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初中足球教学论文参考文献

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初中足球教学论文参考文献

随着现在足球的发展,当今足球运动逐渐呈现出新的发展趋势。攻防对抗日趋激烈,攻防范围的扩大化,运动员技战术的多样化,使比赛场上各个位置的队员攻防呈现出新的变化,其射门得分的特征也更加鲜明突出。同时,随着世界足球的相互交流与融合,球队之间的差距越来越小,对抗越来越激烈,速度越来越快,但射门得分依然是攻防的焦点,其将永远是世界性的难题。而世界杯、欧洲杯足球比赛是世界上最高水平的足球赛事,其直接体现或引导现代足球的发展方向,是洞察、分析世界足球运动特点和发展趋势的一个重要窗口。 本文通过对2006年第十八届世界杯决赛阶段64场比赛、2004年第十二届欧洲杯决赛阶段31场比赛、2002年第十七届世界杯决赛阶段64场比赛,共计159场比赛385个进球的总体情况,进行观察、统计、分析、归纳和总结,认为这三界大赛在进球进攻上有以下特点: 1这三届杯赛的平均每场进球数都较前一届的平均每场进球数有所下降,呈下滑趋势;上半时进球数量都少于下半时进球数量,在76-90min这个时间段中进球数量最多。2区是进球数量最多的射门区域。中路进攻的进球数量最多,边路进攻的进球数量是最少的,但其在比赛中的作用毫不逊于中路进攻。定位球进攻在比赛中起着极为重要的作用。 2阵地进攻的进球数量最多,快速反击进球的比重正在逐届上升。各种进攻战术得分由中场发起的最多,前场其次,后场最少。任意球进攻战术灵活多变,可以有计划地组织进攻配合,且这种进攻有充分的准备时间。传球配合是全部进攻方式中最主要的得分手段。定位球进攻方式也是现代足球进攻战术中的重要手段之一,是除传球配合以外的又一重要的进攻方式。个人突破、补射、远射、乌龙球等进攻方式获得进球的比例比较小。 3脚内侧、脚背内侧、头部是射门进球的关键部位。其中脚内侧射门进球最多,脚背内侧是准确性和力量结合最好的射门动作,也是定位球射门采用最多的一种方式。直接射门的进球数量最多,运球突破射门和补射进球数量较少;绝大多数的进球是在正常状态下打入的,正常状态和非正常状态进球占全部进球的比例差距越来越小;非直接对抗射门进球数所占的比例远远大于直接对抗射门进球的比例,但直接对抗和非直接对抗的比例成逐年接近趋势。 4直接脚传进球比例呈逐年上升的趋势,而运控突传进球的比例呈逐年下降的趋势,头顶球进球的变化不大。

字号:大中小 题目:青少年足球运动员选材 一:选题的目的及意义: 随着国际竞争的日益加剧,综合国力的强与弱就左右着国家在世界范围内的话语权和国际地位。综合国力除了经济,基础产业,资源,文化之外,也包括文娱以及体育的建设。作为体育的主要竞技项目之一的足球,自当成为了衡量国家体育发展水平的重要依据。这其中,足球运动员的青少年培养更是重中之重。 在邓小平发表关于“足球从娃娃抓起”的讲话之后,中国的青少年足球运动员选材才正式的起步,但长期以来,世界上先进的足球强国,在上世纪初就十分重视青少年的科学选材和系统的训练了,尽早发现有潜质的好运动员,经过数年的专业训练,为成为高水平的运动员打下坚实的基础。而具有优越天赋条件的运动员只有靠优秀的教练员在早期的选材中去发现和挖掘的,因此我认为“选好有天赋的好苗子,就意味着一名球星的诞生” 本论文就是希望通过对国内,外青少年足球运动员的培养及选拔状况进行简单的分析和对比,力争从中找到更适合中国足球环境,更适合中国青少年的一套选材方案。同时本论文还可以在研究中进一步发现中,外足球在青少年运动员的选拔以及培养方面的差距,从而对现今的国内选材机制做比较客观的分析。 二:国内外青少年足球运动员的现状 1 我国青少年运动员的现状 。 我国在世界强队发展已过百年的历史现状的情况下,中国足球才在1994年实行职业化,这样,在起步就已经比国外晚了近百年,当然从各个环节都比较落后,然而这就更需要我们对青少年的选材进行更为深入细致的研究,并且找出一套符合国情的青少年选材,训练,管理的一整套系统的方法我国从八十年代就开始进行科学选材的研究,并集合国内数名体育科学的专家制定了一整套的足球运动员身体形态,心理素质,身体机能,心理等方面的选材评定标准。之后,随着职业化的产生,足球在人们心中的地位逐渐增高,国家对足球项目的重视,国内的一些好的青少年运动员也被派往国外进行训练,可以看出青少年足球的早期科学选材和训练已倍受重视,其研究工作也更加深入更加实际,更加专业化。 2 国外青少年足球运动员的现状 。 国际上的足球发达国家往往都有着一百多年的成熟职业化系统不仅指联赛,也包括足球的培养工作。首先是政府的投入,在西方甚至日,韩等国,国家对青少年足球的投入毫不逊与本国的职业球员,这就充分保证了青少年足球训练,比赛,生活等方面有良好的硬件和软件设施,其次是系统的比赛竞争体制。在足球发达国家,职业比赛的成熟及完善不仅体现在国家成人的顶级联赛上,预备队,青年队的联赛系统也相当科学和完善,任何有天赋,有能力的青少年足球运动员都可能得到展示自己才能的机会,足球运动员培养的大体制和竞争密切相关。国家队的建设上考虑常备军的设置U---13. U---15 U---17等常备军根据不同的年龄可以接受不同的系统训练,从而达到了源源不断的为国家输送人才。 3 中外足球运动员的选材差距。 青少年足球运动员选材的问题,在足球发达国家往往注重球员的技术,意识培养,但更为重要的是一名球员的潜力和上升的空间,而身体则不是重要的标准。在中国教练狠抓训练同时,国外则把眼光放在了青少年运动员思想及头脑的培养上面,他们认为,不压抑球员的个性,最大限制的释放球员的激情,激活他们的头脑才是最重要的。 三:研究的主要内容: 青少年足球运动员中选材,我们的目的非常明确,就是选出有培养前途,经过专业,系统训练后能达到预期结果的好运动员。 1:是选择他们对足球的兴趣,对足球运动的认识程度,有强烈的集体荣誉感,责任心,训练中的吃苦耐劳,自觉的遵守纪律,服从团对的需要,听从教练的安排,比赛中长时间的高度注意力,进取心等等。 2:是竞技能力,主要是指运动员的技术能力,战术,身体素质,智力心理等综合体现,也是青少年足球运动员不可缺少的重要因素,单从身体素质可以从,速度,力量,爆发力,耐力,敏感程度,柔韧等方面开始研究。 3:意识的培养:在少儿足球训练中为什么要加强意识培养这个问题,首先我们应当知道什么意识。根据心理学的基本观点,人的意识是“客观现实在人脑中的反映,是心理活动的高级形式,是自觉的心理活动。”那么我们足球训练中的意识即可理解为:“根据足球比赛的需要而采取的各种技术、战术手段在运动员头脑中的反映,是运动员在进行技术、战术活动时自觉的心理活动。”因此,可以说意识是一个运动员的灵魂。意识的强弱是衡量一个运动员、一个运动队水平高低的重要标志。则队员在赛场上的意识表现有:(1)、接球的意识; (2)、传球的意识; (3)、带球的意识; (4)、整体进攻配合的意识; (5)、防守的意识。 4:则是遗传因素,选每一个好的运动员,首先是他遗传了其父母的或多或少的运动基因,特别是在身高,身形,体质,性格,气质上都有直接或间接的影响。则专家认为“在运动能力的遗传中,具有卓越运动才能的亲代,其子代有50%的人具有优秀的运动才能,并且很有可能超越亲代个体。运动能力的遗传在亲代之间是连续的”因此遗传因素对青少年运动员成材的影响是很大的。 主要参考文献 [1] 邓达之 《足球训练》 [ M ] 武汉体育学院 [2] 曲锦域 《实用运动医学》 [ M ] 人们教育出版社 [3] 徐本力 《科学在训练》 [ J ] 上海体育科学学会 [4] 王永胜 《现代运动训练》 [ M ] 北京体育大学 [5] 茅鹏 《运动训练新思路》 [ M ] 人们教育出版社

青少年校园足球运动发展现状及对策研究概 述:中国青少年校园足球活动开展方案刚刚提出来不久就惹起了社会各界人的关注。本文主要运用文献资料法,对以后我国青少年校园足球活动展开的状况作简明的概括,对青少年校园足球的展开重要性及制约要素停止分析,针对各种效果提出处置方案,以便提供参考。中心词汇:青少年;校园;足球国度青少年校园足球活动开展方案,旨在为贯彻落实《中共中央国务院关于增强青少年体育增强青少年体质的意见》和推进全国亿万学生阳光体育运动的普遍展开,让学生在快乐足球中强身健体,锻炼意志质量,发扬团体天赋,培育团队协作看法和顽强的拼搏肉体,为广阔青少年的安康生长,中国足球运动的复兴和开展打下坚实的基础。对现有的效果提出相应处置方案,为我国青少年足球运动朝着蓬勃、有序、安康的开展提供有益参考。2目前我国青少年校园足球活动展开的状况中国青少年足球运动展开状况我们国度如今有两亿九千多万青少年,小学将近六万七千所,中学将近七千万所,这么大的基数,中国的青少年足球水平与普及水平都落后于其他国度。据有关方面统计,在1990年至1995年间,我国青少年足球人才数量为历史最高65万人,而2000年至2005年则降至18万人,以后在中国足协注册的青少年足球运发动仅有5万余人,以后的更逐渐增加。资料显示,就足球学校而言,2006年中国足协发布的“近十年中国足校统计数据”,1997年在足协注册的足校曾达3000所,仅北京一地就有40多所,但从21世纪初起,足校数量末尾大面积缩水,到2006年全国有案可查的足校只要300所,其中还不包括曾经开张但未注销的学校,到2007年,足校只剩下20所。在人才梯队培育方式上,过去我们国度不时采取了“基层学校--各级专业体校--省市专业队(体工队)--国度队”的人才培育形式。国度青少年校园足球活动开展方案展开以来近期的一些停顿状况中国关心下一代任务委员会、教育部和国度体育总局三方共同发起的“中国青少年校园足球活动开展方案”,该方案执行委员会曾经在全国范围内选定城市首批试点。目前校园足球运动在全国的44各城市停止了规划,一共是2300所学校。涵盖了四个直辖市,13个市级足协,还有22个省和自治区,总局这次拨款将近四千万。如今北京作为第一个正式启动方案的试点城市,往年内将在全市范围内60所小学、40所初中、20所高中和10所大学,片面推行“校园足球”活动。在今后10年内,校园足球活动在全国范围内将有多座城市内推行。3展开青少年校园足球活动的重要性 培育学生参与体育活动的兴味,树立校园足球文明兴味,是人对外界环境一定的现象与事物在看法或实际中,发生的心思倾向。青少年校园足球活动的展开,使学生有更多的时机参与体育锻炼并从中体会到有限快乐,致使使他们构成了经常从事体育锻炼的习气,成为生活节拍的一个不可缺少的重要组成局部,因此对体育发生浓重的兴味。同时,校园足球活动的展开,可以丰厚校园文明活动,加快校园体育文明的树立,进而促进了校园足球文明的开展。青少年学生精神旺盛,喜好普遍,喜欢张扬特性,而校园足球为他们提供了一个培育发明力,释放能量的宽广天地,可以他们融入到校园足球的文明气氛当中,加快校园足球文明的开展具有重要的意义。增强青少年体质、促进青少年安康生长近期体质安康监测标明,青少年耐力、力气、速度等体能目的继续下降,视力不良率居高不下,城市超重和瘦削青少年的比例清楚添加,局部乡村青少年营养状况亟待改善。增强青少年体质、促进青少年安康生长,是关系到国度和民族未来的大事,随着“全国亿万青少年学生阳光体育运动”的启动,我们也要用足球这个孩子们最喜欢的项目,吸引广阔青少年学生走向操场、走进大自然、走到阳光下,积极自动参与体育锻炼,培育体育锻炼的兴味和习气,有效提高学生体质安康水平。从小抓起,促进我国足球运动的普及与提高世界足坛100多年的开展历史和足球强国的成功阅历证实 :一个国度足球运动的普及水平,足球人口的数量,竞赛、练习 体系的完善水平,与国度足球竞技水平有直接的关系。因此世界上越来越多的国度对开展本国足球运动,尤其是青少年足球运动表现出高度的注重。中国足球开展要从小抓起,从小学到大学树立、健全各级各类足球学校。这样才干保证有少量足球人口,充足的足球后备人员和良好的群众基础。“足球要从娃娃抓起”,要让每个少年儿童从小无时机接触足球,保证他们参与足球运动的权益,提供参与足球活动的平台,在普及的同时也要注重提高。多渠道地完善足球后备人才培育,提高我国足球竞技水平青少年足球后备人才的培育直接影响到一个球队的出路与命运,影响其继续安康地开展。青少年足球是我国足球开展的未来和希望。在青少年竞技人才的培育目的上,我们要更多得给孩子参与时机,淡化竞赛效果,注重人才综合素质的培育,从而可以发现有天赋的人才,多渠道开掘人才。足球运动管理中心必需制定规范系统的练习 纲要,由经过严厉培训的教练停止指点,再配合迷信合理的竞赛布置,这才干为青少年早期打好扎实足球基础,从而为不时涌现优秀人才提供有力的保证。4制约我国青少年校园足球活动展开的要素分析中国竞技足球运动的状况严重约束人们的思想当国奥队、国度男、女足球队参与世界足球赛事失败时,看到中国足球在世界上没有立锥之地,随后紧接而来的中超联赛闹出的绯闻,俱乐部在绿荫场上不时地出现各种闹剧;以各种秉公作弊的手腕--贿赂裁判、吹黑哨、鱼目混珠、虚报年龄、以大打小、打假球。这些临时驻扎于中国足球运动的“病根”严重阻碍中国足球的开展。这些“病根”蔓延而发生了各种效应,人们对中国足球的绝望,看到了中国足球出路和命运的渺茫。高涨与绝望的中国人们对中国足球失掉决计,甚至有抵触的思想,更不要谈上支持了。资金充足,场地设备不完善,中央开展不平衡中小学体育场地、器材设备是保证体育教学和课外体育活动和课余体育练习 正常停止必不可少的物质条件,是反省、督导、评价、规范学校体育任务的重要内容之一。临时以来,学校场地设备不完善严重影响到了学生体育活动和锻炼的兴味。目前中小学生参与足球运动最大的效果就是场地器材、设备装备不完善以及配套规范的成人化,这一效果曾经对中小学生参与足球运动的积极性发生了消极的影响。在中央,效果愈加突出,有些学校甚至运动场都没有,愈加不用说西部的中央学校了。资金充足,场地设备不完善,中央开展部平衡是校园足球运动展开进程中所面临的困惑。学校足球体育教员缺乏专业化足球教育不只要求体育教员具有一定的足球技艺,也需求了解孩子的心思和运动形式。”闻名 儿童教育专家殷红博说,“但理想是恰恰不同:足球毕业的虽然技术专业,但不了解孩子的心思和运动方式;非足球专业的存在基础技艺完善,需求经过足球专业基础技艺培训。”来自中国足球学校的调查显示,现有的体育教员中,懂得足球教育的不到1/10。5青少年校园足球活动展开处置方案分析教育行政部门与学校体育联手开展校园足球运动教育行政部门与学校体育共同联手,依照国度青少年校园足球开展方案的指点纲要停止落实。推行校园足球运动,我们要吸取以往的经验,把我们校园足球的基础做得更扎实。防止以往的效果,一定要依照青少年足球的开展规律去办事,只要依照规律办事,依照用力状况去展开足球活动,我们国度的青少年足球水平,校园足球水平才干有质的飞跃。 加大资金投入,优化场地设备规范,培育合格的足球教练员国度财政支持与相关部门财政拨款,加大对学校场地设备资金的投入,对不利于青少年身心安康开展的场地器材规范依照《中小学体育器材和场地》(国度规范化)的要求停止整改。依据中学生的自身特点,树立契合国度规范化的场地设备,这样不只要助于提高学生把握 举措技艺的才干,也有助于学生愈加喜欢体育课以及促进中小学生的身心协调开展。在培育足球教员方面,首先要培育教员、教练热爱足球与为中国足球事业贡献的肉体。其次,培育良好的专业水平、学习和自创国外足球强国的先进练习 方法、阅历。三要活期组织展开全国的足球研讨会,总结、交流阅历,探求新思绪。普遍举行各级足球联赛,提高学生对足球运动的热情依据中小学生的身心、体能、认知等方面的特点,也要制定适宜他们的练习和竞赛方法,包括练习和竞赛的人数、时间、规则比如:学校每学期应举行校内足球联赛(男、女),以班级为单位组队参与,举行小学场地五人制,中学场地七人制,还有以足球有关的各种足球游戏竞赛等等;竞赛的人数依据具体状况制定经过竞赛增强学生参与足球运动的热情,要以树立校园足球文明、足球传统为目的;要淡化化竞赛效果,更多的青少年赛事不计名次,鼓舞更多的学生参与竞赛,从基本上根绝青少年队伍和教练深谋远虑、故弄玄虚、拔苗滋长等不良行为。学习与练习 ——统筹统筹,片面开展为了惯切国度青少年校园足球活动开展方案要求,各学校防止不了成立一些足球兴味班、足球特产班、足球培训班等等。在成立这些班级的同时也有各种效果的出现,比如:学生的学习与练习 主次分不清、往常练习 时间与学习时间分工不明白、为了抓练习 而无视学习等矛盾的发生。青少年校园足球运动开展方案是我们国度2008年奥运会后为了贯彻落实《中共中央国务院关于增强青少年体育增强青少年体质的意见》的一项重要举措。目前刚刚起步,在开展进程中肯定会碰到 这样或那样的困难,但是随着校园足球活动推行的不时深化,置信各种的效果都会渐渐地被处置,中国青少年校园足球活动开展前期宽广。

初中足球的论文题目

可以参考下面:1.论业余足球中个人能力的培养2.论足球传球技术的动作分析与实战应用3.论青少年足球运动的技术因素对其自身未来发展的影响4.论足球运动员的身体训练及其实战方法

体育教育本科毕业论文题目一:1、运动伤害对学校体育教育的负面影响及对策研究2、我国体育教师教育政策的演变历程及特征研究3、吴贻芳女子师范体育教育思想初探4、浅谈在中学体育教学中如何进行终身体育教育5、追寻“和谐美善”的体育教育6、高校体育教育现状及发展趋势研究7、在体育课堂中渗透生命安全教育的研究8、中小学体育教育改革的思考9、校园足球健康发展的路径选择10、清末赴日教育考察对中国近代学校体育发展的影响11、浅谈体验式教学在大学体育教育中的作用12、从终身体育教育观审视学校体育生活化发展趋势13、高职院校学生健康促进政策与体育教育融合策略研究14、德国中小学体育教育制度调查及启示15、畜牧兽医专业残疾学生体育教育的思考16、高校体育教育专业学生体育说课能力培养探索17、基于高校学生体质健康的学校体育健康教育模式18、高校体育精神教育的必要性研究19、新形势下体育教育专业人才培养模式的构建与创新研究20、大学生心理健康教育与体育教育融合机制研究

足球是体育项目中一项非常热门的运动,大部分的男孩子对足球特别热衷,我国国务院还将足球发展上升为国家战略,可见其重要性。下面学术堂整理了15个足球毕业论文题目。供大家参考。1、校园足球的推广对小学体育发展的影响研究2、高校校园足球常态化与制度化的创建策略3、2014-2015赛季欧洲足球冠军联赛进球特征研究4、浅析足球运动员运动性疲劳产生与消除5、英国女子足球运动发展史研究6、中国足球怎样才能从落后变先进7、中国足球媒介话语研究存在的若干问题8、浅谈校园足球文化的建构--以长沙德馨园小学为例9、我国贫困地区校园足球心率训练课的初步探析10、职业俱乐部对于校园足球开展的效能研究11、体育与跨文化交流研究--以英国足球教练员迁移为中心的历史考察12、探究式教学法在大学足球课中的应用研究13、从第20届世界杯足球赛看现代足球技战术最新趋势14、高校足球教学中游戏活动的实践探索与尝试15、男子少年足球运动员比赛和训练时心率特征的研究

关于写足球作文的题目:1、我和足球。2、纪一场足球友谊赛。3、足球的启示。4、老师们的足球赛。5、我爱足球。6、足球场上的哨音。7、踢足球。8、足球梦。9、激烈的足球赛。10、我们输在足球赛上,赢在不服输的精神上。11、我爱足球,难忘的足球比赛。12、青春校园足球赛。足球,有“世界第一运动”的美誉,是全球体育界最具影响力的单项体育运动。标准的足球比赛由两队各派10名球员与1名守门员,共11人,在长方形的草地球场上对抗、进攻。比赛目的是尽量将足球射入对方的球门内,每射入一球就可以得到一分,当比赛完毕后,得分最多的一队则胜出。如果在比赛规定时间内得分相同,则须看比赛章则而定,可以抽签、加时再赛或互射点球(十二步)等形式比赛分高下。足球比赛中除了守门员可以在己方禁区内利用手部接触足球外,球场上每名球员只可以利用手以外的身体其他部分控制足球(开界外球例外)。

足球鞋论文参考文献

“脚下有地,头顶有天,眼中有人”作文指导 去年,在北京的一次文学座谈会上,一位卓有成就的老作家,在谈到自己的创作体会时说:“要想成为一个好作家,一定要做到脚下有地,头顶有天,眼中有人。”

在座的文学爱好者们恍然大悟。请从上述材料出发,自选一个角度,自拟一个标题,自选一种文体,写一篇不少于800字的文章。

【提示】(1)分析材料,文章主旨至少有两个角度,一是文学创作,一是搞创作的人。从文学创作角度看:脚下有地即创作要从现实中取材,真实反映社会;头顶有天是指眼界要开阔,要有宽广的胸怀和高尚的追求;眼中有人就是要时时想到文章是给人看的,要对读者负责。

从做人角度看:脚下有地就是立足现实,热爱生活;头顶有天就是敬畏自然,保护生态;眼中有人,就是真诚待人,尊重他人。(2)如果谈写作,可以批评当前中学生作文的弊病:脱离现实,缺乏真情,只图文字华丽,较少考虑社会责任。

时间长了,这种思维方式会影响到生活方式,最后很可能作文没写好,做人也失败。最后明确指出:写作应知天地人。

(3)如果谈做人,先要说清一点:人生活在天地之间,天地就是世界,天地就是社会;在现实的世界里,既要懂规矩、学法纪,不能无法无天,也要脚踏实地、服务社会,不能飘来荡去。如果写记叙文,可以写胸怀浩然正气顶天立地的英雄,也可以写钟情自然、悉心保护环境的人,还可以写热爱生活,随时关爱天地之间的普通人,等等。

如果写议论文,可以论述“天人合一”的好处,它既有利于人的愉快生活,也有利于社会与自然的和谐共生;反之,如果人无视天地,不尊重客观规律,一味强调“征服自然”“人定胜天”,那就不仅不利于人与天地的和谐,还会受到自然的惩罚。口子开小一点,从眼前遇到的事情谈起,慢慢谈到人与天地的关系,最后以提出希望作结:做一个心态平和的、对社会有用的人;只有这样,才是一个正常的、有幸福感的人。

【学生习作例文】 仰望星空与脚踏实地抬头仰望,繁星点点,熠熠生辉;低头俯瞰,地基夯实,道路平坦。有星光作伴,不怕梦想遥远;有黑土为邻,何惧万里征程?某著名老作家在某次座谈会上谈及经验时说道“脚下有地,头顶有天,眼中有人”,一时语惊四座。

“顶上有天”就是指仰望星空,“脚下有地”就是指脚踏实地。仰望星空是在用目光丈量现实与梦想的距离,是在用目标激励自己前行的步伐。

今夜舞弄清辉的明月仍是秦时的明月,今夜满天闪烁的星辰仍是汉时的星辰。在它们的清辉下,曹孟德东临碣石,高吟着“烈士暮年,壮心不已”的豪情壮志;在它们的清辉下,冼星海用破旧瓷器打击梦想的悦耳;在它们的清辉下,徐志摩独撑生命长篙,在康河中追寻彩虹似的梦;在它们的清辉下,高尔基不忍早睡,捕捉灵感,编织一篇又一篇绝妙的佳作。

寻找属于你的星,它的存在便是一种安慰,时刻提醒你是一个追梦人,你的梦想永远闪耀。脚踏实地,是在用双脚感受大地的脉动,是在用勤恳来雕刻现实。

沉默的大地埋葬了太多父辈们高大的身躯,记录了太多父辈们勇敢有力的脚印,隐藏了太多升起又落下的期盼。涓涓细流,脚踏实地,不畏深山险谷,终入汪洋,成波涛骇浪之势。

达芬奇脚踏实地,不厌其烦地临摹鸡蛋,钻研绘画基础理论,创作出无数珍品。郎朗脚踏实地,一天八小时的钢琴练习,终成一代名家。

脚踏实地,是人们对命运最有力的反抗。脚踏实地,是人们奏响热爱生活的最强音。

脚踏实地,是人们创建美好未来的开端。仰望星空,就是向梦想伸手,闪亮的梦想指引着你奋斗的方向。

脚踏实地,就是向梦想迈进,朴实的大地一如既往地将你送往理想之地。秦桑低枝绿,燕草碧如丝。

这是一篇新材料作文。

材料中的裁缝利用自己的智慧和技艺,使自己摆脱了失误不利的局面,变废为宝,走向成功。在理解题意的时候要抓住材料中的关键词句来准确把握立意的关键。

“不小心”“废品”“为了挽回损失”等词可以帮助我们明确“金边凤尾裙”的发明并不是主观创新和时尚潮流的产物,而是一种“挽回损失”,灵活地变“废”为宝的作品。“凭借其高超的技艺”“精心”“取名为‘金边凤尾裙’”等词句告诉我们裁缝能够变废为宝的主要原因是他主观上并不放弃,甚至非常用心,加上技艺高超,创意无限。

因此,从立意上看,我们认为以下几种立意属于准确地理解材料,应判切合题意,内容项在一档打分。 (一) 人要从不利走向有利,就要依靠自己永不放弃的精神。

(二) 人要从失误的阴影中走出来,就需要聪明过人的智慧、灵活变通地思维、高超绝妙的技艺。 (三) 成功往往有其偶然性,但更有其必然性。

其中(一)(二)两点可同时采用,也可从任意一个或几个角度立意。

写作提示: 按照游戏规则,八位同学连续把钥匙传了三遍,一遍比一遍效率高。

为什么会有这个结果呢?关键是突破思维定势,发挥了创造性。当人们囿于已有的知识、受到习惯和经验的束缚,在处理事情时往往难于冲破旧有的框框。

只有摆脱并冲破它,才能使思维迸发出闪亮的火花,达到柳暗花明的境地,才能有所创新。以上是这个材料的主旨。

明确了材料的含义后,可以根据自己的特长确定作文的内容,选择合适的形式。 例文:突破思维定势(仅供参考,要学习自己写呦) 三次传钥匙,第一次耗时15秒,第三次却只用了秒。

同学们的成功来源于在一个“传”字上打破了思维定势——只要碰到每个人的手就算是“传”。 由此我想到了另一个小故事:有一天一个美国人的儿子从幼儿园回来,郑重其事地拿出水果刀和一只苹果,说:“您知道苹果里藏着什么吗?”做父亲的不以为意:“除了果核还能有什么?”儿子就把苹果横切成两半,兴奋地说:“看哪,里面有一颗星星。”

果然,苹果切面显示出一个清晰的“五角星”图案。这位美国人沉默了,他已吃过多少苹果,却从未发现苹果里还有“星星”这样一个秘密。

传钥匙和横切苹果的故事,让我领悟到一个道理:只有敢于突破思维定势,不怕标新立异,才会有质的飞跃和创造性的发现。 突破思维定势,勇于出奇制胜,将有助于开创事业,取得巨大的经济效益。

据载,足球鞋早在1895年就制造出来了,当时每对重585克。直到20世纪50年代爱迪达公司对此作了专门研究,发现鞋重与运动员体力消耗关系极大,而鞋重减不下来主要是因为始终保留了金属鞋头。

他们大胆屏弃金属鞋头,设计出重量仅为原来一半的足球鞋。新产品一投放市场,就深受青睐,供不应求。

爱迪达成功的原因是什么呢?因为它突破了人们头脑中无形的思维框架:鞋重无足轻重。打破了习惯性思维的束缚,也就领先一步,创造性地解决了问题,迅速占领了市场。

这对于今天我们企业务创新、求发展是很好的借鉴。 突破思维定势,善于独辟蹊径,会在学习中提高效率,取得事半功倍的效果。

比如,从1加到100,怎么算?老老实实“1+2+3+……”的演算,当然也能得出结果,但有没有简便方法了呢?只要动一下脑筋就不难发现其中有50个101,这样很快就准确地算出答案。 是5050了。

所以,我们解题时可以试用一些新的方法,它可能更简便,更合理。 在观察问题时,不妨问一下自己:为什么是这样的?原来就是这样的吗?将来又会怎样?读书时也不一定完全顺着作者的思路走,可以想一下:有没有相反情况?有没有作者未说明白的道理?这样不断独立思考,逐步培养创造欲、探索欲,就能体会到创造的欢乐,提高学习的实效。

由于传统力量和思维定势的作用,不少人容易对生活的各种现象习以为常。让我们树立问题意识,不断有所发现,找到创造的入口,到时候得到的收获,相信比快速传钥匙和发现苹果中的“星星”都要有价值得多。

解析:这篇议论文阐述的道理符合话题材料的精神。其写法上可供借鉴之处在于:1.从开创事业和提高学习效率两方面展开分析,思路清晰;2.精心选用了有说服力的事实论据加以论证;3.前后呼应,首尾圆融。

认识自己(本文的主题)另外告诉你:认识你自己”,这是古希腊哲学家苏格拉底提出的一个著名命题.这句话后来被刻在古希腊阿波罗神殿的石柱上.正文如下:在希腊帕尔纳索斯山南坡上,有一个驰名整个古希腊世界的戴尔波伊神托所.这是一组石造建筑物,它的起源可以回溯到三千多年前.就在这个神托所的入口处,文献上说人们可以看到刻在石头上的两个词,用今天的话来说,就是认识你自己.古希腊哲学家苏格拉底最爱引用这句格言教育别人,因此后世人们往往错误地认为这是他讲的话.但在当时,人们则认为这句格言就是阿波罗神的神谕.这其实是家喻户晓的一句民间格言,是希腊人民的智慧结晶,后来才被附会到大人物或神灵身上去的.有意思的是:两三千年前这句格言看来直到今天还有现实意义.认识你自己吗?谈何容易!一辈子不认识自己而做出了可耻可悲的事情的不是大有人在吗!今天不是还有一部分青年正是由于不认识自己,不充分理解生活在今天社会主义社会中的幸福,经受一点点挫折、打击就悲观、失望、苦恼、抱怨、彷徨,终于在唉声叹气、无所作为之中把时光白白浪费掉了么!就像过去以进士出身为仕途的正路那样,这几年由于某些不太恰当的措施(最近确有改进),人们忽然又以为只有考上大学才是唯一的出路,把它作为追求的大目标,好像如果有谁进不了大学,别的一切就都谈不到了.其实,随便找一部名人传记翻一下就可以看到,没有受过高等教育,甚至小时只念了一两年书而后来成为大名家的人简直太多了.认识你自己罢!再说一遍,这当然是困难的.然而作为一个想正正经经做一番事业的人,对自己先要有个正确的认识,难道不应当是一个起码的要求吗?比如说,你可能解不出那样多的数学难题,或记不住那样多的外文单词成语,但你在处理事务方面却有特殊的本领,能知人善任、排难解纷,有高超的组织能力;你的理化也许差一些,但写小说、诗歌是能手;也许你分辨音律的能力不行,但有一双极其灵巧的手;也许你连一张桌子也画不像,但是有一副动人的歌喉;也许你不善于下棋,但是有过人的膂力.在认识到自己长处的这个前提下,如果你能扬长避短,认准目标,抓紧时间把一件工作或一门学问刻苦地认真地做下去,久而久之,自然会结出丰硕的成果.好像鲁迅说过,即使是一般资质的人,一个东西钻上10年,也可以成为专家,更何况它又是你自己的长处呢?英国著名诗人济慈本来是学医的,后来他发现了自己有写诗的才能,就当机立断,用自己的整个生命去写诗.他虽不幸只活了二十几岁,但已为人类留下了不少不朽的诗篇.马克思年轻时曾想做一个诗人,也努力写过一些诗,但他很快就发现自己的长处其实不在这里,便毅然放弃做诗人的打算,转到社会科学的研究上面去了.如果他们两个人都不认识自己,那么英国至多不过增加一位不高明的外科医生济慈,德国至多不过增加一位蹩脚的诗人马克思,而在英国文学史和国际共产主义运动史上则肯定要失去两颗光采夺目的明星.古人早就说过:“临渊羡鱼,不如退而结网.”当你认识了你自己之后,应当坚定起来,成为有韧性、有战斗力的强者,为了社会主义祖国的复兴,在你的专长的道路上一步一个脚印地走下去.再观望几年,人家已经做出成绩来了.虽然说只要开始就不算晚,但人的生命是有限的,毕竟是早比晚要好一些.你在寻找什么机会?机会不正是在你自己手里吗?。

一,题目:和谐之花处处开 我独自漫步在幽深的林荫道上,呼吸着清新的空气,享受着拥有愉悦心境的那份恬美。

于是,我开始思索什么是和谐。 我想,和谐是一朵淡黄素雅的康乃馨,沁人心脾。

偶然间,我看见妈妈为我忙碌的身影,一股暖流不禁涌上心头。为我,妈妈陶醉于油盐酱醋;为我,妈妈沉醉于洗洗涮涮;为我,妈妈热衷于千般体贴;为我,妈妈苦口婆心万般叮嘱。

临近中考,妈妈更是伴我月到中天。母爱,你是世界上最伟大、最温馨、最滋润的爱。

妈妈,我可以走得很远很远,却永远也走不出你心灵的广场。我深切地领悟到亲情就是一朵和谐之花,它盛开在每一个儿女的心田。

我想,和谐是一朵娇艳夺目的月季花,拨人心弦。当我遭受挫折后,朋友总会给我无穷的力量。

考试失利时,一个熟悉的身影飘然而至:“被困难打败没关系,千万别被它打倒。”竞赛失利时,一张盈香的纸条悄然递上:“机会总留给有准备、有头脑的人。”

心里彷徨之时,一句亲切的话语索绕耳畔:“不要放弃,希望就在前方。”朋友,多年之后,我们也许会天各一方,但我们的友情永远也不会褪色。

我深切地领悟到友情就是一朵和谐之花,它盛开在每一个挚友的心田。 我想,和谐是一朵朴素纯洁的白玉兰,冶人心智。

油然想起毕业留言薄上一行硬朗而又洒脱的赠言:“你自己就是一个蕴藏丰富的宝藏,你开掘了多少,你就会收获多少。”毕业典礼上,小莉给您献花,小黄给您贺卡,我唱一首《每当走过老师窗前》送给您,您的开怀一笑永驻我心田。

我深切地感悟到师生之情就是一朵和谐之花,它盛开在每一个学子的心田。 明天,我即将踏上新的征程,我手执朵朵和谐之花,徜徉在人生的旅程中,盈怀的亲情、友情、师生之情随风飘逸。

二、主题:和谐的家每个人都有一个属于自己的家。而这个家必定会存在着浓浓的亲情,在乎你是否真正读懂。

真正亲身体验过家的感觉?享受过家的欢乐? 我的家由四个人组成。当教师的双亲,读小学的弟弟和读初中的我。

每天,我们全家都奔波在家与学校之间。虽然如此繁忙,但繁忙中也会抽出一点的快乐。

老妈是家里的老黄牛,她拥有着与牛一样的勤劳品质,勤勤兢兢地为这个家作出无私奉献。她包揽家里所有琐碎事,就连一根针不见了,她都要追根到底。

你说我的老妈是不是太------她跟我们孩子们呀,很谈得来,只要不开心的事,NO PROBLEM!找她,保证让你开心起来。哈哈------而老爸就是家里的当权者,他包揽家中的大事。

他作出的决定,就像泼出去的水,一去无回头。虽说他是个大男人,却有着女人中极大的优点——对孩子细心。

他比妈妈更唠叨,比奶奶更啰嗦。总是在失望低落时收到他的关心;总是在胜利成功时接到他的祝贺;一年到头,唠唠叨叨,啰啰嗦嗦惦记着我们的平安,我们的学业,我们的生活------他还有一个特大的优点:风趣幽默。

时不时会蹦出个笑话来,惹得我们笑破肚皮。老爸是我们的大朋友,陪伴着我们学习、运动。

我跟弟弟总是在吵吵闹闹的气氛中度过,总是在吵到脸红耳赤的时候传来老妈那大嗓子,“你们幼不幼稚呀?”这时总会马上停止所有声音。其实有时吵吵闹闹何不曾是增进亲情的根源呢?打是情骂是爱,难道是真的?呵呵------ 每逢到了周末的晚上,厨房的灯永远亮着,闪着那持久的灯光,充满着无限的温馨与暇意。

父母们总会跟我们TALK个不停,总结错误,向前迈进。讲诉自己对各种事的心得与体会。

有时还会筹划下星期的大事;有时谁获得了荣誉,当权者就会颁发各种奖励进行鼓励;有时因爸爸他这个大孩子的一句话都笑上大半天。开完会之后,我们都有会RELAX,看一会电视娱乐娱乐----- 这就是我的家,家对于我来说是温馨的搭谆。

建立一个家不容易,创造一个家更不容易。我们要珍惜并爱护自己的家,并为这个家作出一份力量。

家是心灵的港湾,是饥饿的源泉,是肢体的依靠。要它永永远远拥有着爱的气息,停滞着爱的分流——这就是温馨的家,和睦的家,和谐的家。

三、主题:用心构建和谐社会和谐,人类共同追求的东西,充满着协调与完美。 “老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼。”

我们生活在一个需要爱心的世界里。花开,有绿叶扶持;月缺,有群星做伴;日出,有湖水梳妆。

天地万物都懂得关爱,更何况我们呢? 在新的时代背景下,构建和谐美好的社会,是人们的期盼和追求。和谐社会需要爱心,美好生活需要互助,良好人际需要理解。

人与人之间的和谐是构建和谐社会的基础,而和谐的人际关系最重要的是关爱,是一种发自内心的相互友爱,相互关心,相互帮助。爱是人类最朴素最珍贵的情感,是和谐社会必须具备的润滑剂。

因为爱心,流浪的人们才能重返家园;因为爱心,疲惫的灵魂才能活力如初。“赠人玫瑰,手有余香”。

对于我们,也许仅仅是少买一点零食,少买几件饰品,就可以让一个孩子享受到知识和爱的雨露。当我们寄去一份爱,看着自己的爱化为孩子脸上欣喜的笑容时;当我们的绵薄之力,却可以改变一个孩子乃至一个家庭的命运时,那是多么的快乐!爱心,就是一片照射在冬日的阳光,使贫病交迫的人分外感受到人间的温暖;爱心。

【习作例文】做自己的正版潭水是深沉的,河流是汹涌的,溪水说我不愿意重复它们。

我没有深沉,却有欢快;我没有汹涌,却有灵动:于是我有了与它们不同的自由欢唱的人生。幽兰在山谷,寻芳的人足迹难至。

有人说既然兰被称为“王者之秀”,兰又何必苦守着寂静山谷,她应该像牡丹一样跻身贵族的庭院,享受达官贵人的青睐。幽兰深知自己离不开自然,离不开山谷,那是她承接灵气的地方,那是她修养馨德的环境。

住进华府,她可能会养得肥美,还可能享受到热烈的追捧,但那只是暂时的荣光,她会因丢失自然之气而失去自己的性灵。于是她拒绝荣华,选择了坚守,做自己的正版。

司马迁,一个伟大的史学家,是他开创了纪传体的先河,让历史由“天”的意志史变成了“人”的历史。自从《春秋》始肇编年体例,又经由《左传》的发扬光大,我们的历史便选择了编年。

从此历史随着一串串年号、一件件纪事,滚滚而去。几百年间史家们沿用着这年代清晰的体例,把它奉为历史纪年的圭臬。

而司马迁看到了编年体的冰冷,他要关注那挣扎着的生灵,他要歌咏那些挣脱命运枷锁的生命。于是他不愿让他的《史记》成为编年体的翻版,他要为人纪传立言,他要还历史一个大写的“人”字,于是司马迁成了纪传第一人,他的纪传体也成了“历史的母本”。

再回到现实,当今是一个呼唤创新的时代,人的创造能力在今天得到了最大限度的发挥。一个个的创新成果像雨后春笋般涌现,装点着这热闹繁华的世界。

可也有一些人,安于模仿,懒于求新,亦步亦趋地做着翻版的“事业”。他们已习惯用自己的思维去编织别人现成的框架,让自己创新的潜力泯灭在翻版别人的忙碌中,耗费了自己宝贵的生命。

不要担心,自己是小鸟飞得不高;不要担心,自己是小草没有芬芳。只要做回你自己,小鸟可以拥有鸣翠柳的诗意,小草可以拥有绿遍大地的壮观。

而盲从只会让自己不伦不类,既不能走出一条属于自己的路,也丢失了做人的尊严。帕斯卡尔说:“人的全部尊严在于会思想。”

会思想,就是提醒我们不做盲从的应声虫;会思想,就是要求我们做能守正固本的山谷兰;会思想,就是告诉我们,每个人都有做自己正版的资本和力量,更要有做自己正版的自信和追求。 试题分析:这是一道新材料作文题,构思立意时应先读懂材料所蕴涵的意义。

很显然,材料的意思是每个人都要保持自己的特点,不要因为模仿别人而失去了自己。这里要注意,不要因为写保持自己而否认向别人学习;也不能因为强调向别人学习而不注意保持自己。

要掌握好这个“度”。要有辩证的分析。

阅读下面的材料,根据要求写一篇不少于800字文章。

据美国猎奇新闻网站报道,美国得克萨斯州24岁的小伙亚克斯·克雷格靠送“土豆包裹”成为月收入1万美元的企业家。亚历克欺的企业的经营模式非常简单,那就是通过土豆传达匿名信息。据悉,在克雷格卖出的土豆中,中号(可写100个字母)土豆8美元一个,大号(可写140个字母)土豆10美元一个。用户通过土豆传达的信息也各不相同,如“父亲节快乐!爱你的安东尼”“恭喜获得晋升,我们太为你骄傲了!”等等。克雷格也给了众多想创业的人一个建议,他说:“把失败和浪费时间带来的恐惧、忧虑利用起来,你就能有大有所为。”

对于以上事情,你怎么看?请给亚历克斯·克雷格写一封信,表明态度,阐述你的看法。

要求:结合材料内容及含义,选好角度,确定立意,完成写作任务。明确收信人,统一以“张强”为写信人。

材料概括指出了只注重外表、忘却了心灵修养的情况,要求以"心灵美容"为话题,联系自己或社会实际写篇文章。可根据这个要求,去记叙需要美容的心灵表现;也可记叙外表美容与心灵美容的区别;也可以从为心灵美容的具体过程、办法以及结果等方面着笔;也可以写成以议论为主的文章,分析心灵美容的原因,阐述为心灵美容的重要意义,进而指出该怎样为心灵美容;还可以由话题引出自己对心灵美容的感想或深层次的思考,并进一步揭示出心灵美容的紧迫性,以唤起人们对这个话题的广泛关注和思考,这是很重要的一点。题目思路很宽,或写自己所做所见所闻所思所感,或谈社会生活实际,采用多种表现手法,深入剖析现象,努力指出解决问题的办法。只要与"心灵美容"这个话题有联系,无论直接还是间接反映这个话题,都是题目所允许的。

金银首饰,胭脂口红,越来越走俏的化妆品充斥着每一个爱美的灵魂。那句曾熠熠生辉的名zi人不因为美丽而可爱,而因为可爱才美丽",也只被当作古董陈列在一个极不显眼的角落。我不敢说自己有一个多么高尚的灵魂,我也不会拿自己的尺子去丈量别人的生活方式,但是我不愿在极少数认识我的人中留下贾宝玉的剪影--"纵然生得好皮囊,腹腔内原来草莽。" 诱惑是一抹诱人的晚霞,我曾经也是它的俘虏。我追求 *** ,追求外形,追求浪漫,追求时髦。可是这都只带给了我昙花一现的 *** 、渺无边际的空虚。我就像一只没有脑袋的蚊子,四处乱撞,却又永远碰不到一块可供我休憩的泥土。我很累,很孤独,很茫然……日益下滑的成绩将警钟敲响,拿起闲置已久的书本,顺手翻到一页,上面赫然写着,一个真正美丽的人是不会孤独的,因为他可以和巴金、老舍、托尔斯泰、高尔基……畅谈人生、理臣和许多有意义的东西…… 我真有不美,无论外表还是灵魂。生锈的发条显出生存的麻木,心灵的冬天取代了四季。也许我该给自己加点油,给自己以春夏秋。我抛弃了自以为潇洒的放荡不羁,抛弃了洗面奶,抛弃了闲逛,抛弃了新装,迷上了《简爱》、《傲慢与偏见》、《妇女乐园》……在一个不为人知的角落,我为自己修建了一座"心灵美容所",它不豪华但很实用。自信一点地说,相对于以前那个落满败叶、布满污垢的心灵来说,我已经脱胎换骨了。 我很快活。面对中伤,萧伯纳告诉我:"他们骂了,骂些什么,让他们骂去!"面对失败,海明威说:"人生下来,不是为被打败的。"面对侮辱,黛妮丝要我用头发宣泄悲哀而把眼泪的闸门紧关。我的每一天都很充实,很晴朗。 对于无望的追求是否就是希望?明明难以企及偏又锲而不舍,这种追求尽管弃满悲剧意味,却是人类是最可宝贵的财富。追求自身的完美也是一样。指粉可以掩盖面庞的苍老,却阻止不了内心的老化。因此,我认为"将芳龄写在心上"才是捷径,才不会后悔。 "美的外表令人欣赏,美的内心令人赞赏。"

有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide scale. It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere). Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West Indies. The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home nations. Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official language. English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK population. However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous languages. In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish Gaelic. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic traditions. Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall respectively. Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign Language. The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the isles. The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th century. Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern Ireland. Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated elites. After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the isles. English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy today. Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and drama. From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the world. The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745). After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from Scotland. The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary production. In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord Byron. The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy. World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the trench. The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British literature. The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and Scots. The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant writers. It remains today the dominant English literary form. Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D. H. Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J. R. R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and . Rowling. Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T. S. Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan Thomas. Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in England. The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in Scotland. The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920. The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and Buddhism. While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American citizens. A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3]. The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their parents. [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative cuisine. The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg". Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner table. Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire Hotpot. On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war years. Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an end. With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th century. During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients (. pasta) increasingly being offered by the supermarkets. The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and Spain. Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian diets. As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British emerged. This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national cuisine. The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national consciousness. In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the world. Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5]. With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks positive. [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland. Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and sixteen. Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of education. Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying schools. Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better known. Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school uniforms. This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational establishments. Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious beliefs. [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World War. Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools). Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive schools. Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education Authorities. Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic universities. These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British universities. Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in Scotland. Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class). [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the world. The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier League. The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in 1872. The match ended goalless. Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities. A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and curling. National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national costume. Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o'shanter. In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national costumes. Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English costume. Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family name. This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much later. Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an ancestor. Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became commonplace. Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural base. 英国式足球(Wall game)的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in England. The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or football. Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface underneath. The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter). The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the wall. Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the wall. A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the wall. The winner is the last person left tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight meters. Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is hit. The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit it. Failure to do so results in them being out. Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the ball. If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are out. The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits them. If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start again. Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would suggest. The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the wall. Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the wall. This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main game. 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the ball. '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the roof.

字号:大中小 题目:青少年足球运动员选材 一:选题的目的及意义: 随着国际竞争的日益加剧,综合国力的强与弱就左右着国家在世界范围内的话语权和国际地位。综合国力除了经济,基础产业,资源,文化之外,也包括文娱以及体育的建设。作为体育的主要竞技项目之一的足球,自当成为了衡量国家体育发展水平的重要依据。这其中,足球运动员的青少年培养更是重中之重。 在邓小平发表关于“足球从娃娃抓起”的讲话之后,中国的青少年足球运动员选材才正式的起步,但长期以来,世界上先进的足球强国,在上世纪初就十分重视青少年的科学选材和系统的训练了,尽早发现有潜质的好运动员,经过数年的专业训练,为成为高水平的运动员打下坚实的基础。而具有优越天赋条件的运动员只有靠优秀的教练员在早期的选材中去发现和挖掘的,因此我认为“选好有天赋的好苗子,就意味着一名球星的诞生” 本论文就是希望通过对国内,外青少年足球运动员的培养及选拔状况进行简单的分析和对比,力争从中找到更适合中国足球环境,更适合中国青少年的一套选材方案。同时本论文还可以在研究中进一步发现中,外足球在青少年运动员的选拔以及培养方面的差距,从而对现今的国内选材机制做比较客观的分析。 二:国内外青少年足球运动员的现状 1 我国青少年运动员的现状 。 我国在世界强队发展已过百年的历史现状的情况下,中国足球才在1994年实行职业化,这样,在起步就已经比国外晚了近百年,当然从各个环节都比较落后,然而这就更需要我们对青少年的选材进行更为深入细致的研究,并且找出一套符合国情的青少年选材,训练,管理的一整套系统的方法我国从八十年代就开始进行科学选材的研究,并集合国内数名体育科学的专家制定了一整套的足球运动员身体形态,心理素质,身体机能,心理等方面的选材评定标准。之后,随着职业化的产生,足球在人们心中的地位逐渐增高,国家对足球项目的重视,国内的一些好的青少年运动员也被派往国外进行训练,可以看出青少年足球的早期科学选材和训练已倍受重视,其研究工作也更加深入更加实际,更加专业化。 2 国外青少年足球运动员的现状 。 国际上的足球发达国家往往都有着一百多年的成熟职业化系统不仅指联赛,也包括足球的培养工作。首先是政府的投入,在西方甚至日,韩等国,国家对青少年足球的投入毫不逊与本国的职业球员,这就充分保证了青少年足球训练,比赛,生活等方面有良好的硬件和软件设施,其次是系统的比赛竞争体制。在足球发达国家,职业比赛的成熟及完善不仅体现在国家成人的顶级联赛上,预备队,青年队的联赛系统也相当科学和完善,任何有天赋,有能力的青少年足球运动员都可能得到展示自己才能的机会,足球运动员培养的大体制和竞争密切相关。国家队的建设上考虑常备军的设置U---13. U---15 U---17等常备军根据不同的年龄可以接受不同的系统训练,从而达到了源源不断的为国家输送人才。 3 中外足球运动员的选材差距。 青少年足球运动员选材的问题,在足球发达国家往往注重球员的技术,意识培养,但更为重要的是一名球员的潜力和上升的空间,而身体则不是重要的标准。在中国教练狠抓训练同时,国外则把眼光放在了青少年运动员思想及头脑的培养上面,他们认为,不压抑球员的个性,最大限制的释放球员的激情,激活他们的头脑才是最重要的。 三:研究的主要内容: 青少年足球运动员中选材,我们的目的非常明确,就是选出有培养前途,经过专业,系统训练后能达到预期结果的好运动员。 1:是选择他们对足球的兴趣,对足球运动的认识程度,有强烈的集体荣誉感,责任心,训练中的吃苦耐劳,自觉的遵守纪律,服从团对的需要,听从教练的安排,比赛中长时间的高度注意力,进取心等等。 2:是竞技能力,主要是指运动员的技术能力,战术,身体素质,智力心理等综合体现,也是青少年足球运动员不可缺少的重要因素,单从身体素质可以从,速度,力量,爆发力,耐力,敏感程度,柔韧等方面开始研究。 3:意识的培养:在少儿足球训练中为什么要加强意识培养这个问题,首先我们应当知道什么意识。根据心理学的基本观点,人的意识是“客观现实在人脑中的反映,是心理活动的高级形式,是自觉的心理活动。”那么我们足球训练中的意识即可理解为:“根据足球比赛的需要而采取的各种技术、战术手段在运动员头脑中的反映,是运动员在进行技术、战术活动时自觉的心理活动。”因此,可以说意识是一个运动员的灵魂。意识的强弱是衡量一个运动员、一个运动队水平高低的重要标志。则队员在赛场上的意识表现有:(1)、接球的意识; (2)、传球的意识; (3)、带球的意识; (4)、整体进攻配合的意识; (5)、防守的意识。 4:则是遗传因素,选每一个好的运动员,首先是他遗传了其父母的或多或少的运动基因,特别是在身高,身形,体质,性格,气质上都有直接或间接的影响。则专家认为“在运动能力的遗传中,具有卓越运动才能的亲代,其子代有50%的人具有优秀的运动才能,并且很有可能超越亲代个体。运动能力的遗传在亲代之间是连续的”因此遗传因素对青少年运动员成材的影响是很大的。 主要参考文献 [1] 邓达之 《足球训练》 [ M ] 武汉体育学院 [2] 曲锦域 《实用运动医学》 [ M ] 人们教育出版社 [3] 徐本力 《科学在训练》 [ J ] 上海体育科学学会 [4] 王永胜 《现代运动训练》 [ M ] 北京体育大学 [5] 茅鹏 《运动训练新思路》 [ M ] 人们教育出版社

“体育教育专业足球普修课教学内容体系的研究”开题报告 由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚,应包含两个部分:总述、提纲。 1 总述 开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题,并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。 2 提纲 开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的,是一个研究构想的基本框架。可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。在开题阶段,提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架,没有必要像论文目录那样详细。 3 参考文献 开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录 4 要求 开题报告应有封面页,总页数应不少于4页。版面格式应符合以下规定。 开题报告 学生: 一、 选题意义 1、 理论意义 2、 现实意义 二、 论文综述 1、 理论的渊源及演进过程 2、 国外有关研究的综述 3、 国内研究的综述 4、 本人对以上综述的评价 三、 论文提纲 前言、 一、 1、 2、 3、 �6�1�6�1�6�1 �6�1�6�1�6�1 二、 1、 2、 3、 �6�1�6�1�6�1 �6�1�6�1�6�1 三、 1、 2、 3、 结论 四、论文写作进度安排 毕业论文开题报告提纲 一、开题报告封面:论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师 二、目的意义和国内外研究概况 三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容 四、研究条件和可能存在的问题 五、预期的结果 六、进度安排

小学足球论文的参考文献

字号:大中小 题目:青少年足球运动员选材 一:选题的目的及意义: 随着国际竞争的日益加剧,综合国力的强与弱就左右着国家在世界范围内的话语权和国际地位。综合国力除了经济,基础产业,资源,文化之外,也包括文娱以及体育的建设。作为体育的主要竞技项目之一的足球,自当成为了衡量国家体育发展水平的重要依据。这其中,足球运动员的青少年培养更是重中之重。 在邓小平发表关于“足球从娃娃抓起”的讲话之后,中国的青少年足球运动员选材才正式的起步,但长期以来,世界上先进的足球强国,在上世纪初就十分重视青少年的科学选材和系统的训练了,尽早发现有潜质的好运动员,经过数年的专业训练,为成为高水平的运动员打下坚实的基础。而具有优越天赋条件的运动员只有靠优秀的教练员在早期的选材中去发现和挖掘的,因此我认为“选好有天赋的好苗子,就意味着一名球星的诞生” 本论文就是希望通过对国内,外青少年足球运动员的培养及选拔状况进行简单的分析和对比,力争从中找到更适合中国足球环境,更适合中国青少年的一套选材方案。同时本论文还可以在研究中进一步发现中,外足球在青少年运动员的选拔以及培养方面的差距,从而对现今的国内选材机制做比较客观的分析。 二:国内外青少年足球运动员的现状 1 我国青少年运动员的现状 。 我国在世界强队发展已过百年的历史现状的情况下,中国足球才在1994年实行职业化,这样,在起步就已经比国外晚了近百年,当然从各个环节都比较落后,然而这就更需要我们对青少年的选材进行更为深入细致的研究,并且找出一套符合国情的青少年选材,训练,管理的一整套系统的方法我国从八十年代就开始进行科学选材的研究,并集合国内数名体育科学的专家制定了一整套的足球运动员身体形态,心理素质,身体机能,心理等方面的选材评定标准。之后,随着职业化的产生,足球在人们心中的地位逐渐增高,国家对足球项目的重视,国内的一些好的青少年运动员也被派往国外进行训练,可以看出青少年足球的早期科学选材和训练已倍受重视,其研究工作也更加深入更加实际,更加专业化。 2 国外青少年足球运动员的现状 。 国际上的足球发达国家往往都有着一百多年的成熟职业化系统不仅指联赛,也包括足球的培养工作。首先是政府的投入,在西方甚至日,韩等国,国家对青少年足球的投入毫不逊与本国的职业球员,这就充分保证了青少年足球训练,比赛,生活等方面有良好的硬件和软件设施,其次是系统的比赛竞争体制。在足球发达国家,职业比赛的成熟及完善不仅体现在国家成人的顶级联赛上,预备队,青年队的联赛系统也相当科学和完善,任何有天赋,有能力的青少年足球运动员都可能得到展示自己才能的机会,足球运动员培养的大体制和竞争密切相关。国家队的建设上考虑常备军的设置U---13. U---15 U---17等常备军根据不同的年龄可以接受不同的系统训练,从而达到了源源不断的为国家输送人才。 3 中外足球运动员的选材差距。 青少年足球运动员选材的问题,在足球发达国家往往注重球员的技术,意识培养,但更为重要的是一名球员的潜力和上升的空间,而身体则不是重要的标准。在中国教练狠抓训练同时,国外则把眼光放在了青少年运动员思想及头脑的培养上面,他们认为,不压抑球员的个性,最大限制的释放球员的激情,激活他们的头脑才是最重要的。 三:研究的主要内容: 青少年足球运动员中选材,我们的目的非常明确,就是选出有培养前途,经过专业,系统训练后能达到预期结果的好运动员。 1:是选择他们对足球的兴趣,对足球运动的认识程度,有强烈的集体荣誉感,责任心,训练中的吃苦耐劳,自觉的遵守纪律,服从团对的需要,听从教练的安排,比赛中长时间的高度注意力,进取心等等。 2:是竞技能力,主要是指运动员的技术能力,战术,身体素质,智力心理等综合体现,也是青少年足球运动员不可缺少的重要因素,单从身体素质可以从,速度,力量,爆发力,耐力,敏感程度,柔韧等方面开始研究。 3:意识的培养:在少儿足球训练中为什么要加强意识培养这个问题,首先我们应当知道什么意识。根据心理学的基本观点,人的意识是“客观现实在人脑中的反映,是心理活动的高级形式,是自觉的心理活动。”那么我们足球训练中的意识即可理解为:“根据足球比赛的需要而采取的各种技术、战术手段在运动员头脑中的反映,是运动员在进行技术、战术活动时自觉的心理活动。”因此,可以说意识是一个运动员的灵魂。意识的强弱是衡量一个运动员、一个运动队水平高低的重要标志。则队员在赛场上的意识表现有:(1)、接球的意识; (2)、传球的意识; (3)、带球的意识; (4)、整体进攻配合的意识; (5)、防守的意识。 4:则是遗传因素,选每一个好的运动员,首先是他遗传了其父母的或多或少的运动基因,特别是在身高,身形,体质,性格,气质上都有直接或间接的影响。则专家认为“在运动能力的遗传中,具有卓越运动才能的亲代,其子代有50%的人具有优秀的运动才能,并且很有可能超越亲代个体。运动能力的遗传在亲代之间是连续的”因此遗传因素对青少年运动员成材的影响是很大的。 主要参考文献 [1] 邓达之 《足球训练》 [ M ] 武汉体育学院 [2] 曲锦域 《实用运动医学》 [ M ] 人们教育出版社 [3] 徐本力 《科学在训练》 [ J ] 上海体育科学学会 [4] 王永胜 《现代运动训练》 [ M ] 北京体育大学 [5] 茅鹏 《运动训练新思路》 [ M ] 人们教育出版社

论文?可以到江城足球网 看看 里面原创版块里很多原创的文章

体育专业论文参考文献

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百度知道十分钟内有问必答立即下载介绍一下关于足球的一些普通常识~我有更好答案如最佳答案内容有误,请提交正确答案...提交邀请更新 最佳答案什么是足球足球是足球运动或足球比赛的简称。当然它也指足球比赛中的用球。足球运动是一项古老的体育活动,源远流长。最早起源于中国古代的一种球类游戏“蹴鞠”,后来经过阿拉伯人传到欧洲,发展成现代足球。不少国家将足球定为“国球”。足球运动是以脚支配球为主,但也可以使用头、胸部等部位触球。两个队在同一场地内进行攻守的体育运动项目。一场精彩的足球比赛,吸引着成千上万的观众,它已成为电视节目中的重要内容,有关足球消息的报道,占据着世界上各种报刊的篇幅,当今足球运动已成为人们生活中不可缺少的组成部分。据不完全统计,现在世界上经常参加比赛的球队约80万支,登记注册的运动员约4000万人,其中职业运动员约10万人。足球运动对抗性强,运动员在比赛中采用规则所允许的各种动作包括奔跑、急停、转身、倒地、跳跃、冲撞等,同对手进行激烈的争夺。比赛时间长、观众多、竞赛场地大,是其他任何运动项目无法企及的。传统足球是20块6边形和12块5边形一共32块皮组成 。足球比赛分为11人制、7人制和5人制。年龄段有u15,u17,u19 国奥组和成年组及青年组等。足球起源现代足球是英国人一百多年前发明的,最早的足球是谁发明的?很多人都认为是中国的蹴鞠.但蹴鞠却不是最早的,出土于美国西南部的一种石球有6000年历史。它与如今土著美洲人玩的两种游戏很相似:一种是用脚弓将球挑起,然后看谁扔的远;另一种是用脚弓将球踢远,然后追球跑,最远的距离可达30公里。

足球英文论文参考文献

在现实生活或工作学习中,大家总少不了接触作文吧,作文根据体裁的不同可以分为记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文。一篇什么样的作文才能称之为优秀作文呢?下面是我为大家整理的'关于英语作文:足球,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

Football is the world’s most popylar sport. We play football at the playground. We also have fun when we play football. We also call it soccer.

Our students must do exercises everyday to stay healthy, and I’ve found that play football is a very good way to stay healthy. Football players must be rugged. It’s one of the most popular sports all over the world. We can run on the ground for a long time and we also can prove our friendship with the members of our team.

More and more people like watching football matches. They can’t sleep or eat when their teams are playing. They shout for their players. I think many Chinese football players have done better match after match. But we will have a long way to go to Asia and to the world. We should learn from foreign teams. Foreign players and coaches must be invited. Dalian Wanda, Shanghai Shenhua and Guangdong Apollo are among the best teams.

I love playing football, because I can play football to stay healthy, football is a good sport.

足球是连接世界各地的人们的纽带。

它已成为人们生活的一部分。每一天,世界各地都有足球比赛。

拿起报纸,你可以看到足球比赛的结果。我们喜欢踢足球,在工作结束后看足球比赛。在足球世界杯比赛时,数以百万计的人们在电视上观看比赛。

当他们喜爱的球队获胜,他们将给予他们三次欢呼。当他们失败时,他们感到难过。我们都希望我们的国家队将是世界上最强的一个球队。

有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide scale. It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere). Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West Indies. The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home nations. Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official language. English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK population. However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous languages. In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish Gaelic. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic traditions. Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall respectively. Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign Language. The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the isles. The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th century. Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern Ireland. Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated elites. After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the isles. English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy today. Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and drama. From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the world. The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745). After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from Scotland. The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary production. In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord Byron. The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy. World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the trench. The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British literature. The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and Scots. The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant writers. It remains today the dominant English literary form. Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D. H. Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J. R. R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and . Rowling. Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T. S. Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan Thomas. Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in England. The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in Scotland. The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920. The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and Buddhism. While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American citizens. A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3]. The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their parents. [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative cuisine. The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg". Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner table. Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire Hotpot. On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war years. Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an end. With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th century. During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients (. pasta) increasingly being offered by the supermarkets. The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and Spain. Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian diets. As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British emerged. This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national cuisine. The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national consciousness. In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the world. Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5]. With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks positive. [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland. Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and sixteen. Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of education. Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying schools. Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better known. Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school uniforms. This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational establishments. Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious beliefs. [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World War. Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools). Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive schools. Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education Authorities. Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic universities. These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British universities. Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in Scotland. Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class). [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the world. The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier League. The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in 1872. The match ended goalless. Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities. A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and curling. National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national costume. Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o'shanter. In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national costumes. Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English costume. Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family name. This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much later. Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an ancestor. Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became commonplace. Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural base. 英国式足球(Wall game)的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in England. The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or football. Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface underneath. The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter). The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the wall. Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the wall. A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the wall. The winner is the last person left tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight meters. Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is hit. The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit it. Failure to do so results in them being out. Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the ball. If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are out. The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits them. If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start again. Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would suggest. The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the wall. Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the wall. This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main game. 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the ball. '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the roof.

足球运动是一项古老的体育活动,源远流长。据说,希腊人和罗马人在中世纪以前就已经从事一种足球游戏了。他们在一个长方形场地上,将球放在中间的白线上,用脚把球踢滚到对方场地上,当时称这种游戏为“哈巴斯托姆”。 到19世纪初叶,足球运动在当时欧洲及拉美一些国家特别是在资本主义的英国已经相当盛行。直到1848年,足球运动的第一个文字形式的规则《剑桥规则》诞生了。 然而众多的资料表明,中国古代足球的出现比欧洲更早,历史更为悠久。我国古代足球称为“蹴鞠”或“蹋鞠”,“蹴”和“蹋”都是踢的意思,“鞠”是球名。“蹴鞠”一词最早记载在《史记·苏秦列传》里,汉代刘向《别录》和唐人颜师曾为《汉书.枚乘传》均有记载。到了唐宋时期,“蹴鞠”活动已十分盛行,成为宫廷之中的高雅活动。 1958年7月,国际足联现任主席阿维兰热博士来中国时曾表示:足球起源于中国。当然,由于封建社会的局限,中国古代的蹴鞠活动最终没有发展成为以“公平竞争”为原则的现代足球运动。这个质的飞跃是在资本主义的英国完成的。 现代足球运动的诞生 从17世纪中后期开始,足球运动逐步从欧美传入世界各国,尤其是在一些文化发达的国家更为盛行。越来越多的人走向球场,投身到这一富有刺激性和畅快感的运动中去,以至于一度将足球运动开展得好坏作为衡量一个国家文化发达与否的标志。在这种情况下,英国人率先为足球运动的发展作出了重要贡献。 1863年10月26日,英国人在伦敦皇后大街弗里马森旅馆成立了世界第一个足球协会——英格兰足球协会。会上除了宣布英格兰足协正式成立之外,制定和通过了世界第一部较为统一的足球竞赛规则,并以文字形式记载下来。英格兰足球协会的诞生,标志着足球运动的发展进入了一个崭新的阶段因而,人们公认1863 年10月26日,即英格兰足球协会成立之日为现代足球的诞生日。 第一届FIFA世界杯,足球传奇的开始 尽管国际足联在1904年便宣告正式成立,但在此后的20年间还没有进行过任何一项国际性的足球比赛 。 1924年在巴黎举行的奥林匹克运动会上,足球终于成为正式比赛项目。这是一次空前的足球盛会,来自各大洲的球队齐聚巴黎,争夺代表最高荣誉的金牌。比赛无疑是成功的,超过50,000名热情的观众观看了最后的决赛,乌拉圭击败瑞士队获得了冠军。但是到了1928年,许多国家都拒绝参加在阿姆斯特丹举行的奥运会。很显然,随着职业足球的不断发展,现在是时候成立一项独立的国际足球赛事了。 1928年5月26日,国际足联代表大会在阿姆斯特丹召开。会上经过投票通过了于1930年举办一项新赛事的决议,该赛事将对国际足联下属的所有成员国开放。1929年5月18日,在巴塞罗那召开的会议上,乌拉圭被投票选举为首届FIFA世界杯赛的主办国。

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