As the present soccer first ancestor, the soccer is out of theordinary to England's significance. In English, Lanpamd, Gerrard,the Beckham control middle place star light sparkles, thegolden child Irving miraculous glow still at, young man Roony,Curoch rapidly flees rises, the whole looked the English team maysbe called perfectly. Perhaps is "the criminal" Maclaren causes Englandto be without help in 2008 the European Cup, has not let the Beckham obtain enters the stage opportunity this is the biggestmistake! I feel the regret for England! Has replaced head coach'sEnglish team in the present, to the South Africa World Cup, isflushing!
给你一片曼联的：Manchester United Football Club was first formed in 1878, albeit under a different name - Newton Heath LYR (Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway).Little suspecting the impact they were about to have on the national, even global game, the workers in the railway yard at Newton Heath indulged their passion for association football with games against other departments of the LYR or other railway companies. Indeed, when the Football League was formed in 1888, Newton Heath did not consider themselves good enough to become founder members alongside the likes of Blackburn Rovers and Preston North End. They waited instead until 1892 to make their problems plagued Newton Heath, and by the start of the twentieth century it seemed they were destined for extinction. The club was saved, however, by a local brewery owner, John Henry Davies. Legend has it that he learned of the club's plight when he found a dog belonging to Newton Heath captain Harry Stafford.
足球运动是一项古老的体育活动，源远流长。据说，希腊人和罗马人在中世纪以前就已经从事一种足球游戏了。他们在一个长方形场地上，将球放在中间的白线上，用脚把球踢滚到对方场地上，当时称这种游戏为“哈巴斯托姆”。 到19世纪初叶，足球运动在当时欧洲及拉美一些国家特别是在资本主义的英国已经相当盛行。直到1848年，足球运动的第一个文字形式的规则《剑桥规则》诞生了。 然而众多的资料表明，中国古代足球的出现比欧洲更早，历史更为悠久。我国古代足球称为“蹴鞠”或“蹋鞠”，“蹴”和“蹋”都是踢的意思,“鞠”是球名。“蹴鞠”一词最早记载在《史记·苏秦列传》里，汉代刘向《别录》和唐人颜师曾为《汉书.枚乘传》均有记载。到了唐宋时期，“蹴鞠”活动已十分盛行，成为宫廷之中的高雅活动。 1958年7月，国际足联现任主席阿维兰热博士来中国时曾表示：足球起源于中国。当然，由于封建社会的局限，中国古代的蹴鞠活动最终没有发展成为以“公平竞争”为原则的现代足球运动。这个质的飞跃是在资本主义的英国完成的。 现代足球运动的诞生 从17世纪中后期开始，足球运动逐步从欧美传入世界各国，尤其是在一些文化发达的国家更为盛行。越来越多的人走向球场，投身到这一富有刺激性和畅快感的运动中去，以至于一度将足球运动开展得好坏作为衡量一个国家文化发达与否的标志。在这种情况下，英国人率先为足球运动的发展作出了重要贡献。 1863年10月26日，英国人在伦敦皇后大街弗里马森旅馆成立了世界第一个足球协会——英格兰足球协会。会上除了宣布英格兰足协正式成立之外，制定和通过了世界第一部较为统一的足球竞赛规则，并以文字形式记载下来。英格兰足球协会的诞生，标志着足球运动的发展进入了一个崭新的阶段因而,人们公认1863 年10月26日，即英格兰足球协会成立之日为现代足球的诞生日。 第一届FIFA世界杯，足球传奇的开始 尽管国际足联在1904年便宣告正式成立，但在此后的20年间还没有进行过任何一项国际性的足球比赛 。 1924年在巴黎举行的奥林匹克运动会上，足球终于成为正式比赛项目。这是一次空前的足球盛会，来自各大洲的球队齐聚巴黎，争夺代表最高荣誉的金牌。比赛无疑是成功的，超过50,000名热情的观众观看了最后的决赛，乌拉圭击败瑞士队获得了冠军。但是到了1928年，许多国家都拒绝参加在阿姆斯特丹举行的奥运会。很显然，随着职业足球的不断发展，现在是时候成立一项独立的国际足球赛事了。 1928年5月26日，国际足联代表大会在阿姆斯特丹召开。会上经过投票通过了于1930年举办一项新赛事的决议，该赛事将对国际足联下属的所有成员国开放。1929年5月18日，在巴塞罗那召开的会议上，乌拉圭被投票选举为首届FIFA世界杯赛的主办国。
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现代足球运动发展史上的里程碑 统一足球比赛规则 竞争激烈、观赏性强的足球比赛，靠什么得以有条不紊地进行？靠的就是详尽而严格的比赛规则。 史载，19世纪初，英国足球运动开始进入校园。当时，各个学校都是根据自己的特点制定规则，由于没有统一的规则，导致比赛中常常出现混乱场面，纠纷、斗殴事件时有发生。1863年，一些足球爱好者在伦敦的一家小酒馆开会。会议制定了比赛规则，规定了比赛的场地面积、上场队员人数以及禁止用手触球等共13条。这是英国第一部全国性足球比赛规则，也是世界上首部足球比赛规则。这一年，在伦敦进行了世界足球史上第一次有规则的足球比赛。比赛既精彩又激烈，进行得相当顺利。显然，在球类运动中，如果没有一定的规则，球员们在场上横冲直闯，推推搡搡，乱成一团，比赛是无法进行的。比赛规则好像是对参赛者的很大束缚，但是，这种约束带来了比赛双方不受犯规侵害的自由，是比赛得以正常进行的根本保证。 1863年10月26日，英格兰足球协会成立。同时，会议通过了世界上第一部统一的足球比赛规则。这一天被世界公认为现代足球的诞生日，世界各国也公认现代足球起源于英国。 足球裁判员与哨子 规则确立以后，比赛能否正常进行，主要取决于裁判。1863年，英国开始有足球裁判。当时，裁判员没有哨子，只是靠大声喊叫和相应的手势，站在场外进行裁判。由于足球场地大，看球的人数多，每当观众发出阵阵掌声和欢呼声或球员之间发生纠纷时，尽管裁判员在场边大声喊叫，但在场内比赛的队员却常常听不清裁判发出的指令，因而混乱场面很难避免。 1875年，一场足球比赛因观众拥入场内，秩序大乱而无法进行。这场比赛的裁判是位警察，情急之下，出于职业的本能，他掏出警笛吹了起来。同样出于本能，激动的人群一下静了下来，场上秩序很快恢复了正常。从此，足球场上的裁判开始使用哨子并进入场内。 从出现第一个哨子到目前足球场上普遍采用音量较大的哨子，已经有一百多年的历史。 越位规则的改进 现代足球诞生时的规则规定：凡进攻队员在球的前面就是越位。因此，当时的进攻手段只能是向前踢球后进行冲刺或向前带。而防守方只设一名球员就能抵挡9名进攻队员，自然也就会呈现出‘九锋一卫’的阵形。 19世纪70年代初，足球运动开始在西方国家盛行起来，那时，普遍重视进攻，而不大注意防守。放在前面的锋线队员竟多达六七个。攻方攻到前场，就像决堤的洪水一样，势不可挡。而守方一抢到球，也往往容易偷袭成功。这样，由于进攻的人多，防守的人少，造成攻与守的力量极不平衡，严重地影响了技术和战术的发展与提高。另外，由于攻守双方缺少人数上势均力敌的对抗，比赛的可观赏性不尽如人意。 1925年，国际足联修改了越位规则，规定：当队员踢或顶球时，同队接球队员在对方半场内所站的位置是在球的前面，并且他与对方端线之间，只有对方一个队员时，就是越位。这一规定对足球运动技术和战术发展，起到很大推动作用。从某种意义上说，没有越位规定的改变，也就没有足球运动的今天。 12码罚球 1890年，爱尔兰米尔弗特的一位名叫威廉· 麦克鲁姆的商人，向爱尔兰足球协会提交了12码罚球的倡议。麦克鲁姆是爱尔兰一个小俱乐部的足球守门员，他亲身感受到违反规则、球风不正带来的恶劣后果。这位绅士认为，足球运动只能踢球而不能踢掉高尚的品德和理想。任何不尊重这一点的人，应该受到严厉的惩罚；不仅是犯规者，而且也包括整个球队。麦克鲁姆的倡议提出后，不断遭受来自各方面的批评与嘲笑。实现这一倡议的是爱尔兰维拉俱乐部著名中锋杰克· 雷顿。爱尔兰足协通过雷顿把麦克鲁姆的倡议提交给国际足总研究。1891年6月2日下午6点，国际足总执委会在格拉斯哥市亚历山大饭店召开年会。会议由苏格兰足协会长西奈顿主持。爱尔兰的倡议得到英格兰足协的附议。最后，国际足总委员们一致同意并通过了12码罚球的新规则。 麦克鲁姆虽不是技术精湛的球星，但他倡议的12码罚球，却使足球成为世界上最有魅力的体育运动。 足球阵形的大变革 1958年，巴西在瑞典世界杯上运用4—2—4进攻型阵形，一举夺得第6届世界杯冠军，成为热带足球的代表。 4—2—4阵型是一种以攻为主、攻守平衡、攻守转换快而流畅的阵形。由边锋和边后卫协助控制中场来夺得比赛主动权，把防守的第一线建立在前场和中场，把对手的进攻扼杀在发动和组织阶段，将攻与守融为一体，以此减轻后场防守压力。采用这种阵形必然造成中前场“扎堆”现象出现，因此，要求球员个人基本技术精湛、脚法细腻、身体柔韧性好、短传配合娴熟自如，灵活多变。 在热带气候环境下，4—2—4阵形有利于球员体能的合理分配，从而把体温控制在39—40℃范围内。4—2—4阵形体现了“进攻是最好的防守”的足球理念，是现代热带足球的发展模式。 由于进攻型足球的胜利和精妙的个人技术所产生的威慑力，迫使各国球队不得不用加强防守来遏制进攻。1966年第8届世界杯，在伦敦举行。英国为适应温度较低的气候环境，充分发挥球员身高体壮、长于奔跑的优势，采用加强防守的4—4—2阵形，一举登上世界冠军宝座。 4—4—2阵形体现了“防守决定一切”的足球理念。理念决定思路。比赛中，要求攻则全动，守则全防。精准、快捷的“一脚球”技术，使比赛节奏大大加快。4—4—2阵形使场上球员的站位呈网状，很少出现“扎堆”现象。在温带气候环境下，这种打法能把体温保持在39~40℃范围内。当今，这种有利于发挥整体力量的足球阵形其内涵已今非昔比，成为全攻全守、攻守平衡的现代温带足球发展模式。 竞争激烈的对抗性体育运动，有一个共同点，就是要把体内贮备的能量，在特定的时段内，以不同形式最大限度的释放出来。亚热带气候介于热带气候与温带气候之间。要达到在整个比赛时段内体能合理地、有效地释放出来，如果采用“英式足球”打法，在亚热带温度环境下，很难使体温控制在39—40℃范围内。也不能像热带足球那样，由前锋唱主角，依靠个人技术，突破对方防线，让多数球员处于待机状态。因此，亚热带足球把进攻与防守枢纽设在中场就成了必然。 1984年，第七届欧锦赛在法国举行。地中海地区国家推出了3—5—2阵形。进攻时，边后卫进入中场，加强中场势力，并伺机插上助攻；防守时，在中场展开阻击，瓦解对方的进攻。若对方从两侧推进，边后卫立即回归原位防守，以此来夺得比赛的主动权。这样的阵形必然使中场成为双方必争之地，出现“扎堆”现象不可避免。因此，要求球员有高超的控球能力，而中场组织者无疑是攻防转换的核心人物。第七届欧锦赛，法国、西班牙、葡萄牙三个亚热带国家包揽了冠、亚、季军奖杯。在第十三届世界杯上，阿根廷、法国分获冠、季军。 3—5—2阵形体现了“得中场者得天下”的足球理念，已成为现代亚热带足球的发展模式。 足球比赛中的红、黄牌 1962年第7届世界杯在智利举行。小组赛中，智利队与意大利队交锋，比赛场面粗野异常，几乎处于失控状态。终场时，英国裁判员肯· 阿斯顿是在武装警察的保护下匆匆离场的。1966年，第8届世界杯在英国举行。1/4决赛中，英格兰队与阿根廷队的比赛场面十分混乱。裁判员的无柰、无助令肯· 阿斯顿郁闷不已。赛后，在驱车回家的路上，红、黄、绿闪烁的交通灯激发了他的灵感，于是，他向国际足联提出引进红、黄牌帮助裁判执法的建议。 为了克服语言不同而给裁判工作带来的困难，同时也向场外领队、教练及其他人员明确表示对谁给予了警告或罚出场，国际足联裁判委员会决定，1970年在墨西哥举行的第9届世界杯足球比赛中使用红、黄牌。裁判使用红、黄牌后，球员立刻变得规矩起来。 自此以后，凡由国际足联主办的世界性足球比赛均使用红、黄牌，各大洲和各国足协纷纷仿效。我国从1974年起，在全国足球比赛中使用红、黄牌，并一直沿用至今。 足球运动三定律 在世界足坛上，风采各异的足球流派究竟是怎样形成的？对于这个问题，众说纷纭，莫衷一是。 2001年，长期从事运动气象学研究的四川省气象科学研究所退休高级专家刘更生，在《成都体育学院学报》上发表了题为《论足球风格的形成与选择》的学术论文；2005年又针对中国足球的现状，在《北京体育大学学报》发表了《中国足球可持续发展战略研究》一文。这位年近古稀的老者为了中国足球的崛起，又先后在网上发表了《足球风格是环境的产物》、《足球与天气》、《足球与气候》、《温带足球风格的形成》、《热带足球风格的形成》、《足球阵形的演变与发展》、《中国足球为何无缘世界杯》、《足球运动中的核心技术》、《绿茵场上的“马格努斯效应”》、《中国足球症结何在？》、《中国足球界现在应该做的第一件事》、《如何提高国奥队的竞技能力》、《正本清源 独辟蹊径》等一系列文章。上述文章的基本论点概括起来就是： 1 不同的足球风格与不同的气候带之间存在着一一对应的关系； 2 足球风格是环境的产物、是优势的集中体现； 3 足球阵形是足球风格的体现。 科学上对某种客观规律的概括，反映事物在一定条件下发生的一定变化过程的必然关系，称之为定律。因此，上述论断可以称之为“足球运动三定律”。 无可讳言，足球运动只讲规则、技术、战术、意识、人种、天赋，却没有基础理论指导、支撑的时代结束了。现代足球起源于英国，现代足球科学理论诞生于中国。
足球是体育项目中一项非常热门的运动，大部分的男孩子对足球特别热衷，我国国务院还将足球发展上升为国家战略，可见其重要性。下面学术堂整理了15个足球毕业论文题目。供大家参考。1、校园足球的推广对小学体育发展的影响研究2、高校校园足球常态化与制度化的创建策略3、2014-2015赛季欧洲足球冠军联赛进球特征研究4、浅析足球运动员运动性疲劳产生与消除5、英国女子足球运动发展史研究6、中国足球怎样才能从落后变先进7、中国足球媒介话语研究存在的若干问题8、浅谈校园足球文化的建构--以长沙德馨园小学为例9、我国贫困地区校园足球心率训练课的初步探析10、职业俱乐部对于校园足球开展的效能研究11、体育与跨文化交流研究--以英国足球教练员迁移为中心的历史考察12、探究式教学法在大学足球课中的应用研究13、从第20届世界杯足球赛看现代足球技战术最新趋势14、高校足球教学中游戏活动的实践探索与尝试15、男子少年足球运动员比赛和训练时心率特征的研究
趋势是战术素养要求越来越高，越来越灵活，比赛的强度越来越大，要求有关键球员
足球是体育项目中一项非常热门的运动，大部分的男孩子对足球特别热衷，我国国务院还将足球发展上升为国家战略，可见其重要性。下面学术堂整理了15个足球毕业论文题目。供大家参考。1、校园足球的推广对小学体育发展的影响研究2、高校校园足球常态化与制度化的创建策略3、2014-2015赛季欧洲足球冠军联赛进球特征研究4、浅析足球运动员运动性疲劳产生与消除5、英国女子足球运动发展史研究6、中国足球怎样才能从落后变先进7、中国足球媒介话语研究存在的若干问题8、浅谈校园足球文化的建构--以长沙德馨园小学为例9、我国贫困地区校园足球心率训练课的初步探析10、职业俱乐部对于校园足球开展的效能研究11、体育与跨文化交流研究--以英国足球教练员迁移为中心的历史考察12、探究式教学法在大学足球课中的应用研究13、从第20届世界杯足球赛看现代足球技战术最新趋势14、高校足球教学中游戏活动的实践探索与尝试15、男子少年足球运动员比赛和训练时心率特征的研究
不好意思 我只会写检查
10分让人帮你写一篇万字论文，没可能，起码要上千的钞票
论文题目：论世界杯抽签细则关键字： 世界杯 抽签规则 抽签形式摘要：足球世界杯，一项足以影响世界的伟大运动，4年一度的盛会，没有人不想参与，为了四年一次的守候，也为了对足球的那份热爱。世界杯是一项竞技极高的运动赛事，而从抽签就可以感觉出它的与众不同，是什么使抽签更具有吸引力，是什么使抽签让世界瞩目，这里我们就针对足球世界杯中的抽签作出深度研究与探讨。正文：兄弟，还是自己写吧不过正文我可以给你一些指导从关键词入手，可用近1500字来描述世界杯发展史，这个是很简单的，百度搜索一下即可；接下来就到重点了，抽签规则，下面这两个网站可以借用一下，详尽说明世界杯的抽签规则，对比2010与06世界杯抽签规则以及过去的不同之处这里我的话就可以写出5000-6000字左右，你就看看吧，也应该可以的，只要复制粘贴关于规则的即可最后就使抽签形式了，这个主要以现场抽签仪式的状况为切入点，把抽签仪式现场的气氛给写的紧张，但不能过多描述现场气氛，而要结合抽签的一些规则来重点描述，这段可以有4000多字，其实就复制一些内容即可。我也只能帮你这么多了，你要别人帮你写出1W字的论文那很不显示，毕竟你没有物质上的表示。祝你好运！照着我这个写完全能达到你的目的
谢谢关于阵型啊什么的技战术都挺好写的比如写4231阵型每个位置的球员要求的能力 特点等等队员应该怎么跑位要不就写足球体制应该怎么样建设一个完整的体制
关于写足球作文的题目：1、我和足球。2、纪一场足球友谊赛。3、足球的启示。4、老师们的足球赛。5、我爱足球。6、足球场上的哨音。7、踢足球。8、足球梦。9、激烈的足球赛。10、我们输在足球赛上，赢在不服输的精神上。11、我爱足球，难忘的足球比赛。12、青春校园足球赛。足球，有“世界第一运动”的美誉，是全球体育界最具影响力的单项体育运动。标准的足球比赛由两队各派10名球员与1名守门员，共11人，在长方形的草地球场上对抗、进攻。比赛目的是尽量将足球射入对方的球门内，每射入一球就可以得到一分，当比赛完毕后，得分最多的一队则胜出。如果在比赛规定时间内得分相同，则须看比赛章则而定，可以抽签、加时再赛或互射点球（十二步）等形式比赛分高下。足球比赛中除了守门员可以在己方禁区内利用手部接触足球外，球场上每名球员只可以利用手以外的身体其他部分控制足球（开界外球例外）。
提供一些足球方面的论文题目，供参考。 论足球比赛中的传球技巧 浅谈足球运动员的心理素质培养 浅析高校体育与专业高水平运动员文化素质教育 浅谈足球比赛中的越位战术 论足球裁判员的跑位 足球运动员身体训练 少儿业余足球运动员专项素质训练方法的研究 论民间足球联赛中本科生裁判能力的培养 论足球长传球技术的动作分析与实战应用 论足球比赛中的边路进攻跑位 浅谈青少年足球运动员的非技术因素对其自身的影响 论足球运动员的身体训练及其方法
1，从社会文化的角度分析中国人是否适合踢足球。2，各大联赛之间风格对比分析。3，中国大学生足球的发展方向。4，论跑步方式决定球感问题。（先进的方式是用整个脚掌着地，落后的方式是前脚掌着地）5，从阵型的发展，看足球的发展趋势。
在现实生活或工作学习中，大家总少不了接触作文吧，作文根据体裁的不同可以分为记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文。一篇什么样的作文才能称之为优秀作文呢？下面是我为大家整理的'关于英语作文：足球，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
Football is the world’s most popylar sport. We play football at the playground. We also have fun when we play football. We also call it soccer.
Our students must do exercises everyday to stay healthy, and I’ve found that play football is a very good way to stay healthy. Football players must be rugged. It’s one of the most popular sports all over the world. We can run on the ground for a long time and we also can prove our friendship with the members of our team.
More and more people like watching football matches. They can’t sleep or eat when their teams are playing. They shout for their players. I think many Chinese football players have done better match after match. But we will have a long way to go to Asia and to the world. We should learn from foreign teams. Foreign players and coaches must be invited. Dalian Wanda, Shanghai Shenhua and Guangdong Apollo are among the best teams.
I love playing football, because I can play football to stay healthy, football is a good sport.
足球是连接世界各地的人们的纽带。
它已成为人们生活的一部分。每一天，世界各地都有足球比赛。
拿起报纸，你可以看到足球比赛的结果。我们喜欢踢足球，在工作结束后看足球比赛。在足球世界杯比赛时，数以百万计的人们在电视上观看比赛。
当他们喜爱的球队获胜，他们将给予他们三次欢呼。当他们失败时，他们感到难过。我们都希望我们的国家队将是世界上最强的一个球队。
有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide scale. It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere). Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West Indies. The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home nations. Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official language. English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK population. However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous languages. In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish Gaelic. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic traditions. Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall respectively. Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign Language. The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the isles. The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th century. Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern Ireland. Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated elites. After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the isles. English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy today. Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and drama. From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the world. The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745). After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from Scotland. The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary production. In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord Byron. The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy. World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the trench. The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British literature. The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and Scots. The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant writers. It remains today the dominant English literary form. Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D. H. Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J. R. R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and . Rowling. Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T. S. Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan Thomas. Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in England. The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in Scotland. The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920. The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and Buddhism. While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American citizens. A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3]. The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their parents. [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative cuisine. The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg". Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner table. Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire Hotpot. On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war years. Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an end. With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th century. During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients (. pasta) increasingly being offered by the supermarkets. The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and Spain. Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian diets. As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British emerged. This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national cuisine. The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national consciousness. In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the world. Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5]. With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks positive. [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland. Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and sixteen. Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of education. Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying schools. Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better known. Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school uniforms. This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational establishments. Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious beliefs. [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World War. Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools). Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive schools. Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education Authorities. Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic universities. These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British universities. Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in Scotland. Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class). [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the world. The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier League. The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in 1872. The match ended goalless. Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities. A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and curling. National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national costume. Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o'shanter. In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national costumes. Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English costume. Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family name. This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much later. Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an ancestor. Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became commonplace. Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural base. 英国式足球（Wall game）的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in England. The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or football. Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface underneath. The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter). The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the wall. Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the wall. A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the wall. The winner is the last person left tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight meters. Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is hit. The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit it. Failure to do so results in them being out. Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the ball. If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are out. The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits them. If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start again. Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would suggest. The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the wall. Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the wall. This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main game. 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the ball. '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the roof.
足球运动是一项古老的体育活动，源远流长。据说，希腊人和罗马人在中世纪以前就已经从事一种足球游戏了。他们在一个长方形场地上，将球放在中间的白线上，用脚把球踢滚到对方场地上，当时称这种游戏为“哈巴斯托姆”。 到19世纪初叶，足球运动在当时欧洲及拉美一些国家特别是在资本主义的英国已经相当盛行。直到1848年，足球运动的第一个文字形式的规则《剑桥规则》诞生了。 然而众多的资料表明，中国古代足球的出现比欧洲更早，历史更为悠久。我国古代足球称为“蹴鞠”或“蹋鞠”，“蹴”和“蹋”都是踢的意思,“鞠”是球名。“蹴鞠”一词最早记载在《史记·苏秦列传》里，汉代刘向《别录》和唐人颜师曾为《汉书.枚乘传》均有记载。到了唐宋时期，“蹴鞠”活动已十分盛行，成为宫廷之中的高雅活动。 1958年7月，国际足联现任主席阿维兰热博士来中国时曾表示：足球起源于中国。当然，由于封建社会的局限，中国古代的蹴鞠活动最终没有发展成为以“公平竞争”为原则的现代足球运动。这个质的飞跃是在资本主义的英国完成的。 现代足球运动的诞生 从17世纪中后期开始，足球运动逐步从欧美传入世界各国，尤其是在一些文化发达的国家更为盛行。越来越多的人走向球场，投身到这一富有刺激性和畅快感的运动中去，以至于一度将足球运动开展得好坏作为衡量一个国家文化发达与否的标志。在这种情况下，英国人率先为足球运动的发展作出了重要贡献。 1863年10月26日，英国人在伦敦皇后大街弗里马森旅馆成立了世界第一个足球协会——英格兰足球协会。会上除了宣布英格兰足协正式成立之外，制定和通过了世界第一部较为统一的足球竞赛规则，并以文字形式记载下来。英格兰足球协会的诞生，标志着足球运动的发展进入了一个崭新的阶段因而,人们公认1863 年10月26日，即英格兰足球协会成立之日为现代足球的诞生日。 第一届FIFA世界杯，足球传奇的开始 尽管国际足联在1904年便宣告正式成立，但在此后的20年间还没有进行过任何一项国际性的足球比赛 。 1924年在巴黎举行的奥林匹克运动会上，足球终于成为正式比赛项目。这是一次空前的足球盛会，来自各大洲的球队齐聚巴黎，争夺代表最高荣誉的金牌。比赛无疑是成功的，超过50,000名热情的观众观看了最后的决赛，乌拉圭击败瑞士队获得了冠军。但是到了1928年，许多国家都拒绝参加在阿姆斯特丹举行的奥运会。很显然，随着职业足球的不断发展，现在是时候成立一项独立的国际足球赛事了。 1928年5月26日，国际足联代表大会在阿姆斯特丹召开。会上经过投票通过了于1930年举办一项新赛事的决议，该赛事将对国际足联下属的所有成员国开放。1929年5月18日，在巴塞罗那召开的会议上，乌拉圭被投票选举为首届FIFA世界杯赛的主办国。