与蚯蚓小怪有关论文参考文献

Living habits, earthworms1, temperature 15 ℃ -25 ℃ joy: for optimum temperature, in order to create the best temperature, winter plastic greenhouse or buckle cover plastic cloth, straw summer cover, multi sprinkler cooling, 0 ℃ -5 ℃ frozen hibernation, below 0 ℃, 40 ℃ death, 32 ℃ stop growing, in October 25th Beijing area buckle canopy, cover plastic sheeting, in April 10th second off, so the growth of earthworm to December 20th, to second years in February 10th, basically dormant, from February, to prevent the temperature is too high, the fugitive, pay attention to timely opened after 10 days, gradually transferred to the optimum temperature, then pay attention to high temperature day plastic cloth. This is the most hard, during the day and the plastic cloth around opened, sooner or later to cover, and timely watering moisturizing, so from March to June 10th is the growth of earthworm spring spawning peak, high temperature, cooling, water once the best day cast, in August 206 months 10 days to August 20th is the summer day to gradually enter dormancy. At the end of 9, is second times the peak , like wet, dry: fear of earthworm body water content of about 80%, feed moisture content 60%-80% (request to use hand, fingers dripping shall prevail), so the cultivation bed moisture content is above 60%, so every day or every 1-2 days, must once poured water, the water not too big, but needs to be watered penetration and lower material receiving, watering time for winter noon pouring, pouring in spring and autumn and summer evening, Bai , like the dark, afraid of light: earthworm nocturnal foraging in the moonlight, visible activity, breeding bed to cover the straw, moist, , like air, quiet, loose bait earthworm growth advantage, our many years of experience is feeding before the bed over supported again (about 20 cm thick) to increase ventilation. This is important, for many years, we find that the bed soil layer, earthworms are few in number, but the food or some, mainly is the lack of air, so the earthworm , breeding method1, breeding varieties: pure love wins, earthworm, introduce from Japan "flat two" feature is the high rate of reproduction, years growth 200 times above, settled well, heat-resistant and cold resistant, suitable for all the year round production, earthworm, earthworm manure high , breeding methods: field built ten years, we always adhere to the outdoor composting culture, I think, this method is low cost, is the best method for large-scale production of the product, without any investment in equipment, use of all free, as long as not fermented cow dung, horse manure, pig manure into high 15-20 cm, width meters, unlimited length, into the earthworm species, cover the straw, shading can be moisturizing, breeding. We started from a few square meters, up to now, more than 200 acres propagation it, the advantages of convenient operation, saves the composting fermentation a series of work, feed nutrient conservation without loss, improves earthworm growth speed, easy popularization and application in the countryside. This method also has its disadvantages: once the food heating, earthworm not dead body, even in summer rain and rainstorm, impermeable bed, a flight. Avoid methods is to let each raised beds have new bait. Bait in heap block, creating good conditions for earthworms from bottom to top. The key of this method is to make the bait to maintain moisture in the 60-70%, not too dry or too wet, or food will heat , reproduction and growth1, cocoon production: Ohira Ni, earthworm each with an annual output of cocoons in between 56-58, which accounted for 40% of the 25% spring, summer, autumn 27%, winter 8%.2, the hatching rate: a cocoon average hatched young earthworm 5-8, up to a maximum of 12, but a fully developed young earthworm generally only 3-4. Different temperature incubation time, incubation and humidity% 07090The hatching rate (%) incubation period (40252016 days)Young earthworm growth (90685540 days)A culture (day) 1209070553, growth period: the period of young earthworm weight increased slowly, into the Yu period, growth is slow, only in the before and after sexual maturity within one month, the fastest growth. At this time is to obtain high yield. In addition, the earthworm growth speed and feed are closely related. Although the food the same, because of the crushing fineness different growth speed, hatchling can be a difference of times, so to keep the bait broken fine state, avoid bait size clumps (such as mass, can water the wet mash), ensure rapid , the breeding density: the number of species of earthworms, should be in control of every square metre 10000, producing 3 kilograms per square meter of earthworm group ( million), pre hatchling 30000 / square meters, dropped to : 5, every square metre is 10 kg / year, generally in the 6-8 kg, (for the annual production of only 8-10 months) feed consumed per 25-30 kg, can produce 1 kg of fresh earthworm, and can obtain 70% vermicompost, our many years of experience is the 5 cow dung produced a tons of earthworm manure, fresh fig 50 kgFour, feeding and managementFeeding 1, bait: timely feed earthworms enough food, is an important measure to ensure the rapid growth of earthworm. The bait heap block cast method, the thickness of 10 cm, not to bed covered, not smooth, in order to separate the , earthworm breeding temperature: the optimum temperature at 15-25 ℃. The winter with thick breeding bed to 40-50 cm, feed on rice straw cover, coupled with the plastic cloth, heat insulation, moisture, and strive to watered once a day for cooling in summer. Installment feeding: can be divided into seed group, the breeding herd, production group, thin feeding ground turn, monthly feed 2 times, first turn the bed before each feeding material, thickness of 10 cm, always keep the food fresh air, harvesting time: Summer monthly harvest time, spring, autumn harvest every months after harvest, timely feeding. Alternation: kind of earthworm to be updated once a year, raised beds for once a year, in order to protect the earthworm group is exuberant, prevent earthworms because of natural development and cause population decline3, the bait: is the best cow, pig, horse manure, sheep, rabbit manure, pig, sheep, rabbit manure and straw, rice best way to harvest five, earthworm is natural light collection method. Discovery of earthworms in raised beds, density reached 2-3 million / square metres, 80% body reaches more than grams, is the best harvest time. At harvest, extracting 24 hours prior to irrigate enough water, not too dry or too wet, and then raised beds above 10 cm bait 70% concentrated in the cement floor or plastic cloth, be afraid of light utilization characteristics of earthworm, layer by layer opens, the bait and net, finally, the earthworm concentrated at the bottom, to collect objective.一、 蚯蚓的生活习性 1、 喜温：15℃-25℃为最佳温度，为了创造最佳温度，冬季扣塑料大棚或盖塑料布， 夏季盖稻草，多洒水降温，0℃-5℃冬眠，0℃以下冻死，40℃以上死亡，32℃以上停止生长，北京地区10月25日扣棚，盖塑料布，第二年4月10日揭掉，这样蚯蚓生长到12月20日，以后至第二年2月10日，基本上处于休眠，从2月气，防止因温度过高，蚯蚓逃亡，注意及时揭开10日以后，逐渐转入最佳温度，这时要特别注意高温天塑料布。这时最辛苦，白天把塑料布四周揭开，早晚及时盖好，并要及时浇水保湿，这样从3月到6月10日是蚯蚓生长的春季产卵高峰期，高温期，要防暑降温，最好每天浇一次水，8月206月10日至8月20日是夏季日以后至逐渐进入休眠。9月末，是蚯蚓第二次产卵高峰期。 2、喜湿、怕干：蚯蚓体内含水量80%左右，要求饵料含水量60%-80%（以用手握料， 指缝滴水为准），所以要求养殖床含水量在60%以上，这样每天或隔1-2天，必须浇一次水，水不要太大，但要浇透和下层料接上，浇水时间为冬季中午浇，夏季晚上浇，春秋季节可白天浇。 3、喜暗、怕光：蚯蚓昼伏夜出，在月光下可见活动觅食，养殖床要盖稻草，保持湿润、 遮光。 4、喜空气、喜静，疏松饵料有利蚯蚓生长，我们多年经验是投料前将床翻支一遍（大 约20公分厚）增加透气。这一点很重要，多年来，我们发现床土底层，蚯蚓数量很少，但饵料还是有的，主要就是缺少空气，这样对蚯蚓生长不利。 二、 养殖方法 1、养殖品种： 赤子爱胜蚓，从日本引入的"大平二号"特点是繁殖率高，年增殖200倍以上，定居性好，耐热抗寒，适于一年四季生产，蚓体、蚓粪产量高。 2、 养殖方式： 建场十年，我们一直坚持露天堆肥养殖，我认为，此法低成本，是大规模 生产蚯蚓产品的最佳方法，不须任何投资设备，利用一切空闲地，只要把未经发酵的牛粪、马粪、猪粪做成高15-20厘米，宽米，长度不限，放入蚓种，盖好稻草，遮光保湿，就可养殖。我们从几平方米开始饲养，一直到现在，二百多亩地扩繁都用此法，其优点是操作方便，省去了堆制发酵一系列工作，饵料保持养分不受损失，提高了蚯蚓生长速度，易于在农村推广应用。此法也有其缺点：一旦饵料发热，蚯蚓死不见尸，夏季连雨天及暴雨过后，床内不透气，有外逃现象。避免方法是让每个养殖床都有新饵料。饵料搞堆块状，为蚯蚓创造良好自下而上条件。此种方法的关键是要使饵料保持含水量在60-70%，不可过干过湿，否则饵料就会发热造成死亡。三、 繁殖和生长 1、 产茧量：大平二号蚯蚓每条年产茧在56-58个之间，其中春季占40%，夏季25%，秋季 27%，冬季8%。 2、 孵化率：一个蚓茧平均孵出幼蚓5-8条，最多12条，但是发育完全的幼蚓一般只有3-4条。不同温度孵化所需时间，孵化率不同。 温度 湿度％ 15 20 25 30 30 50 70 90 孵化率（％） 80 57 89 38 孵化期（天） 40 25 20 16 幼蚓生长（天） 90 68 55 40 成蚓（天） 120 90 70 55 3、 生长期：期幼蚓体重增加缓慢，进入毓期后，增长也缓慢，只有在性成熟期前后一个 月内，蚯蚓生长最快。此时采取可获取高产。 另外，蚯蚓生长速度与饵料状态有密切关系。尽管饵料相同，由于其碎细度不同，幼蚓的生长速度可相差倍，所以要保持饵料碎细状态，避免饵料有大小团块（如出现团块，可用水浇湿捣碎），保证蚯蚓快速生长。 4、养殖密度：种蚯蚓数量，应控制在每平方米1万条以内，生产蚓群每平方米3公斤（万条），前期幼蚓3万条/平方米，后期下降到2万条。 5、产量：每平方米产量可达10公斤/年，一般在6-8公斤，（因北方每年生产期只有8-10个月）饵料每消耗25-30公斤，可产1公斤鲜蚓，并可获得70%蚓粪，我们多年经验是5方牛粪产一吨蚓粪，鲜蚓50公斤 四、饲养管理 1、 饵料的投喂：及时喂给蚯蚓充足的饵料，是保证蚯蚓快速生长的重要措施。将饵料采用 堆块上投法，厚度为10厘米，不要将床面盖满，不求平整，以便分离蚯蚓。 2、 蚯蚓养殖温度：最佳温度在15-25℃。冬季采用加厚养殖床到40-50厘米，饵料上盖稻 草，再加塑料布，保温、保湿，夏季力争每天浇一次水降温。分期饲养：可分成种子群、繁殖群、生产群，薄饲勤翻，每月给料2次，上料前先翻床，每次给料厚度为10厘米，始终保持饵料新鲜透气，适时采收：夏季每月采收一次，春、秋季节每月采收一次，采收后及时补料。 轮换更新：种蚓要每年更新一次，养殖床每年换一次，以保蚓群的旺盛，防止蚯蚓因自然发展而造成种群衰退 3、 饵料：最好是牛粪、猪粪、马粪、羊粪、兔粪，猪、羊、兔粪加秸杆、稻草。 五、 蚯蚓的采收 最佳方法是自然光照采集法。在养殖床发现蚯蚓，密度达到2-3万条/平方米，80%个 体达到克以上，是最佳采收时间。采收时，提取前24小时前浇足水，不可过干过湿，然后将养殖床上面10厘米饵料的70%集中在水泥地面或塑料布上，利用蚯蚓怕光的特点，逐层扒开，将饵料扒净，最后，使蚯蚓集中在底层，达到收集目的。 在