关于欧拉的数学论文的参考文献

1736年，瑞士的欧拉出版《力学、或解析地叙述运动的理论》，这是用分析方法发展牛顿的质点动力学的第一本著作。1744年，瑞士的欧拉导出了变分法的欧拉方程，发现某些极小曲面。1748年，瑞士的欧拉出版了系统研究分析数学的《无穷分析概要》，这是欧拉的主要著作之一。1755～1774年，瑞士的欧拉出版了《微分学》和《积分学》三卷。书中包括微分方程论和一些特殊的函数。

中英文对照太难了英文的维基百科Leonhard Euler Leonhard Euler (pronounced Oiler; IPA [ˈɔʏlɐ]) (April 15, 1707 – September 18 [. September 7] 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He published more papers than any other mathematician in history.[1]Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and topology. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function.[2] He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, optics, and is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific; his collected works fill 60–80 quarto volumes.[3] A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is a master for us all".[4]Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc banknote[5] and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also commemorated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May [hide]1 Biography Childhood St. Petersburg Berlin Eyesight deterioration Last stage of life 2 Contributions to mathematics Mathematical notation Analysis Number theory Graph theory Applied mathematics Physics and astronomy Logic 3 Philosophy and religious beliefs 4 Selected bibliography 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links [edit] Biography[edit] Childhood Swiss 10 Franc banknote honoring Euler, the most successful Swiss mathematician in was born in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church, and Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters named Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Paul Euler was a family friend of the Bernoullis, and Johann Bernoulli, who was then regarded as Europe's foremost mathematician, would eventually be an important influence on the young Leonhard. His early formal education started in Basel, where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother. At the age of thirteen he matriculated at the University of Basel, and in 1723, received a masters of philosophy degree with a dissertation that compared the philosophies of Descartes and Newton. At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's incredible talent for mathematics.[6]Euler was at this point studying theology, Greek, and Hebrew at his father's urging, in order to become a pastor. Johann Bernoulli intervened, and convinced Paul Euler that Leonhard was destined to become a great mathematician. In 1726, Euler completed his . dissertation on the propagation of sound with the title De Sono[7] and in 1727, he entered the Paris Academy Prize Problem competition, where the problem that year was to find the best way to place the masts on a ship. He won second place, losing only to Pierre Bouguer—a man now known as "the father of naval architecture". Euler, however, would eventually win the coveted annual prize twelve times in his career.[8][edit] St. PetersburgAround this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolas, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. In July 1726, Nicolas died of appendicitis after spending a year in Russia, and when Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to St Petersburg. In the interim he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.[9]1957 stamp of the former Soviet Union commemorating the 250th birthday of Euler. The text says: 250 years from the birth of the great mathematician and academician, Leonhard arrived in the Russian capital on May 17, 1727. He was promoted from his junior post in the medical department of the academy to a position in the mathematics department. He lodged with Daniel Bernoulli with whom he often worked in close collaboration. Euler mastered Russian and settled into life in St Petersburg. He also took on an additional job as a medic in the Russian Navy.[10]The Academy at St. Petersburg, established by Peter the Great, was intended to improve education in Russia and to close the scientific gap with Western Europe. As a result, it was made especially attractive to foreign scholars like Euler: the academy possessed ample financial resources and a comprehensive library drawn from the private libraries of Peter himself and of the nobility. Very few students were enrolled in the academy so as to lessen the faculty's teaching burden, and the academy emphasized research and offered to its faculty both the time and the freedom to pursue scientific questions.[8]However, the Academy's benefactress, Catherine I, who had attempted to continue the progressive policies of her late husband, died the day of Euler's arrival. The Russian nobility then gained power upon the ascension of the twelve-year-old Peter II. The nobility were suspicious of the academy's foreign scientists, and thus cut funding and caused numerous other difficulties for Euler and his improved slightly upon the death of Peter II, and Euler swiftly rose through the ranks in the academy and was made professor of physics in 1731. Two years later, Daniel Bernoulli, who was fed up with the censorship and hostility he faced at St. Petersburg, left for Basel. Euler succeeded him as the head of the mathematics department.[11]On January 7, 1734, he married Katharina Gsell, daughter of a painter from the Academy Gymnasium. The young couple bought a house by the Neva River, and had thirteen children, of whom only five survived childhood.[12][edit] Berlin Stamp of the former German Democratic Republic honoring Euler on the 200th anniversary of his death. In the middle, it is showing his polyhedral about continuing turmoil in Russia, Euler debated whether to stay in St. Petersburg or not. Frederick the Great of Prussia offered him a post at the Berlin Academy, which he accepted. He left St. Petersburg on June 19, 1741 and lived twenty-five years in Berlin, where he wrote over 380 articles. In Berlin, he published the two works which he would be most renowned for: the Introductio in analysin infinitorum, a text on functions published in 1748 and the Institutiones calculi differentialis, a work on differential calculus.[13]In addition, Euler was asked to tutor the Princess of Anhalt-Dessau, Frederick's niece. He wrote over 200 letters to her, which were later compiled into a best-selling volume, titled the Letters of Euler on different Subjects in Natural Philosophy Addressed to a German Princess. This work contained Euler's exposition on various subjects pertaining to physics and mathematics, as well as offering valuable insight on Euler's personality and religious beliefs. This book ended up being more widely read than any of his mathematical works, and was published all across Europe and in the United States. The popularity of the Letters testifies to Euler's ability to communicate scientific matters effectively to a lay audience, a rare ability for a dedicated research scientist.[13]Despite Euler's immense contribution to the Academy's prestige, he was eventually forced to leave Berlin. This was caused in part by a personality conflict with Frederick. Frederick came to regard him as unsophisticated especially in comparison to the circle of philosophers the German king brought to the Academy. Voltaire was among those in Frederick's employ, and the Frenchman enjoyed a favored position in the king's social circle. Euler, a simple religious man and a hard worker, was very conventional in his beliefs and tastes. He was in many ways the direct opposite of Voltaire. Euler had very limited training in rhetoric and tended to debate matters that he knew little about, making him a frequent target of Voltaire's wit.[13] Frederick also expressed disappointment with Euler's practical engineering abilities:I wanted to have a water jet in my garden: Euler calculated the force of the wheels necessary to raise the water to a reservoir, from where it should fall back through channels, finally spurting out in Sanssouci. My mill was carried out geometrically and could not raise a mouthful of water closer than fifty paces to the reservoir. Vanity of vanities! Vanity of geometry![14][edit] Eyesight deterioration A 1753 portrait by Emanuel Handmann. This portrayal suggests problems of the right eyelid and that Euler is perhaps suffering from strabismus. The left eye appears healthy, as it was a later cataract that destroyed it.[15]Euler's eyesight worsened throughout his mathematical career. Three years after suffering a near-fatal fever in 1735 he became nearly blind in his right eye, but Euler rather blamed his condition on the painstaking work on cartography he performed for the St. Petersburg Academy. Euler's sight in that eye worsened throughout his stay in Germany, so much so that Frederick referred to him as "Cyclops". Euler later suffered a cataract in his good left eye, rendering him almost totally blind a few weeks after its discovery. Even so, his condition appeared to have little effect on his productivity, as he compensated for it with his mental calculation skills and photographic memory. For example, Euler could repeat the Aeneid of Virgil from beginning to end without hesitation, and for every page in the edition he could indicate which line was the first and which the last.[3][edit] Last stage of life Euler's grave at the Alexander Nevsky situation in Russia had improved greatly since the ascension of Catherine the Great, and in 1766 Euler accepted an invitation to return to the St. Petersburg Academy and spent the rest of his life in Russia. His second stay in the country was marred by tragedy. A 1771 fire in St. Petersburg cost him his home and almost his life. In 1773, he lost his wife of 40 years. Euler would remarry three years September 18, 1783, Euler passed away in St. Petersburg after suffering a brain hemorrhage and was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Laura. His eulogy was written for the French Academy by the French mathematician and philosopher Marquis de Condorcet, and an account of his life, with a list of his works, by Nikolaus von Fuss, Euler's son-in-law and the secretary of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg. Condorcet commented,"...il cessa de calculer et de vivre," (he ceased to calculate and to live).[16] [edit] Contributions to mathematicsEuler worked in almost all areas of mathematics: geometry, calculus, trigonometry, algebra, and number theory, not to mention continuum physics, lunar theory and other areas of physics. His importance in the history of mathematics cannot be overstated: if printed, his works, many of which are of fundamental interest, would occupy between 60 and 80 quarto volumes[3] and Euler's name is associated with an impressive number of topics. The 20th century Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős is perhaps the only other mathematician who could be considered to be as prolific.[edit] Mathematical notationEuler introduced and popularized several notational conventions through his numerous and widely circulated textbooks. Most notably, he introduced the concept of a function[2] and was the first to write f(x) to denote the function f applied to the argument x. He also introduced the modern notation for the trigonometric functions, the letter e for the base of the natural logarithm (now also known as Euler's number), the Greek letter ∑ for summations and the letter i to denote the imaginary unit.[17] The use of the Greek letter π to denote the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter was also popularized by Euler, although it did not originate with him.[18] Euler also contributed to the development of the the history of complex numbers system (the notation system of defining negative roots with a + bi).[19][edit] AnalysisThe development of calculus was at the forefront of 18th century mathematical research, and the Bernoullis—family friends of Euler—were responsible for much of the early progress in the field. Thanks to their influence, studying calculus naturally became the major focus of Euler's work. While some of Euler's proofs may not have been acceptable under modern standards of rigour,[20] his ideas led to many great is well known in analysis for his frequent use and development of power series: that is, the expression of functions as sums of infinitely many terms, such asNotably, Euler discovered the power series expansions for e and the inverse tangent function. His daring (and, by modern standards, technically incorrect) use of power series enabled him to solve the famous Basel problem in 1735:[20]A geometric interpretation of Euler's formulaEuler introduced the use of the exponential function and logarithms in analytic proofs. He discovered ways to express various logarithmic functions in terms of power series, and successfully defined logarithms for negative and complex numbers, thus greatly expanding the scope where logarithms could be applied in mathematics.[17] He also defined the exponential function for complex numbers and discovered its relation to the trigonometric functions. For any real number φ, Euler's formula states that the complex exponential function satisfiesA special case of the above formula is known as Euler's identity,called "the most remarkable formula in mathematics" by Richard Feynman, for its single uses of the notions of addition, multiplication, exponentiation, and equality, and the single uses of the important constants 0, 1, e, i, and π.[21]In addition, Euler elaborated the theory of higher transcendental functions by introducing the gamma function and introduced a new method for solving quartic equations. He also found a way to calculate integrals with complex limits, foreshadowing the development of modern complex analysis, and invented the calculus of variations including its most well-known result, the Euler-Lagrange also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems. In doing so, he united two disparate branches of mathematics and introduced a new field of study, analytic number theory. In breaking ground for this new field, Euler created the theory of hypergeometric series, q-series, hyperbolic trigonometric functions and the analytic theory of continued fractions. For example, he proved the infinitude of primes using the divergence of the harmonic series, and used analytic methods to gain some understanding of the way prime numbers are distributed. Euler's work in this area led to the development of the prime number theorem.[22][edit] Number theoryEuler's great interest in number theory can be traced to the influence of his friend in the St. Petersburg Academy, Christian Goldbach. A lot of his early work on number theory was based on the works of Pierre de Fermat. Euler developed some of Fermat's ideas while disproving some of his more outlandish focus of Euler's work was to link the nature of prime distribution with ideas in analysis. He proved that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges. In doing so, he discovered the connection between Riemann zeta function and prime numbers, known as the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta proved Newton's identities, Fermat's little theorem, Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares, and made distinct contributions to Lagrange's four-square theorem. He also invented the totient function φ(n) which assigns to a positive integer n the number of positive integers less than n and coprime to n. Using properties of this function he was able to generalize Fermat's little theorem to what would become known as Euler's theorem. He further contributed significantly to the understanding of perfect numbers, which had fascinated mathematicians since Euclid. Euler made progress toward the prime number theorem and conjectured the law of quadratic reciprocity. The two concepts are regarded as the fundamental theorems of number theory, and his ideas paved the way for Carl Friedrich Gauss.[23][edit] Graph theorySee also: Seven Bridges of Königsberg Map of Königsberg in Euler's time showing the actual layout of the seven bridges, highlighting the river Pregel and the 1736, Euler solved a problem known as the Seven Bridges of Königsberg.[24] The city of Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) is set on the Pregel River, and included two large islands which were connected to each other and the mainland by seven bridges. The question is whether it is possible to walk with a route that crosses each bridge exactly once, and return to the starting point. It is not; and therefore not an Eulerian circuit. This solution is considered to be the first theorem of graph theory and planar graph theory.[24] Euler also introduced the notion now known as the Euler characteristic of a space and a formula relating the number of edges, vertices, and faces of a convex polyhedron with this constant. The study and generalization of this formula, specifically by Cauchy[25] and L'Huillier,[26] is at the origin of topology.[edit] Applied mathematicsSome of Euler's greatest successes were in using analytic methods to solve real world problems, describing numerous applications of Bernoulli's numbers, Fourier series, Venn diagrams, Euler numbers, e and π constants, continued fractions and integrals. He integrated Leibniz's differential calculus with Newton's method of fluxions, and developed tools that made it easier to apply calculus to physical problems. He made great strides in improving the numerical approximation of integrals, inventing what are now known as the Euler approximations. The most notable of these approximations are Euler's method and the Euler-Maclaurin formula. He also facilitated the use of differential equations, in particular introducing the Euler-Mascheroni constant:One of Euler's more unusual interests was the application of mathematical ideas in music. In 1739 he wrote the Tentamen novae theoriae musicae, hoping to eventually integrate musical theory as part of mathematics. This part of his work, however, did not receive wide attention and was once described as too mathematical for musicians and too musical for mathematicians.[27][edit] Physics and astronomyEuler helped develop the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation, which became a cornerstone of engineering. Aside from successfully applying his analytic tools to problems in classical mechanics, Euler also applied these techniques to celestial problems. His work in astronomy was recognized by a number of Paris Academy Prizes over the course of his career. His accomplishments include determining with great accuracy the orbits of comets and other celestial bodies, understanding the nature of comets, and calculating the parallax of the sun. His calculations also contributed to the development of accurate longitude tables.[28]In addition, Euler made important contributions in optics. He disagreed with Newton's corpuscular theory of light in the Opticks, which was th

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1．数论欧拉的一系列成奠定作为数学中一个独立分支的数论的基础。欧拉的著作有很大一部分同数的可除性理论有关。欧拉在数论中最重要的发现是二次反律。2．代数欧拉《代数学入门》一书，是16世纪中期开始发展的代数学的一个系统总结。3．无穷级数欧拉的《微分学原理》（Introductio calculi differentialis，1755）是有限差演算的第一部论著，他第一个引进差分算子。欧拉在大量地应用幂级数时，还引进了新的极其重要的傅里叶三角级数类。1777年，为了把一个给定函数展成在（0，“180”）区间上的余弦级数，欧拉又推出了傅里叶系数公式。欧拉还把函数展开式引入无穷乘积以及求初等分式的和，这些成果在后来的解析函数一般理论中占有重要的地位。他对级数的和这一概念提出了新的更广泛的定义。他还提出了两种求和法。这些丰富的思想，对19世纪末，20世纪初发散级数理论中的两个主题，即渐近级数理论和可和性的概念产生了深远影响。4．函数概念18世纪中叶，分析学领域有许多新的发现，其中不少是欧拉自已的工作。它们系统地概括在欧拉的《无穷分析引论》、《微分学原理》和《积分学原理》组成的分析学三部曲中。这三部书是分析学发展的里程碑四式的著作。5．初等函数《无穷分析引论》第一卷共18章，主要研究初等函数论。其中，第八章研究圆函数，第一次阐述了三角函数的解析理论，并且给出了棣莫佛（de Moivre）公式的一个推导。欧拉在《无穷分析引论》中研究了指数函数和对数函数，他给出著名的表达式（这里i表示趋向无穷大的数；1777年后，欧拉用i表示 ），但仅考虑了正自变量的对数函数。1751年，欧拉发表了完备的复数理论。6．单复变函数通过对初等函数的研究，达朗贝尔和欧拉在1747－1751年间先后得到了（用现代数语表达的）复数域关于代数运算和超越运算封闭的结论。他们两人还在分析函数的一般理论方面取得了最初的进展。7．微积分学欧拉的《微分学原理》和《积分学原理》二书对当时的微积分方法作了最详尽、最有系统的解说，他以其众多的发现丰富可无穷小分析的这两个分支。8．微分方程《积分原理》还展示了欧拉在常微分方程和偏方程理论方面的众多发现。他和其他数学家在解决力学、物理问题的过程中创立了微分方程这门学科。在常微分方程方面，欧拉在1743年发表的论文中，用代换 给出了任意阶常系数线性齐次方程的古典解法，最早引人了“通解”和“特解”的名词。1753年，他又发表了常系数非齐次线性方程的解法，其方法是将方程的阶数逐次降低。欧拉在18世纪30年代就开始了对偏微分程的研究。他在这方面最重要的工作，是关于二阶线性方程的。9．变分法1734年，他推广了最速降线问题。然后，着手寻找关于这种问题的更一般方法。1744年，欧拉的《寻求具有某种极大或极小性质的曲线的方法》一书出版。这是变分学史上的里程碑，它标志着变分法作为一个新的数学分析的诞生。10．几何学坐标几何方面，欧拉的主要贡献是第一次在相应的变换里应用欧拉角，彻底地研究了二次曲面的一般方程。微分几何方面，欧拉于1736年首先引进了平面曲线的内在坐标概念，即以曲线弧长这一几何量作为曲线上点的坐标，从而开始了曲线的内在几何研究。1760年，欧拉在《关于曲面上曲线的研究》中建立了曲面的理论。这本著作是欧拉对微分几何最重要的贡献，是微分几何发展史上的里程碑。欧拉对拓扑学的研究也是具有第一流的水平。1735年，欧拉用简化（或理想化）的表示法解决了著名的歌尼斯堡七桥游戏问题得到了具有拓扑意义的河－桥图的判断法则，即现今网络论中的欧拉定理。

莱昂哈德·欧拉百科名片 莱昂哈德·欧拉莱昂哈德·欧拉（Leonhard Euler ，1707年4月5日～1783年9月18日）是瑞士数学家和物理学家。他被一些数学史学者称为历史上最伟大的两位数学家之一（另一位是卡尔·弗里德里克·高斯）。欧拉是第一个使用“函数”一词来描述包含各种参数的表达式的人，例如：y = F(x) (函数的定义由莱布尼兹在1694年给出)。他是把微积分应用于物理学的先驱者之一。中文名： 莱昂哈德·欧拉 外文名： Leonhard Euler 别名： 分析的化身 国籍： 瑞士 出生地： 瑞士 出生日期： 1707年4月5日 逝世日期： 1783年9月18日 职业： 数学家，物理学家 毕业院校： 巴塞尔大学 信仰： 基督教 主要成就： 提出函数的概念;创立分析力学;解决了柯尼斯堡七桥问题;给出欧拉公式 莱昂哈德·欧拉的画像(6张)欧拉1707年4月15日出生于瑞士，在那里受教育。欧拉是一位数学神童。他作为数学教授，先后任教于圣彼得堡和柏林，尔后再返圣彼得堡。欧拉是有史以来最多产的数学家，他的全集共计75卷。欧拉实际上支配了18世纪的数学，对于当时新发明的微积分，他推导出了很多结果。在他生命的最后7年中，欧拉的双目完全失明，尽管如此，他还是以惊人的速度产出了生平一半的著作。 欧拉的一生很虔诚。然而，那个广泛流传的传说却不是真的。传说中说到，欧拉在叶卡捷琳娜二世的宫廷里，挑战德尼·狄德罗：“先生，(a+b)n/n = x；所以上帝存在，这是回答！” 欧拉的离世也很特别：在朋友的派对中他中途退场去工作，最后伏在书桌上安静的去了。 小行星欧拉2002是为了纪念欧拉而命名的。 欧拉和丹尼尔·伯努利一起，建立了弹性体的力矩定律：作用在弹性细长杆上的力矩正比于物质的弹性和通过质心轴和垂直于两者的截面的惯性动量。 他还直接从牛顿运动定律出发，建立了流体力学里的欧拉方程。这些方程组在形式上等价于粘度为0的纳维-斯托克斯方程。人们对这些方程的主要兴趣在于它们能被用来研究冲击波。 他对微分方程理论作出了重要贡献。他还是欧拉近似法的创始人，这些计算法被用于计算力学中。此中最有名的被称为欧拉方法。 在数论里他引入了欧拉函数。 自然数的欧拉函数被定义为小于并且与互质的自然数的个数。例如，，因为有四个自然数1，3，5和7与8互质。 在计算机领域中广泛使用的RSA公钥密码算法也正是以欧拉函数为基础的。 在分析领域，是欧拉综合了莱布尼兹的微分与牛顿的流数。 他在1735年由于解决了长期悬而未决的贝塞尔问题而获得名声： :其中是黎曼函数。 欧拉将虚数的幂定义为如下公式:这就是欧拉公式，它成为指数函数的中心。 在初等分析中，从本质上来说，要么是指数函数的变种，要么是多项式，两者必居其一。被理查德·费曼称为“最卓越的数学公'”的则是欧拉公式的一个简单推论（通常被称为欧拉恒等式）： :在1735年，他定义了微分方程中有用的欧拉-马歇罗尼常数： :他是欧拉-马歇罗尼公式的发现者之一，这一公式在计算难于计算的积分、求和与级数的时候极为有效。 在1739年，欧拉写下了《音乐新理论的尝试(Tentamennovaetheoriaemusicae)》，书中试图把数学和音乐结合起来。 一位传记作家写道：这是一部"为精通数学的音乐家和精通音乐的数学家而写的"著作。 在经济学方面，欧拉证明，如果产品的每个要素正好用于支付它自身的边际产量，在规模报酬不变的情形下，总收入和产出将完全耗尽。 在几何学和代数拓扑学方面，欧拉公式给出了单联通多面体的边、顶点和-(zh-hans:面;zh-hant:面)-之间存在的关系：: 其中，F为给定多面体的面数之和，E为边数之和，V为顶点数之和。 这个定理也可用于平面图。对非平面图，欧拉公式可以推广为：如果一个图可以被嵌入一个流形，则：:其中χ为此流形的欧拉特征值，在流形的连续变形下是不变量。 单联通流形，例如球面或平面，的欧拉特征值是2。 对任意的平面图，欧拉公式可以推广为：，其中为图中连通分支数。 在1736年，欧拉解决了柯尼斯堡七桥问题，并且发表了论文《关于位置几何问题的解法(Solutioproblematisadgeometriamsituspertinentis)》，对一笔画问题进行了阐述，是最早运用图论和拓扑学的典范。 数独是欧拉发明的拉丁方块的概念,在当时并不流行,直到20世纪由平凡日本上班族锻治真起,带起流行 最有影响的100人--欧拉编辑本段评价 欧拉是18世纪最优秀的数学家，也是历史上最伟大的数学家之一。十八世纪瑞士数学家和物理学家伦哈特·欧拉始终是世界最杰出的科学家之一。他的全部创造在整个物理学和许多工程领域里都有着广泛的应用。 欧拉的数学和科学成果简直多得令人难以相信。他写了三十二部足本著作，其中有几部不止一卷，还写下了许许多多富有创造性的数学和科学论文。总计起来，他的科学论著有七十多卷。欧拉的天才使纯数学和应用数学的每一个领域都得到了充实，他的数学物理成果有着无限广阔的应用领域。 早在上一个世纪，艾萨克·牛顿就提出了力学的基本定律。欧拉特别擅长论证如何把这些定律运用到一些常见的物理现象中。例如，他把牛顿定律运用到流体运动，建立了流体力学方程。同样他通过认真分析刚体的可能运动并应用牛顿定律建立了一个可以完全确定刚体运动的方程组。当然在实际中没有物体是完全刚体。欧拉对弹性力学也做出了贡献，弹性力学是研究在外力的作用下固体怎样发生形变的学说。 欧拉的天才还在于他用数学来分析天文学问题，特别是三体问题，即太阳、月亮和地球在相互引力作用下怎样运动的问题。这个问题——二十一世纪仍要面临的一个问题——尚未得到完全解决。顺便提一下，欧拉是十八世纪独一无二的杰出科学家。他支持光波学说，结果证明他是正确的。 欧拉丰富的头脑常常为他人做出成名的发现开拓前进的道路。例如，法国数学家和物理学家约瑟夫·路易斯·拉格朗日创建一方程组，叫做“拉格朗日方程”。此方程在理论上非常重要，而且可以用来解决许多力学问题。但是由于基本方程是由欧拉首先提出的，因而通常称为欧拉—拉格朗日方程。一般认为另一名法国数学家琼·巴普蒂斯特·傅里叶创造了一种重要的数学方法，叫做傅里叶分析法，其基本方程也是由伦哈特·欧拉最初创立的，因而叫做欧拉—傅里时方程。这套方程在物理学的许多不同的领域都有着广泛的应用，其中包括声学和电磁学。 在数学方面他对微积分的两个领域——微分方程和无穷级数——特别感兴趣。他在这两方面做出了非常重要的贡献，但是由于专业性太强不便在此加以叙述。他对变分学和复数学的贡献为后来所取得的一切成就奠定了基础。这两个学科除了对纯数学有重要的意义外，还在科学工作中有着广泛的应用。欧拉公式eiQ＝cosθ十isinθ表明了三角函数和虚数之间的关系，可以用来求负数的对数，是所有数学领域中应用最广泛的公式之一。欧拉还编写了一本解析几何的教科书，对微分几何和普通几何做出了有意义的贡献。 欧拉不仅在做可应用于科学的数学发明上得心应手，而且在纯数学领域也具备几乎同样杰出的才能。但是他对数论做出的许多贡献非常深奥难懂，不宜在此叙述。欧拉也是数学的一个分支拓扑学领域的先驱，拓扑学在二十世纪已经变得非常重要。 最后要提到的一点也很重要，欧拉对目前使用的数学符号制做出了重要的贡献。例如，常用的希腊字母π代表圆周率就是他提出来的。他还引出许多其它简便的符号，现在的数学中经常使用这些符号。 欧拉于1707年出生在瑞士巴塞尔。1720他十三岁时就考入了巴塞尔大学，起初他学习神学，不久改学数学。他十七岁在巴塞尔大学获得硕士学位，二十岁受凯瑟林一世的邀请加入圣彼得斯堡科学院。他二十三岁成为该院物理学教授，二十六岁就接任著名数学家但尼尔·伯努利的职务，成为数学所所长。两年后，他有一只眼睛失明，但仍以极大的热情继续工作，写出了许多杰出的论文。 1741年普鲁士弗雷德里克大帝把欧拉从俄国引诱出来，让他加入了柏林科学院。他在柏林呆了二十五年后于1766年返回俄国。不久他的另一只眼睛也失去了光明。即使这样的灾祸降临，他也没有停止研究工作。欧拉具有惊人的心算才能，他不断地发表第一流的数学论文，直到生命的最后一息。1783年他在圣彼得斯堡去逝，终年七十六岁。欧拉结过两次婚，有十三个孩子，但是其中有八个在襁褓中就死去了。 即使没有欧拉其人，他的一切发现最终也会有人做出。但是我认为做为衡量这种情况的尺度应该提出这样的问题：要是根本就没有人能做出他的发现，科学和现代世界会有什么不同呢？就伦哈特·欧拉的情况而言，答案看来很明确：假如没有欧拉的公式、方程和方法，现代科学技术的进展就会滞后不前，实际上看来是不可想象的。浏览一下数学和物理教科书的索引就会找到如下查照：欧拉角（刚体运动）、欧拉常数（无穷级数）、欧拉方程（流体动力学）、欧拉公式（复合变量）、欧拉数（无穷级数）、欧拉多角曲线（微分方程）、欧拉齐性函数定理摘微分方程）、欧拉变换（无穷级数）、伯努利—欧拉定律（弹性力学）、欧拉—傅里叶公式（三角函数）、欧拉—拉格朗日方程（变分学，力学）以及欧拉一马克劳林公式（数字法），这里举的仅仅是最重要的例子。 从所有这一切来看，读者可能要问为什么在本书中没有把欧拉的名次排得更高些，其主要原因在于虽然欧拉在论证如何应用牛顿定律方面获得了杰出的成就，但是他自己从未发现任何独创的科学定律，这就是为什么要把威廉·康拉德，伦琴和格雷戈尔·孟德尔这样的人物排在他前面的原因。他们每个人主要是发现了新的科学现象或定律。尽管如此，欧拉对科学、工程学和数学的贡献还是巨大的。欧拉公式 欧拉公式是指以欧拉命名的诸多公式。其中最著名的有，复变函数中的欧拉幅角公式--将复数、指数函数与三角函数联系起来； 拓扑学中的欧拉多面体公式；初等数论中的欧拉函数公式。 此外还包括其他一些欧拉公式，比如分式公式等等欧拉函数 欧拉函数，在数论，对正整数n，欧拉函数是少于或等于n的数中与n互质的数的数目。此函数以其首名研究者欧拉命名，它又称为Euler's totient function、φ函数、欧拉商数等。 例如φ(8)=4，因为1,3,5,7均和8互质。 从欧拉函数引伸出来在环论方面的事实和拉格朗日定理构成了欧拉定理的证明。欧拉定理 在数学及许多分支中都可以见到很多以欧拉命名的常数、公式和定理。在数论中，欧拉定理（Euler Theorem，也称费马-欧拉定理或欧拉函数定理）是一个关于同余的性质。欧拉定理得名于瑞士数学家莱昂哈德·欧拉，该定理被认为是数学世界中最美妙的定理之一。欧拉定理实际上是费马小定理的推广。此外还有平面几何中的欧拉定理、多面体欧拉定理(在一凸多面体中，顶点数-棱边数+面数=2)。西方经济学中欧拉定理又称为产量分配净尽定理，指在完全竞争的条件下，假设长期中规模收益不变，则全部产品正好足够分配给各个要素。欧拉角 用来确定定点转动刚体位置的3个一组独立角参量，由章动角θ、旋进角（即进动角）ψ和自转角j组成，为欧拉首先提出而得名。欧拉方程 1755年,瑞士数学家L.欧拉在《流体运动的一般原理》一书中首先提出这个方程。 在研究一些物理问题，如热的传导、圆膜的振动、电磁波的传播等问题时，常常碰到如下形式的方程： （ax^2D^2+bxD+c）y=f(x), 其中a、b、c是常数，这是一个二阶变系数线性微分方程。它的系数具有一定的规律：二阶导数D^2y的系数是二次函数ax^2，一阶导数Dy的系数是一次函数bx，y的系数是常数。这样的方程称为欧拉方程。