a result of their knowledge, Adam and Eve are made aware of their disobedience, that which separates them from the divine and from other creatures. Once expelled from the Garden of Eden, they are forced to toil and to procreate – two “labors” that seem to define the human condition. The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as “her passport into regions where other women dared not tread,” leading her to “speculate” about her society and herself more “boldly” than anyone else in New England.[2]As for Dimmesdale, the “cheating minister” of his sin gives him “sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrate[s] in unison with theirs.” His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy.[2] The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.[3]The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it – as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be – is held out in part as an invitation to find “some sweet moral blossom” in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that “the deep heart of nature” (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child (the roses among the weeds) than do her Puritan neighbors. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.[4]Chillingworth’s misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the evil in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.[4]Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. [2] Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.[edit] Past and presentThe clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be “the soul and spirit of New England hardihood.” Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with “no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities,” who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.[4]Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as “dim and dusky,” “grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned,” “bitter persecutors” whose “better deeds” would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne’s disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors’ disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. “A writer of story books!” But even as he disagrees with his ancestor’s viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a “sense of place” in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.[4][edit] Public responseThe Scarlet Letter was published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.[5] When he delivered the final pages to James Thomas Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular.[6] In fact, the book was an instant best-seller[7] though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500.[5] Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".[8]The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.[9]The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days,[5] and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them".[10] 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[11][edit] Allusions* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591-1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.[4]* Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.* John Winthrop (1588-1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.* Richard Dawkins' Out Campaign is represented with the Scarlet Letter A emblem.[edit] Film, TV and theatrical adaptationsMain article: Film Adaptations of the Scarlet Letter1995 film poster1995 film poster* 1917: A black-and-white silent film directed by Carl Harbaugh with Mary G. Martin as Hester Prynne* 1926: A silent movie directed by Victor Sjostrom and starring Lillian Gish and Lars Hanson.* 1934: film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Colleen Moore* 1973: Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe a film directed by Wim Wenders in German* 1979: PBS version starring Meg Foster and John Heard* 1994: A rock musical, "The Scarlet Letter" written by Mark Governor is produced in Los Angeles.* 1995: The Scarlet Letter, a film directed by Roland Joffé and starring Demi Moore as Hester and Gary Oldman as Arthur Dimmesdale. This version is "freely adapted" from Hawthorne according to the opening credits and takes liberties with the original story.* 1996: The film Primal Fear references The Scarlet Letter.* 1996: The Marilyn Manson promotional video for the song 'Man That You Fear' obliquely references the novel.* The Red Letter Plays (In The Blood produced in 1999, and F--ing A, produced in 2000) by playwright Suzan-Lori Parks, rewrote the story placing it in contemporary New York and Houston.* 2001: A musical stage adaptation which premiered at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Stacey Mancine, Daniel Koloski, and Simon Gray.* 2004: The Scarlet Letter is a Korean noir-thriller featuring an adulteress' monologue, that mentions a plan to raise her unborn child as Pearl in America, in a desperate plea to exit her obsessive affair.* 2008: "shAme"[1], a rock opera by Mark Governor based on "The Scarlet Letter" premieres in Los Angeles. It is a major reworking of his 1994 stage musical that was also produced in Boston in 2000 and as a radio production in Berlin in 2005. The 2000 version was endorsed and presented by the Nathaniel Hawthorne Society.[edit] References to the novelLists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2008)[edit] Literature* The 1993 novel The Holder of the World by Bharati Mukherjee re-wrote the story, placing it in present-day Boston, Colonial America, and seventeenth-century India during the spread of the British East India Company.* Deborah Noyes wrote a companion to this novel entitled Angel and Apostle with Pearl as the main character.* Postmodern writer Kathy Acker borrows from The Scarlet Letter in her novel Blood and Guts in High School. Janie, the main character, identifies with Hester Prynne and intertwines their stories in a vulgar manner.* In the novel Speak, Hairwoman, the English teacher, refers to The Scarlet Letter in her lesson. The novel's protagonist, Melinda Sordino, is a freshman in high school who is ostracized from her fellow schoolmates during the school year, much as Hester Prynne was ostracized by the Puritans in Boston.* Maryse Condé's novel I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, although set at the time of the Salem witch trials, also features the character Hester Prynne.* The title of Jhumpa Lahiri's 2008 novel Unaccustomed Earth comes from a passage from the introduction to The Scarlet Letter: "Human nature will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted, for too long a series of generations, in the same worn-out soil. My children have had other birthplaces, and, so far as their fortunes may be within my control, shall strike their roots into unaccustomed earth."[edit] CultureRichard Dawkins's Out Campaign for atheism uses a red scarlet "A" on webpages and clothing as an emblem of atheist identification. [12]Tennessee has drivers convicted of DUI wear vests advertising this fact while on roadside litter pick-up duty. This is a badge of shame similar to the original scarlet letter.
红字》的象征意义关键词：红字 象征主义 中国论文 职称论文摘要:分析了《红字》中红字“A”丰富而深刻的内涵,指出作者通过塑造“小珠儿”的形象,增强了美与丑,善与恶的对比,寄托了作者对爱的绝对自由的向往。关键词:红字;A Pearl;象征主义纳萨内尼·霍桑是浪漫主义时期美国最具天赋的小说家。他开创了美国文学史上“象征浪漫主义”的创作手法。作为生活在19世纪中期的浪漫主义作家,霍桑深受清教意识、超验哲学和神秘主义三种思想的影响,他对社会充满了怀疑,使得他的作品具有强烈的象征主义倾向。长篇小说《红字》是霍桑的代表作,作品以一通奸案为题材,通过描述小说人物的思想矛盾和生活遭遇来揭露黑暗的社会。霍桑在《红字》中艺术技巧独具匠心,特别是广泛地运用象征手法,像变魔术一样给予平凡的单词以不平凡的意义,给人以深刻的启示。《红字》中使用的象征手法有其深刻的思想根源和美学理论基础,体现了霍桑对“生命力受到压抑”的切肤之痛。鲁迅曾经指出“生命受到压抑而生的苦闷懊恼是文学的根底,而其表现手法乃是广义的象征主义”。霍桑的代表作《红字》正是在继承传统象征意义的艺术手法的基础上,开创了象征主义的新篇章。作为小说名字的“红字”贯穿于故事的全过程,并带有不同的象征含义,具有多义性和不确定性。随着故事情节的发展,红字“A”的内涵发生了由Adulteress到Able再到Angle的变化。这种象征的多义性和不确定性正是作者思想矛盾的反映,同时,作者一方面控诉清教对人性的摧残和压抑;另一方面又认同清教的道德观和教义。《红字》以17世纪北美清教殖民统治下的新英格兰为背景,取材于1642—1649年在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。故事一开始的场景发生在该镇监狱的门前,而这个场景的主角是海丝特·白兰,一个年轻、美丽的女人,她怀里抱着3个月大的女婴———珠儿,站在刑台上,等待政教合一的加尔文教(即清教)政权在大庭广众面前宣布对她的判决。那么,受审的女罪犯是什么人?她又犯了什么罪?故事开始于几年前,出身英国破落贵族家庭的白兰嫁给了一个畸形的年老学者。婚后,两人决定移居波士顿。途径荷兰时,丈夫因有事留下,妻子先独自来到波士顿,一住近两年。期间丈夫毫无音信。据传他在赶来的途中被印第安人俘虏,生死不明。在独居生活中,海丝特与当地牧师阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔相爱,生下了一个女婴。显然,她犯下了基督教“十戒”中的“一戒”,即通奸罪,为清教的教义所不容。她被投入监狱,法庭判她有罪,令她在刑台上站立三个小时当众受辱,并终身佩带一个红色的字母A(英文通奸Adultery的第一个字母)作为惩戒。但是作者霍桑赋予了在刑台上的“A”更深层的含义。对于压抑人民和毒害人民思想的清教而言,红字“A”为通奸的标记,事实上“A”不仅是海丝特深爱着的恋人Arthur Dimmesdale名字的第一个字母,也是法语中爱情Amour这个词的第一个字母。从字里行间中,读者可以品味出作者霍桑同情海丝特对爱的追求,甚至认为那是人的纯真本性,笔下洋溢出对海丝特的赞美之词:“斯特胸前红色的“A”字之精美仿佛不是屈辱的标志,而是艺术饰品。这个红色的“A”字是用细红布做的,四周用金色的丝线精心刺绣而成,手工奇巧。对于这个“A”字,霍桑设计的独具匠心,包含了丰富而华美的想象,配在她穿的那件衣服上真成了一件美丽的装饰品”。文中的描写给读者的感觉是海丝特仿佛不是一个“犯下无耻罪行的犯人”,而是一个怀抱圣婴的美丽端庄的妇人。随着故事的发展,霍桑不断地赋予了红字“A”更多更深层的含义。海斯特是一个向往纯真爱情,渴望幸福的女人。虽然她无法摆脱强加在她身体上的耻辱,但是她的内心深处的感情却激情澎湃,无法遏制。为了维持生计,她为别人刺绣。她的绣工巧夺天工,精妙绝伦。她精心地绣制各种美丽的“A”字。除了维持生计,海丝特别无所求,把寄托着她的青春,激情和才气的绣品换来的钱施舍给比她幸运的穷苦百姓。尽管她乐善好施,但是海丝特仍然没有摆脱精神的痛苦和世俗的磨难。但她始终没有消沉,反而变得坚强而成熟,依然反抗着清教并坚信着对丁梅斯代尔的爱情。时间是最好的证明,渐渐地她胸前所佩戴的红色字母“A”在众人的心中有了另一番含义:“没有人能够像她那样乐善好施,那样喜欢接济贫困者”;“那刺绣的红字闪射出非凡的光芒,给人以慰藉。在别的地方他是罪恶的标志,但在病房里却成为蜡烛。”虽然还有那些“执着的清教徒”认为海丝特的红字是耻辱的象征,但是更多善良的人们拒绝再用原来的意思解释“A”,他们说那个字的意思应该解释为“能干”(able)的意思。她以自己的美德赢得了人们的尊重和敬爱,她无尽的同情心和勇于献身的精神产生了巨大的力量,在众人眼中,红字“A”反而具有了天使的内涵———纯洁,美丽,善良,博爱。通过作者对红色字母“A”的驾驭,我们可以看出霍桑对主人公海丝特热情、善良、坚强、勇敢的天性的赞美。于此同时,我们也可以看出作者的另一个写作意图,通过美与丑,善与恶的对比,霍桑对清教徒的卑劣行径刻画的入木三分,痛斥得酣畅淋漓。“清教徒倡导勤俭、反对奢靡,无疑是净化社会的一剂良药,但是标榜禁欲,让世人过苦行僧般的生活,多少有些泯灭人性之嫌”。而主人公海丝特正是祭奠清教徒狂热宗教信仰的无辜羔羊。通过“A”的不断变化,作者为我们揭示了当时社会的真实图景。如果说红字A在清教徒的眼中是通奸的代表,那么赋予了象征意义的红字A就象征着善良、美好、坚强和勤劳。如果说小珠儿是永不磨灭的活着的红字的话,那么赋予了象征意义的小珠儿就象征着纯真的爱情、这个时代的曙光。Pearl(小珠儿)是这部小说中唯一的一个阳光人物,她像珍珠一样纯洁,像天使一样善良快乐。在四个主要人物中,只有小珠儿在道德上是完美没有残缺的,她象征着人性中最无暇的一面。小珠儿的出现并非是作者的心血来潮,读者从对海丝特女儿名字的设计上就可以体会到。她是海丝特和丁梅斯代尔的女儿。Pearl这个词来源于圣经,意思是“十分珍贵的东西”。在圣经中记载,上帝让一个商人卖掉所有的财产去买一颗珍珠,并告诉他这颗珍珠即是他的天堂。海丝特为这段爱情付出了沉重的代价,可以说女儿在她心中占据绝对重要的位置,是她的天堂。同时,霍桑在小珠儿情节上的设计也是恰到好处,独具匠心。小珠儿既是海丝特爱情的象征,同时也是她耻辱的象征,是活着的红字。作者总是会有意无意地描写小珠儿对红字近乎天生的热爱:小珠儿出生时第一眼看到的就是母亲胸前灿烂的红字A.而且小珠儿十分的喜欢,伸手去抓,“眼里总是含着奇怪的表情与特殊的微笑”。正是珠儿的存在才时刻提醒着海丝特和丁梅斯代尔他们曾经犯下的“罪行”,督促他们净化自己的灵魂改过自新。正是因为小珠儿的存在才使丁梅斯代尔有勇气在公众面前承认自己的“罪行”。可以说,小珠儿寄托了作者对美好生活,纯真爱情,和追求善良无暇的人性的向往。是作者的希望所在,也是社会的希望所在。总而言之,正是由于霍桑在《红字》中独具匠心的象征手法的运用,使《红字》成为美国第一部象征主义小说,也正是因为霍桑在《红字》中象征手法的成功运用,成就了《红字》在文学领域的重要地位。参考文献[1]常耀信.美国文学简史[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2003.[2]任晓晋,魏玲.红字中象征与原型的 模糊性、多义性和矛盾性[J].外国文学研究,2000,(1):121-125.[3]於奇.新编美国文学选读[M].郑州大学出版社,2005[4]田俊武.霍桑红字人名寓意研究[J].外国文学研究,1999,(1):52-54.[5]胡尚田.论红字中的红字[J].四川外语学院学报,1999,(4):45-48.[6]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, study of sym bolic m ean ingsof The Scarlet L etterZHANG W en-si(Fudan U n iversity,S hangha i 200433,Ch ina)Abstract:The author gives many rich and p rofoundmeanings of the scarlet letter A to contract beauty w ithugliness besides kindness and reposes too much hope by molding the im age words:“the scarlet letter”;A Pearl;symbolism
，红字象征主义国内外研究现状红字象征主义研究的现状可以从国内外两个方面来考察。国内方面，红字象征主义研究的成果较少，只有少数学者对其进行了深入研究。目前，红字象征主义研究的热度也比较低，大多数学者倾向于把精力放在其他文学研究上，而忽视了红字象征主义的研究。国外方面，红字象征主义的研究发展较为成熟，其研究成果也较为丰富。目前，许多西方学者都在研究红字象征主义，他们将其看作是一种独特的文学形式，深入研究其在文学创作中的作用和意义。此外，许多学者也把红字象征主义与政治、历史等诸多因素联系起来
请输入作文题目搜索如何看待网红时间：2018-12-17 12:45:18 | 作者：谢天和“网红”产业产值超全国票房总额，抖音主播月入过万，使用主播软件的人群日趋低龄……新兴媒体裹挟着信息的碎片，成了一股洪流，席卷而来。时间的潮流汹涌而有难以抵挡之势，这无可非议。跨进新媒体时代，网络化商业注定拥有纸质商业不可比拟的优势。于是“网红”的出现似乎成了媒体发展的必然。可当洪流中的泥沙显现，水流日趋浑浊时，当引发群众更多的思考。对大多数“网红”，人们往往“先捧后踩”。正如曾居热搜榜首的温婉，她的抖音视频曾占据了大大小小的网页，无数网友心系于此，关注她的微博，评论她的动态。可事后却有人爆料说温婉并未成年，整容、辍学、堕胎，进出夜店，丑闻接踵而至。温婉随及遭到封杀，此后又有她直播澄清洗白，而网友或同情或斥骂的闹剧。温婉的身份遭到如此深的质疑，她本人还在网络上尽显姿容，商业端口与商业平台是否应对此负责？平台工作如果足够有力，追根溯源，就应卡断不良“网红”的来路。退而言之，应在监管过程中尽早将其遏杀，而绝非在舆论闹得沸沸扬扬，主播吐尽谎言，评论乱成一片时，姗姗来迟，将难以收拾的网络惨象勉强塞进口袋，胡乱地打个结，权作了结。“网红”职业是对商业平台的一种反向考验。“网红”变“网黄”，网络的混乱，我们当寻其根源。可“网红”就可以直接同“污浊”，“社会暗面”画上等号作文吗？未必。浊流中自有清泉，只是深深藏于其中，难以被发觉：曾有一位山西的佛像雕刻者，沉默于城市的一隅，只能尽己之力传承这日渐式微的非遗文化形式。而偶然的契机让他将雕刻的视频配上优雅的音乐，送上了网络平台。于是沉思的佛像和浓妆艳抹的女子一样爆红了。乐观者言“网红”并不是坏现象，悲观者言“清流”毕竟是少数，浊流之势不可小觑。可见商业平台的利或弊并不能指向一端，“网红”更多的是对商业形式本身和盈利方、使用方的考验。而“网红”所携之浊流似乎只是社会风尚的一个映像，网红们抓住社会普遍心理，只是有走正或偏的区别。而若要改变网红偏离的现象，或许只能从人心的根本出发。浮躁的社会注定只能拥有一张张整容过后的虚伪面容，只会出现一例例为迎合世俗而突破法律底限的丑闻。自有人意欲祛除浊流中的沙尘。《中国国家地理》中有一期刊特邀江一燕走向峰雪天际线。画面上她只是一身简单的运动着装，手上捧着一个相机，看向远方。美丽而不失规矩与诗意，这才应是网络和娱乐的新走向。正如江一燕背上行囊，不觉在杂志的彩页里衬托了横断山区的雄壮。又或许不仅网红，不限于娱乐界，整个社会都需要一次完全的净化。以人心拔擢世俗的浊流，在普及的基础上，完成新式媒体与新兴信息的飞跃。洪流奔腾入海，愿其由浊成清。相关作文：·如何看待粗心作文600字·如何看待新生事物作文800字·如何看待碎片化作文1000字·如何看待碎片化作文1000字·如何看待碎片化生活作文900字·如何看待“碎片化”？作文900字·如何看待人类思维的“计算机”化作文1000字·如何看待共享时代作文600字·如何看待与老人同住作文·如何看待追星作文·在跌倒中成长作文600字·论创新作文800字·从新开始作文800字·一个彷徨的我作文800字·站到人生的端点上作文1000字·天赋与毅力作文700字·与其抱怨不如行动作文800字·采一缕墨香作文700字·远方与故乡作文800字·锻造心灵作文800字·我眼中的唐诗宋词作文700字手机站 | 电脑站展开全部大家还在搜如何看待让座作文800字怎样看待谣言作文600字如何看待网红作文让座800字议论作文有关让座的作文800字如何看待网红 英语作文让座800字优秀作文感动让座的作文800字让座的作文800字高中让座道德的作文800字公交车让座作文500字论让座议论文800字让座现象议论文800字让座美德议论文800字对于让座的看法800字是否让座议论文800该不该让座议论文800字理性看待网红作文如何看待让座的论文高中作文《让座》议论文让座与不让座议论文800让座作文高中作文被让座的思考议论文对让座的看法议论文让不让座的作文议论文关于让座的议论文高中关于让座问题的议论文关于道德的议论文高中是否让座的作文关于让座的道德议论文该不该让座议论文800字理性看待网红作文如何看待让座的论文高中作文《让座》议论文让座与不让座议论文800让座作文高中作文被让座的思考议论文对让座的看法议论文让不让座的作文议论文关于让座的议论文高中关于让座问题的议论文关于道德的议论文高中
相信大家都不可避免地要接触到作文吧，尤其是应用极其广泛的议论文，议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。那要怎么写好这类型的作文呢？以下是小编精心整理的对于网红的认识议论文（精选10篇），欢迎阅读与收藏。对于网红的认识议论文1网红现象给大学生带来了很多正能量。首先，它能够深化大学生自由、平等价值观。网红现象的出现破了明星精英“一统天下”的局面，给予了平民机会变为“明星”，让他们确信自己可以拥有挑战精英文化的能力。当代大学学生获取信息的渠道更加丰富多样，对自由、平等的话语权更加渴望，而网红现象一定程度上满足了他们的需求。能够使榜样教育更加多元化和贴近化，网红一般在生活中在某方面有着过人之处或者具有独特的个性。无论是哪一时期、哪一位网络红人，都是如此。榜样的力量不容忽视，而网红们带来的正面性质的因素值得我们所肯定的。但其中也会必然存在很多的负能量。在今年早些时候，提到网红可能大家都会联想到低俗、露骨甚至色情这些词语来形容，确实，在行业发展初期，各种法令法规还没健全，难免会出现一些乱象。而这些乱象在很大程度上影响到大学生的审美观、是非观、人生观、价值观。某些网红以低俗的行为举止博取眼球，使得一些认知分析有限、生活阅历浅薄的大学生为了寻求感官上的刺激，把低俗、恶俗、媚俗的东西当做美去追求，时间长了审美情趣便粗俗化。同时，榜样效应也会带给大学生一些负能量，负面的价值观会使得大学生感到迷茫，对公民社会道德建设产生强大的冲击。此外，网红现象还可能误导大学生的金钱观、婚恋观、成才观等等一些方面。对负能量的应对措施：网红现象带给大学生的冲击不可谓不大，为此，全社会需要做出全面的应对措施来减少负能量带给大学生的负面效应。学校可以增设一些课程内容，坚定大学生良好的价值观，让大学生们在遇到负能量冲击时不会感到手足无措。需要加强大学生审美观的教育，努力提高大学生的审美情趣，这样自然能够摒弃低俗的审美观，拥有良好的美德情操。加强道德教育，负能量的冲击中很多都在一次次打破人们的道德底线，此时更应该坚守自己的道德底线。需要时刻调查关注大学生的道德发展，及时做出调整。加强各类价值观的培养，树立一个良好的价值观。总结：网红现象是一个时代的产物，目前来说它算一个比较新颖的领域，其中的资源价值还有待我们继续去发掘。在这个过程之中需要我们对它进行一个良好的管理与约束，尽管现在网红已经开始逐渐退烧，但我们任然不能忽视，无论是哪方面都是一样。我们不能一味的去否定，也不能去一味的纵容。总之，取其精华，去其糟粕。
可以写丁真，促进家乡旅游业的发展和当地文化的传播以及不为世俗污染的澄澈眸光对世人心灵的荡涤
网红从本质上来看，是一种基于闲暇时间来分享个人才艺，从而获得收入的方式。网络红人将自己剩余闲置的才能、时间等资源通过微博、微信、电商等平台进行整合，以达到需求方和供给方的最优匹配，最终实现双方利益的共赢。网红借此树立起个人品牌，企业产品则借助共享经济平台，降低了成本，使社会资源得以合理配置，并不断为用户提供优质的体验。这样，网红就成为网络时代的新职业，令无数年轻人心驰神往。什么人都可以成为网红，无论你是一名自由职业者，还是一家创业公司的老板，抑或是一名网络写手，只要你有知识、才能和时间，拥有吸引网众眼球的事件和供其消费的新鲜话题，加上专业经纪公司的包装和网络水军的灌水，没准儿在一夜之间就走红网络，成为新一代网红。在这种情况下，传统就业模式受到巨大冲击，朝九晚五的金饭碗岗位对年轻人的吸引力不再，大量新型工作和就业机会如雨后春笋般涌现。 如今，网红早已不是单靠颜值的时代，人们对内容和专业的需求推动知识型网红的崛起，拼才华的网红时代悄然到来。2016年5月，果壳网旗下的在行推出一款新型产品分答，它是基于付费语音问答的应用。用户借助文字用价格进行提问，专家使用语音进行回答。不同于uber的分享车子和Airbnb分享房子等实物资源，分答专注于知识技能的共享，在这里聚集了8000多位行业专家、学术界大咖等，提供专业问题的答疑解惑，甚至会有一些定制化的服务。他们在工作之余，可以借助自己的专业知识获取额外的报酬。首先，这种以知识共享为核心的模式打破了知识精英们对知识的垄断，知识的获取从未如此的快捷和精准;其次，这种C2C模式将知识直接转化为了商业价值，大大降低了知识生产的门槛和成本。比如王思聪进驻，依靠3000元一条的问答自爆隐私赚了21万元;最后，分答知识付费的形式是鼓励用户内容生产、保护版权的体现，证明了优质内容可以持续带来回报。共享经济催生了知识型网红的崛起，并成为互联网的又一红利点。 粉丝经济助推网红变现 网红的发展之所以如此迅速，都离不开其背后聚集的大量粉丝及形成的粉丝效应。网红借助社交平台和电商平台，通过对粉丝的积累、增加、迁移和扩展，已初步形成一个闭合的内容+社交+变现的产业链条。只有将围观的人群变为网红的铁粉，将铁粉转化为购买力，才能最终实现商业价值。 据艾瑞咨询发布的《2015年中国女性数字时尚用户白皮书》，从2011-2018中国网购市场规模及服装类占比看，服装类网购市场规模占比20%，其中网红服装市场规模有望超过1000亿元，可见网红市场潜力巨大。以网红店铺为例，它的经营模式主要是以社交平台和快速反应的供应链为核心，网红通过对社交平台的运营与维护，增强粉丝粘性。网红作为导购买手与粉丝进行沟通，提供建议，从而确定上哪些新款式，并采用提前预定销售的模式，将粉丝引流到电商平台，从而实现经济上的变现。这种小批量、高质量、精确且快速的供应链改变了传统服装业的商业模式，降低了外部成本和内部管理成本，规避了库存过多所带来的风险，创造出了巨大的市场空间。随着网红市场规模的壮大，网红孵化器即网红经纪公司出现，又使得网红这一主体经过培训变得更加专业化，也更加丰富和完善了整个网红产业链。 网红变现以粉丝经济为内核，采用大数据精准营销的方式，形成了垂直细分领域的市场，避免了同质化的竞争，很好地抓住了目标消费群，开辟了新的利基市场。而且现在以90后为代表的新兴消费群体，大多是建立在互联网上的社交关系，意见领袖在整个购买决策中占据主导地位，所以传统企业要抓住网红经济的发展契机，善于借助网红的个人品牌和其所带来的巨大流量，为自己所用，从而实现自身的转型和发展。网红加上对个人设计师品牌的大力推广，通过直接赢得消费者的喜好，来推动企业品牌价值、个性设计和运营渠道等多方面的内在变革。所以，粉丝经济助推网红变现正在为传统实体经济注入新的生命力。 网红现象的负面效应及治理 在共享经济和粉丝经济助推下呈现爆发式增长的网红现象，也存在一些负面效应，从过去的经验看，网红一般具有短时期的风靡效应，但是否能形成现象级发展趋势很难说。目前来看，市面上大多数网红还是以年轻貌美的美眉为主，以简单吸引人眼球为目的，缺乏优质的内容作为其核心竞争力，具有个人产品风格的品牌网红不多，粉丝的转化度也呈现出参差不齐的状态。 更有人为了成为网红，不择手段，各种低俗、无节操、色情、道德败坏等内容充斥网络，这种现象在网络直播平台更为明显。比如虎牙平台直播中就出现过群体斗殴现象，熊猫TV在今年3月初被网友爆出不雅视频截图，而今年4月，papi酱视频也因涉嫌爆粗口而被广电总局勒令整改，等等。这些问题的出现，促使我们对网红现象进行反思：网红到底能走多久?它的明天又会怎样? 上述由网红引发的负面效应，不仅会对社会、经济产生消极影响，也会阻碍网红经济自身的发展。因此，对于网红传播中出现的违法违规现象，我们应该坚决划定一条清晰的法律和道德的红线加以规范。首先从国家层面，我们要尽快出台一些针对性的法律法规，对网络传播中出现的含有淫秽色情、暴力等内容明令禁止，并对违法现象加以惩戒;其次，行业组织要联合起来向社会发布自律公约，加以规范化管理，将发布一些涉暴、涉黄内容的主播加入黑名单，并借助网络平台进行实时监控;最后，网红自身要加强专业素养和道德规范，要明白只有摒弃低俗文化、深耕内容之道，方能走得更远走得更好。
红字是什么？
在写之前、或者说是查找相关文献之前，你需要明确这样几个问题：
(1)研究所属的领域或者其他领域，这个问题已经知道多少;
(2)已完成的研究有哪些;
(3)以往的建议与对策是否成功;
(4)有没有建议新的研究方向和议题。
因此文献综述部分，是有一个内在逻辑的。你需要遵循以下步骤：
1、了解前人已经提出的问题
通过对研究课题的相关文献进行阅读，了解前人在研究课题方面提出了哪些问题。一般地，对于任何研究主题，都或多或少有前人涉及过，都会提出若干观点，为论文写作或者研究提供启发。
2、明确前人解决了哪些问题
了解前人解决了什么?解决到什么程度?这是文献综述所要解决的第二大议题。
3、那些问题是如何解决的
在进行文献研究时，也可以注意前人解决问题的思路。通过研究前人解决问题的方法能够对研究者产生借鉴启发作用。作为硕士研究者，可以尝试在相同的背景下模仿其研究方法，常用来解决问题的方法有案例研究、规范研究、实证研究、演绎推理等。
4、还有哪些问题没有解决(这个部分就可以表现出你这篇文章的研究意义)
通过文献综述的研究，找出前人还没有解决的问题，这是文献研究时需要得出的一个重要问题，找到某一研究主题前人尚未研究的方面和内容，作为论文研究的依据。同时结合前人的研究思路，构思怎样进行研究。
5、探讨怎么解决这些问题(这个部分就需要简要说明你接下来的研究工作)
当然，在写国内外研究现状的时候你不需要长篇大论，或者把关注的学科写成一篇非常全面的历史纪录。这时候你需要做的工作就是将前人的研究进行排除筛选。
以上内容就是青藤小编关于国内外研究现状怎么写的相关分享，希望对小伙伴们有所帮助，想要了解更多毕业论文相关内容，欢迎大家及时在本平台进行查看哦!
论文国内外研究现状写法如下：
首先，我们要知道国内外研究现状是什么，其实通俗来说，就是国内和国外对于一个研究对象目前的研究现状，可以是国家层面上相关部门对于研究对象的研究，也可以是权威学者，对于研究对象的研究。
所以很明确，国内外研究现状有两种写法，要不就是从相关部门对于研究对象的研究，或者就是从学者对于相关研究现状的研究来写。
正常来说，国内外研究现状都需要大家去阅读大量的文献，然后总结学者的主要观点，这里给大家一个小技巧，可以直接从一篇文章的摘要看出来，一个学者的研究观点主要集中在哪些，这样的话，即便你不完整的阅读文章，也能知道文章的主要观点。
还有一种方法，可以直接从硕士论文里面去摘抄，大家可以找一些和自己题目一样，或者是关键词一样的硕士论文，我们在里面摘抄国内外研究现状，并且将这个话改成自己的意思，这也是一种写作方法。
但是注意标注引用的时候，一定要找到最根本的文章，而不是你参考的这篇硕士论文。找文献去哪里，中文的话我们可以从百度学术或者是知网里面直接观看，主要就是看一篇文章的摘要，因为主要观点都在摘要里。
英文的话，之前有提过从谷歌学术去搜索关键词，就能找到很多的国外文献，这里要注意，查找国外文献的关键词，一定要翻译成英文，如果是中文的话，是没办法识别的，然后只需要把相关的英文文献翻译成中文，再去进行总结就可以了。
那就必须是实事求是地写出自己的理想和梦想啊！自己有远大的梦想可以详细地写出来，比如要创业的话梦想能写300-800字是没问题的！
在现在这个电子产品铺天盖地、网络神通广大的时代，一个新兴职业蓬勃升起——网红。这群有着搞笑的本领，姣好的面容，出从的上位水平的人。他们每天只需要在网络上随便发一条消息，便会引来世人驻足观瞧。有了群众基础，便有了阅读量；有了阅读量，便会有一大群拿着钱请他们做代言等一系列的金钱交易。网红这一职业，有钱有名有光环。于是许多人便挤破脑袋的想钻进这一行业，为此不惜伤害自己来引起世人关注，无下限的博出位，甚至是触犯道德与法律。“网红”这个新兴职业代表了信息网络的发展，代表着时代的进步。但无下限的博关注来获取利益，让原本光鲜亮丽的职业染上了黑色。这种被沾染了的网红不是这个时代真正需要的，这种网红注定是会快速消亡于网络世界。只有带着正能量的网红，能真正给网民带来欢笑的网红才是这个时代真正需要的。网红内容可以是积极参加慈善，或是运动，甚至可以仅仅是一杯下午茶。而不是整天的整容，炫富。这些没有丝毫营养价值的东西不知道任何人的关注，这些仅仅是大众茶余饭后的笑料不值得任何推广。我支持正能量网红，我愿意为他们点赞。对于无下限的的博出位的网红，我只想说：人重在有羞耻之心。我是一个喜欢网红的人，我喜欢像papi酱那样能带给我们能量的网红，我喜欢像艾克里里那样能带给我们欢笑的网红……我喜欢网红，我喜欢能让我觉得值得的网红。即使你有在彪悍的出位水平，并不能让别人真正的欣赏你喜欢你，那么，你成为网红的意义何在？人并不能只追求利和益，而要追求做一个快乐的自己，自己喜欢的自己。变成自己喜欢的模样，就是我的人生意义。我不是网红，但我喜欢真实的自己。
北师珠的吧 我已经把你的行为上报老师了
本论文研究的目的、意义及国内外研究现状：市场经济的不断发展，直播行业异军突起，“直播带货”已成为电商平台新的增长点，网红、明星、政客等卖力讲解、体验分享、 直接呈现使得“直播带货”行业异常火爆，据相关资料显示，2018年直播电商行业总规模达到1330亿，2019 年总规模达到4338亿，同比增长226%，2020年随着新冠疫情的爆发，“直播带货”掀起了一波高潮，“云直播”“云购物”“云复工”相继推出，抖音、快手、斗鱼、虎牙、淘宝直播等各大直播平台都有大量“直播带货”板块，罗永浩直播带货首秀就拿下 亿元的成交额、董明珠直播仅仅 3 小时就完成了 亿元的销售额，更有名气不大的网红一 夜都能卖出几十万的销售额，“直播带货”可谓是炙手可热。但是，网红“直播带货”市场背后存在众多乱象。一是虚假宣传泛滥,有些本质上就是虚假广告;二是产品质量不过关,假货泛滥；网红对产品并未亲身体验,消费者本应享 有与所支付对价相称的产品或服务的权利得不到有效保障；三是商品同质化明显，部分带货的广告色彩 太强，参考价值低，所选产品的质量存在问题等；四是消费者投诉维权难。在“直播带货”中，消费者往往在“全网最低价”“限量秒杀”等言语的诱惑下盲目消费、冲动消费，发现上当之后缺乏维权手段，甚至在提出正当维权诉求后还被自己的偶像拉黑、屏蔽。研究直播带货有关的法律问题，有利于完善我国对于直播带货这种新模式的法律认定以及法律的保护制度，规范市场主体的行为，避免让图谋不轨之人钻法律的空子。其次，有利于保护消费者的正当权益，让消费者即使买到了质量有问题的商品，能更便捷、及时的追责，权益能尽快的得到保护，而不是各方主体对互相“踢皮球”。二、国内研究现状“直播带货”是一种新兴的电商交易模式。目前，对于网红“直播带货”法律性质的认识存在较大分歧，大致有三种观点：一是网红“直播带货”不是一个新的现象，“网红”在“直播带货”中所发挥的作用与传统明星等具有影响力的公众人物所发挥的广告代言效应有很多共同点，网红“直播带货”完全符合《广告法》关于商业广告的认定条件，网红应当履行广告代言人的法律义务。二是网红“直播带货”属于电商交易模式，不属于商业广告，不适用《广告法》规范。主要理由是：网红“直播带货”模式等同于线下商场售货员现场推销，而线下售货员现场的推销行为在执法实践中不被认定为商业广告，根据线上线下一致的原则，网红“直播带货”不属于《广告法》调整的范畴。三是网红“直播带货”是具有强烈商业广告色彩的电子商务活动，但是又具有传统商业广告所不具有的一系列特征，比如社交互动性、直观的体验性和明显的交易属性等。同时，网红在“直播带货”时与商家及平台之间的法律关系也不一致。因此，直播带货的认定还存在分歧。在我国，直播带货的模式多种多样，有的店家自己就是主播，为自己家的产品代言，自产自销，那么主播就是销售者没有疑问，应当承担商品质量带来的法律责任；有的店家请来网红、明星等为自己家的产品直播代销，明星、网红根据货物的销售额提取佣金，此时，这些网红明星是否属于销售者，是否应当承担相应的法律责任；有的店家作为老板，长期聘请明星、网红等作为主播为自己家货物直播销售，这样的话，商品质量的主体责任又如何认定。并且在直播带货中，虽然有明星，但是大大小小的网红才是直播带货的主力军。那网红在直播带货的性质该如何认定。网红虽然不是我们传统意义上的明星，但是毋庸置疑，能力强的网红其影响力不输明星。因此，我们是否要将“网红”带货纳入明星、名人代言范围内；还是对这种新的宣传方式需要引入相关法律来进行规制。在直播带货中，消费者往往会受到主播个人知名度影响，一些消费者对于主播个人情感影响，忽略了商品本身的质量，产生了冲动消费或者遇到了商品质量问题等等问题，消费者面临着直播平台、电商经营者、主播、消费者协会、有关行政部门、法院诉讼等多种途径进行维权，但途径多不代表消费者维权效果好，消费者经常会遇到“九龙治水”的问题，各责任人之间相互推诿，互踢皮球，都不愿意承担法律责任，最终部分消费者由于损失小或者维权花费的时间、金钱成本过高等原因放弃。对于遇到直播带货中，消费者到底应当如何维权。三、国外研究状况关于国外的直播带货，也是由国内的风潮传入海外的。国外的直播带货虽然也存在，但只属于刚兴起阶段，并没有发展起来。我国在这新型的交易模式中独树一帜，走在世界的前沿。因此，需要我国不断的总结经验，不断的完善。
在写论文时国内外同类课题研究水平概述：
选题在该领域的水平和发展动态： 众所周知，旅游业在现代经济的发展过程中起着举足轻重的作用，随着经济的快速发展，人们的生活水平的提高，越来越多的人选择去旅游放松心情，陶冶情操，增加见闻，旅游业已成为全球经济中发展势头最强劲和规模最大的产业之一。
旅游业随之也带动了其产业的发展，产生了很多的经济效益，中国的旅游业在改革开放30年以来，保持了健康、持续、快速的发展态势，领各行业之先，国内积极参与全球和区域合作，全面建设小康社会，也给旅游业的发展带来了重要的机遇，我国在旅游领域里面迈入了世界旅游大国的行列。
有力地推动了我国服务业总体规模的扩大和整体质量的提升，成为我国服务业发展的重要因素，但是在旅游业的发展过程中也会产生很多的问题，所以在很多问题需要解决的情况下，专家学者了解旅游业的现状和存在的问题，提出了一系列的措施和解决方案。
很多的周刊杂志也发表了关于该选题的文章，现在这是一个热点问题，受到了很多人的关注，目前国内外的学者在这方面的实验研究已取得了诸多可借鉴的成果，实际研究取得了很多成绩，国内现在对旅游业的可持续发展主要研究的有旅游业可持续发展与环境保护的关系。
我国旅游业可持续发展与环境保护方面存在的问题和正确处理旅游业可持续发展与环境保护的对策选择，这方面的研究还需要进一步的深入和完善，要跟着旅游业的发展而日趋合理化。
近年来研究成果呈明显增势，各种学术论文、著作不断涌现，从公开发表的形式来看，主要有两大类： 旅游、地理、历史和其他相关报刊、杂志（以学报为主）上刊登的有关旅游可持续发展研究的论文，这种类型的研究成果最多。
[1] Schubert : Leland Hawthorne[M] , The Artist University of North Carolina Press , 1944 [2] Turner, Arlin: Nathaniel Hawthorne [M] . Barnes & Nobel, Inc. ,1961 [3]Gerber, John C. ed. , Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Scarlet Letter:A Collection of Critical Essays[M] .New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ,1968 . [4] Bercovtiti，Sacvan．The Office of The Starlet Letter[M]．Baltimore London:The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1991． [5]Todd , Robert The Magna Mater Archetype in the“The Scarlet Letter”[J ]New England Quarterly 45
正确引用参考文献的格式！
1.学术期刊文献
［序号］作者．文献题名[J]．刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)：起-止页码
2.学术著作
［序号］作者．书名[M]．版次(首次免注).翻译者.出版地:出版社, 出版年: 起-止页码
3.有ISBN号的论文集
［序号］作者．题名[A].主编．论文集名[C]．出版地：出版社,出版年：起-止页码
4.学位论文
［序号］作者．题名[D]．保存地：保存单位,年份
5.专利文献
［序号］专利所有者．专利题名[P]．专利国别：专利号,发布日期
6.技术标准
[序号］标准代号,标准名称[S]．出版地：出版者,出版年
7.报纸文章
[序号］作者．题名[N]．报纸名,出版日期(版次)
8.报告
［序号］作者．文献题名[R]．报告地：报告会主办单位,年份
9.电子文献
［序号］作者．电子文献题名[文献类型/载体类型]．文献网址或出处,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选)
引用的参考文献应具备哪些条件
被引用的参考文献主要有以下几种：
1、是关于具体的实验的方法；
2、是支持性或者有冲突的证据；
3、是比较有用的类似的文献；
4、是有历史背景的和有意义的文献；
5、引用文献要新：在某种程度上体现了文章的先进性；
6、引用高质量文献：在一定程度上反映了该文章学术水平的高低，从总体上体现了该文章的科掌性、实用性和先进性。
7、提高自引文献量：作者自引是指作者引用了自己以前发表的文章作参考文献，期刊自引是指该期刊引用了该刊以前发表的文献。
8、引用文献要全：参考文献一定要全面，尽可能全面地引用态伏毁国内外相关研究成果。
9、多引期刊文献，少引书籍文献。