论文汉译英精简翻译

2, Business English, translation strategies 1. Multi-word translation and professional terminology � Business English Translation of words before and after the match according to context for an accurate selection of the link. Such as the Premium Translation of the word are as follows: a. Insurance; b. Additional costs, surcharges c. Beyond the usual price premium. The same word, due to the different contexts, its meaning can vary widely. Look at the following examples: They cannot obtain credit at all in the trade. They have opened the covering credit with the Bank of China, London. These two sentences have the semantic distinction between credit. Business English Translation contains a large number of vocabulary, so the precise vocabulary for commonly used in the translation is very important. As a large number of Business English translators must have a grasp of business implications of these common words and compound words and acronyms language. Prices of commonly used terms such as FOB, CIF has its own specific professional content, and if CWO ordering payment; B / L bill of lading; L / C Letter of Credit; COD shipping to pay now; WPA W. P. A.; blue chip blue chip, blue-chip stocks; bad debt bad debts, and so on. Business English translation should follow the business of professional terminology. So they requested that Business English translation of a large number of professional workers to master vocabulary and translation skills. 2. Words the amount of increase or decrease in English translation in business practice, the word is also important to increase or decrease in the amount of a translation skills. The process of translation according to the original context, meaning, logical relations, and target language features and syntax of expression, sometimes an increase in the translation of the original does not appear, but the actual contents of the letter already contains the word or less original though, but do not need the word language translation . Appropriate by word, by word, balance, and punctuate sentences with the relationship between the English and Chinese sentence structure, expression, figure of speech entirely, so as to make translation a more concise, more in line with Chinese expression, is sometimes necessary to omit some words; and sometimes in order to enable translation of clear, according to the meaning, rhetoric and syntax, no need for translation into the original meaning of its words and its word, to make translation more. As well as the original sentence can be divided into a few words, or specific circumstances to a synthesis of two sentences, and to make appropriate adjustments to the original, this aim is to make the translation complete and accurate. We are pleased to have received your invitation to the symposium on Internet. (Omitted pronoun "we"). Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet be settle. (Noun fact is not translated). 3. � The role of the use of context sometimes, we need the help of contextual factors on the article to be translated, in other words, in the trade English translation, sometimes need to use literal translation, sometimes need to use translation, whether it's literal translation or paraphrase all need to translate the objective reality and to determine the need according to the context, context and other factors. Literal translation is difficult wording, or translated after the ineffective, that is not fully reflect the intention of the original or translation incoherently when vivid contextual factors that need to consider the context in order to paraphrase, and we must ensure that the correct expression of doubt to the original content, and accurate reproduction the spirit of the original tone to achieve fluent. Such as: Please lose no time in dispatching our goods. If we are literally these words: Please do not lose a little time for our shipment. This translation is a mouthful, does not meet the specific context of the English language and customs of trade, if we change kinds of translation methods: please do not hesitate for our shipping. This translation is more authentic.

The first semiconductor lasers into practical, the lasing wavelength 0.83到0.85 um. This corresponds to the fiber loss spectrum of a window, multi-mode optical fiber loss of 2 dB / km. Centered on improving the capacity of optical fiber communication systems, in the 1970s-period. 1.3 um wavelength in the loss was smaller (0.4 dB/km3, close to zero coefficient of dispersion single mode optical fiber. Soon after to develop further reduce wear and tear of 1.55 um single-mode optical fiber Window. Back in the late 1960s began to study the long-wavelength (1.3 ym) InGaAsP / InP laser also with single-mode optical fiber into the development of practical systems. 1.55 uPm lasing wavelength of the laser diode was quick to practical use. To further to achieve the low threshold lasers, good dynamic single-frequency, high temperature and the characteristics of the work of the long-term stability, and have a lot of different structures, high-performance semiconductor lasers, such as the hidden bar buried heterojunction (BH ) Laser, distributed feedback (DFH) laser, sub-Bubu Bragg reflector (DBR) laser, cleavage coupled lasers and quantum well lasers, and so on. Visible development of the momentum from semiconductor laser discs, optical-times the income copying and processing technology development. As early as 1974 the Netherlands, Philips Research experimental laser-start digital audio recording (DAD) Study. Okazaki in the record store data on the number of inverse laser beam focus will be on the spot diameter and the diameter is proportional to the wavelength of the laser. Therefore, in order to improve access to the information DAD density, to use the laser wavelength as short as possible sources. The first is the use of the He-Ne laser, but because of their size greenhouses limited life, the 1982 listing of the CD (CompactDisk) jukebox on a wavelength of 780 nm semiconductor laser. In recent years. A shorter wavelength such as the 30 nm semiconductor lasers have become commodities. Small size, low price and long life in the semiconductor laser optical information storage and processing has been the largest market. shan of laser research to promote a high-power laser diode (including the array of lasers) development. For there were iron-doped solid medium, such as Nd: YAG, Nd; YVO, such as the wavelength of 808 nm-effective around the peaks, with small size, lasing wavelength of 808 nm semiconductor laser instead of the usual-pumped solid-state laser materials, Can be small in size, Su Pu high efficiency (up to 70%) for dim light of the solid. With REE-doped fiber amplifier, used as the source of pumping high-power laser diode was also another important application. For example, using wavelength of 980 nm or 1480 nm, for the tens of milliwatts of power semiconductor laser pump fiber, can get high-gain coefficient, so that optical signals are more than 30 dB gain. Fiber amplifier in the optical fiber communication has been critical applications. In short, the need for a variety of applications, semiconductor laser beam is to improve the quality of development, reducing the beam divergence angle to enhance the coherence of space, increasing the high-speed modulation of the so-called dynamic single-model; pressure narrow spectral line width to improve beam The time coherence; further enhance the stability of temperature (that is, high temperature on the strength of the levy), the application of the laser diode is continuously expanding5, the band works so that semiconductor lasers generate a new leap forward with the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal organic compounds chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technology development and improvement, can grow to atomic size of the order of ultra-thin layer, which can Formation of the carrier into a holding it is the nature of quantum wells and superlattices. This is a band semiconductor and massive (often referred to as material) Semiconductor completely different shape and structure, and can, if necessary, by changing variables should be ultra-thin layer of the band structure change. The so-called "band project" or "band cutting project" to semiconductor laser with a new vitality, its device performance a big leap. For example, the quantum well semiconductor laser output power for up to tens of watts; temperatures as high as several characteristics of Baidu; laser threshold current of less than 1 mA; multiple quantum modulation doped laser relaxation oscillation frequency of up to 30 GHz, as usual Double-heterojunction semiconductor laser five times in the high-speed modulation than the width of the semiconductor laser is usually a low number Order of magnitude, and so on. As quantum well (especially strained quantum well) structure emerges, the visible light laser diode increase the life span, the lasing wavelength further shortened. Have proven that the band works to fundamentally change the face of the semiconductor laser. In the near future, its continuous power output may reach several hundred watts and watts in order to enable it is not only a technical school in the field of information, but also in material processing, and to play an important role.