汽车空调系统论文英文参考文献

浅谈汽车空调的概念设计与优化设计作者：一汽集团技术中心 顾宏伟 杨国瑞欢迎访问e展厅展厅8 汽车与公路设备展厅乘用车/客车, 电动/混合动力汽车, 卡车/货车, 专用车, 交通安全设备, ...[摘要] 本文提出了汽车空调系统的一种全新设计方法：空调系统概念设计与优化设计。在设计过程中运用专业软件进行理论计算，提高了空调系统开发的质量、降低了开发成本、缩短了开发周期。并以CA6471 箱式车空调系统开发为例，对空调系统的概念设计与优化设计进行了说明。 关键词：空调系统概念设计与优化设计 设计验证 1 空调系统的概念设计 概念设计是汽车空调设计摆脱了传统的经验设计与匹配设计束缚的一种全新设计方法，陈旧的设计模式已经不能适应现代汽车开发的需要，在总结经验设计与匹配设计的基础上，概念设计作为适应现代汽车空调开发的一种比较实用和科学的方法应运而生。它的特点是：提高工作效率，缩短开发周期，降低人为错误几率，确保系统的性能真实再现。空调系统概念设计可定义为：与整车开发同步进行的，按控制节点，分段提出与之匹配空调系统的方案设想，将“虚拟的”方案设想通过必要的控制手段和方法，变为假定的“现实结果”，提前模拟出未来实车状态下空调系统的效果。 汽车空调系统的概念设计，是在整车开发阶段开始的。其中包含的主要内容有：可研分析、设计目标的确定、设计方案的论证、设计资源的合理利用、结果的预测。 概念设计的方法首次应用于CA6471 箱式车空调系统的开发，验证的结果非常令人满意。现在正在开发的换代卡车的空调系统，也正在应用此设计方法，前期看已经取得了一定的预期效果。 明确设计定位至关重要：以CA6471 厢式车为例，该车时我公司在CA6440 箱式车基础上开发的改进产品。对于箱式车而言，做到性能可靠、质量可靠、安全可靠时最基本的要求；从用户的角度看，对舒适性的评价，已经成为左右用户购买心理的关键因素，为什么呢？随着人们物质生活水平的不断提高，对汽车的要求已经不仅仅停留在“代步工具”的观念上，对乘坐的舒适标准要求越来越高。那么体现一种乘用车舒适性最普通的标志之一就是汽车空调。换句话，什么车，配置什么档次和水平的空调，市场定位非常重要。 明确设计性质非常重要：系统性能可靠、质量可靠、安全性好、舒适性好，用户才会认可。以CA6471车为例，该车的空调系统时在CA6440 的基础上开发的。CA6440 的空调系统于1992 年开始设计的，是我们接受的第一次比较正规的设计任务，受缺乏经验、设计手段落后等诸多因素的影响，导致投产后的CA6440 车问题不断，陷于连续的质量攻关的被动局面之中，可以说，在CA6440 车上我们获取了难得的经验，但也交足了学费。所以CA6471 车空调系统的设计不能再重复CA6440 的老路子，设计思想、方法都要彻底更新。 概念设计应遵循的原则：注重体现的是规范化、系列化、标准化、通用化、轻量化和模块化的设计原则。而以往的设计，这方面完全被淡化了，没有引起足够的重视。 规范化是指严格按着产品开发的程序进行操作，树立法规标准意识，加强理论计算和优化计算，提高设计质量，控制性能指标与目标成本。 系列化是指在基本车型的基础上，不断衍生出其它车型。就空调而言，是指以基本车型的空调系统中的某些关键部件为核心，建立主体数据模型平台，为其它车型开发提供条件和支持。如中重型卡车系列有一套空调系统平台，轿车有一套空调系统平台，而轻型车又有一套空调系统平台。 标准化是指设计要符合企业标准、行业标准与国家标准，尤其要满足强制法规要求。国家经贸委和环保局曾发出禁令：2002 年起全面废止CFC—12 车用空调的使用，否则禁止整车销售。由于我们技术改造与设计都提前做了工作，保证了一汽所有的车型都适时地采用了符合环保要求的CFC—134a 空调系统。 通用化是指设计过程中，要尽可能采用与本设计相关、相近、相同的空调其它部件，达到控制、降低成本的目的。如CA1041L 轻卡CA6471 厢式车的空调“三箱”就是一个通用的典型。 轻量化是指设计过程中，要尽可能采用新型轻质材料，尽量降低系统部件的重量，满足整车降重的要求。 模块化是将系统一个或几个部件集中在一起形成模块，目的便于安装与维修，提高装配效率。CA6471厢式车空调系统是比较典型的模块化设计，空调的“三箱”总成，即风机总成、制冷器总成、加热器总成既可自成一块，又可合成一体。 设计目标是衡量空调系统的最高标准，也是一项重要的考核指标。设计目标的提出要有科学依据、可比性、可实施性。 以CA6471 车为例，提出的设计目标： (1) 纵向对比系统降温指标高于CA6440 车。 (2) 横向对比系统降温指标不低于市场上同类车型。 (3) 按着性价比衡量，在CA6440 的基础上，成本增加力争控制在10%以内。 设计方案评审，评审的内容是：计划草图（方案图）和详细计划图。计划图的质量越高，后期的结构设计更改就越少，工作效率也越高。尤其是空调“三箱”总成的布置，与仪表板的结构和造型有着密切的关系，必须同步考虑。 以前的设计流程中，由于缺少评审这道关键环节，使得很多的设计错误及隐患未暴露出来，以至投产时才发现有设计失误，造成不良影响和损失。我们现在开发的换代卡车，空调系统的前期设计就是不断地经过反复的逐级评审，最终拿出来的方案就非常成功。 设计资源的合理使用与配置是影响设计质量、工作效率及设计周期的重要因数。 设计资源包括系统的专用件、通用件、标准件数据库及相关车型系统的试验数据库，还有先进的设计软件（PRO-E、CATIA）作为设计工具。现在我们已经建立了压缩机专用数据库、管接头通用件数据库、中型/轻型车空调降温试验数据库，作为新产品开发的参考依据；同时也正在开发空调模拟仿真设计软件，不断完善和提高设计手段。 2 概念设计中的理论计算 汽车空调热负荷是确定空调系统送风状态和确定空调系统部件规格的基本依据。 空调热负荷的计算方法有图表法、简易计算法、热稳定计算法和非稳定计算法。通常采用简易计算法，它的缺点是手工运算工作量大，偏差比较大，考虑的影响因素也有限。这是以往匹配设计时，经常采用的手段。如果采用经验设计甚至放弃计算，完全依赖后期的试验验证的结果来证明系统设计是否合理，使设计人员完全处于一种被动的期待状态之中。 现在系统设计的理论计算，完全采用我们自己开发的设计软件进行计算（校核）。其特点是运算速度快，准确率高，有助于性能参数的确定与设计目标的实现。 热负荷计算主要与驾驶室内饰及驾驶室外形尺寸长、宽、高，乘员数量等有关。 热负荷包括：乘员负荷（包括潜热和显热），换气负荷（与室内外温度、湿度和换气量有关），车身传导热负荷（与车身外表颜色、地板/侧围/前围/后围/风窗/内饰和车速有关），热辐射负荷（主要与风窗有关）。如果是手工计算，工作量非常大；如果用专用软件，又快又准，输入不同工况、不同车型、不同地区、不同车身颜色等条件就能得出结果，手工运算是无法比拟的。 主要性能参数的确定：根据热负荷的结果，同样以软件继续运算，进而确定系统各主要部件的性能参数。例如，通过运算知道，若满足热负荷的要求（输入工况条件），需要压缩机的排量为170mL/rev 型号的，那么计算机会自动在压缩机库中，按着库中已有的压缩机性能曲线逐一进行判别，最后选出排量接近170mL/rev 的一种或多种不同压缩机型号，再根据发动机的匹配要求，选出符合要求的机型。 同样，确定蒸发器结构形式（管带式/层叠式/管片式）就可以算出蒸发器本体体积大小，同样确定冷凝器的结构形式（管带式/平行流）就可以算出定冷凝器本体体积大小，由此再根据整车布置的要求，确定具体的结构形式、安装方式及细部尺寸。鼓风机的风量、电机的功率同样也可以通过计算确定。 3 空调系统的优化设计 优化计算：是建立在系统理论计算的基础上，对理论计算的结果进行反馈，对设计进行的完善与提高，最终实现对系统的优化设计。理论计算已经成为我们现在运用的方法，通过它可以初步判定系统设计是否合理；而优化计算是对样车出来后的降温试验数据，暴露出的设计缺陷，还需要进行改进设计而提出的。 空调系统进行理论计算后，优化可提前纳入到概念设计中，提高空调系统开发质量、降低开发成本、缩短开发周期。 优化设计的目标确定：通过试制样车试验，检查空调系统是否工作正常，验证实际环境下的降温指标是否达到设计要求。以CA6471 车空调系统为例，进行说明。 首先，分析一下试验数据：通过以上三组数据，可以得出以下结论： (1) 40km/h 和80km/h 工况下，空调工作30min 系统平衡时，车是内平均温度在25.6～23.4℃范围内。符合前面设计要求提出的24～26℃的目标值。 (2) 如果环境温度为35℃，估计车室内的温度至少还会降1℃左右。但是，40km/h 和80km/h 两组数据已经低于对手车型1～2℃。至少说明一点，空调系统在性能上并不比它差。 (3) 怠速工况下，出风口平均温度为26.7℃,车室平均温度为33.5℃,这样的温度对乘员与司机来说，是不能忍受的。 因此，CA6471 车在怠速工况下，降温效果不理想，主要表现在出风口温度偏高。所以，如何采取措施加以改进，这就锁定了要优化的目标。 分析产生问题结症的方法：本文采用了排除法与数据分析法来最终判定在空调系统的哪个环节上出现了问题。 首先用排除法（前提条件系统内部无堵塞、杂质、空气和水分等）。压缩机是经过性能台架测试的，试验过程中未发现异常，可以排除；前制冷器与换代轻卡通用，性能参数一样；后制冷器与CA6440 结构通用，性能参数也一样；唯一的变数就是冷凝器，那么问题极有可能出在这里。 其次用数据分析法（这是最科学、最合理的判定）。怠速工况下，系统工作最为苛刻：机舱高温辐射高达90℃，热风回流导致冷凝器进风温度上升，完全靠冷凝器电机风扇强制散热。这一点，从系统的高低压侧的吸排气压力值就可以得到证实：30min 时，吸气压力0.391MPa，排气压力2.229MPa。正常状态下，吸气压力应在0.35～0.37MPa，排气压力应在2.0～2.1MPa。由此，判定结症是怠速工况下，系统压力偏高所致。而影响系统压力偏高的主要部件，最大疑点就是冷凝器。通过以上两种方法判定，结症出在冷凝器总成身上。 为什么采用高效的平行流冷凝器，散热效率反而下降了呢？因为冷凝器的放热量标定是在台架上测试来的，而且通风效率很高，制冷剂流动性好，这都有助于冷凝器发挥最大效能。而CA6471 实车状态的冷凝器确是呈腹卧式布置，两个风扇对角安装、制冷剂平行流动阻力大，造成风量的不均匀通过和不利于制冷剂的正常换热。也就是说，实车状态与台架是有区别的，它不能100%地再现台架的结果，同样与概念设计的预测结果，也可能存在一定范围内的偏差（10%以内）。因此，提高风量的有效通过面积，进而提高风扇效率，最大发挥冷凝器的潜能。 优化设计的方法研究：根据上述提出的优化的目标，优化对象初步确定为：一是冷凝器与电机风扇的匹配研究，二是冷媒分配不均对系统的影响研究（本论文在此略）。通过下表分析：通过以上数据对比，CA6471 车采用双风扇叶轮比对手车采用的单叶轮的风量多500m³/h，按理推算，这么大的风量将非常有助于冷凝器能力的发挥，但实际并非如此。两种风扇布置示意图如图：风量分布均匀性测试结果：从以上数据分析，双风扇对角布置时，电机转速在2300r/min 时，冷凝器出风风速最大5.0m/s，最小1.5m/s，沿无电机对角线上的风速差别很大，风量不均造成风量的损失，导致电机及风扇效率大大降低。 而用单风扇中心布置时，虽电机转速只有2000r/min，但冷凝器出风风速却比前者高，且各点风速相同，风量均匀通过冷凝器，效率非常高。 冷凝器总成噪声来源，可确定为双电机、双叶轮、对角布置、转速高等几个主要原因。降噪采取的最好措施就是用单电机、单叶轮、中心对称布置。 4 概念设计与优化设计的试验验证 (1) 优化后降温结果从试验数据可得出如下结论： 1） 在怠速工况时，低压为0.376MPa，高压为2.186MPa，基本上接近正常；此时车室内平均温度为29.5℃,比改进前降低4℃，按着室内外温差8～10℃衡量，已经符合设计要求。另外通过人的实际感受，主观评价也认为可能接受。 2） 车速在40km/h 与80km/h 时，降温效果也是非常明显的，车室内平均温度降温幅度分别为1.1℃和2.4℃。 结果说明改后与改前比较，无论是怠速工况还是正常行驶工况，空调降温效果都有改善和提高，达到了改进的目的。 (2) 噪声对比结果 经试验室内测试，数据对比如下： 双电机双叶轮冷凝器总成 噪声值： A 声级 78dB 2300r/min 单电机单叶轮冷凝器总成 噪声值： A 声级 68dB 2000r/min 从以上数据比较，单电机单叶轮冷凝器总成噪声要比双电机双叶轮冷凝器总成噪声低10dB，相当可观。 5 结论 空调系统的概念设计是我们对前人的设计经验进行总结，学习先进的设计方法，并结合汽车空调专业的特点而提出的一种新的设计方法。 这种设计方法的特点是把更多的问题在设计前期以理论模拟计算的方式解决，以缩短设计试验周期、降低开发成本。随着设计要求和水平的不断提高，汽车空调的概念设计与优化设计将会得到不断的丰富与完善。(end)望采纳。。。。

Air conditioning engineers broadly divide air conditioning applications into comfort and process.Comfort applications aim to provide a building indoor environment that remains relatively constant in a range preferred by humans despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads.Air conditioning makes deep plan buildings feasible, for otherwise they'd have to be be built narrower or with light wells so that inner spaces receive sufficient outdoor air via natural ventilation. Air conditioning also allows buildings to be taller since wind speed increases significantly with altitude making natural ventilation impractical for very tall buildings. Comfort applications for various building types are quite different and may be categorized asLow-Rise Residential buildings, including single family houses, duplexes, and small apartment buildings High-Rise Residential buildings, such as tall dormitories and apartment blocks Commercial buildings, which are built for commerce, including offices, malls, shopping centers, restaurants, etc. Institutional buildings, which includes hospitals, governmental, academic, and so on. Industrial spaces where thermal comfort of workers is desired. In addition to buildings, air conditioning can be used for many types of transportation - motor-cars and other land vehicles, trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft.Process applications aim to provide a suitable environment for a process being carried out, regardless of internal heat and humidity loads and external weather conditions. Although often in the comfort range, it is the needs of the process that determine conditions, not human preference. Process applications include these:Hospital operating theatres, in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce infection risk and the humidity controlled to limit patient dehydration. Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures such as open heart surgery require low temperatures (about 18 °C, 64 °F) and others such as neonatal relatively high temperatures (about 28 °C, 82 °F). Cleanrooms for the production of integrated circuits, pharmaceuticals, and the like, in which very high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are required for the success of the process. Facilities for breeding laboratory animals. Since many animals normally only reproduce in spring, holding them in rooms at which conditions mirror spring all year can cause them to reproduce year-round. Aircraft air conditioning. Although nominally aimed at providing comfort for passengers and cooling of equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special process because of the low air pressure outside the aircraft[vague]. Data processing centers Textile factories Physical testing facilities Plants and farm growing areas Nuclear facilities Chemical and biological laboratories Mines Industrial environments Food cooking and processing areas In both comfort and process applications the objective may be to not only control temperature, but also humidity, air quality and air movement from space to space.

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Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very poor. WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design . Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new car. There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept cars. Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough attention. It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto industry. Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design. 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new models. Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept cars. It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also unbearable. Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile industry. Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on display. It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the car. But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the matter. 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 2.1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 2.1.1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of development. Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider space. Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of time. Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological level. 2.1.2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human body. Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment system. References 1尹定邦. Introduction to Study Design [M]. Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣. Auto Design [M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had denitrification. --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002 Tang Shu-Min 4. Concept cars and car design development and innovation [J]. Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Journal, 2002 (6)参考资料：

Introduction The financial manager plays a dynamic role in a modern company’s development．This has not always been the case．Until around the first half of the 1900s financial managers primarily raised funds and managed their firms’cash positions-and that was pretty much it．In the 1950s,the increasing acceptance of present value concepts encouraged financial managers to expand their responsibilities and to become concerned with the selection of capital investment projects． Today external factors have an increasing impact on the financial manager.Heightened corporate competition，technological change，volatility in inflation and interest rates，world-wide economic uncertainty，fluctuating exchange rates，tax law changes，and ethical concerns over certain financial dealings must be dealt with almost daily．As a result，finance is required to play an ever more vital strategic role within the corporation．The financial manager has emerged as a team player in the overall effort Of a company to create value．The“old ways of doing things”simply are not good enough in a world where old ways quickly become obsolete．Thus today's financial manager must have the flexibility to adapt to the changing external environment if his or her firm is to survive. The successful financial manager of tomorrow will need to supplement the traditional metrics of performance with new methods that encourage a greater role for uncertainty and multiple assumptions．These new methods will seek to value the flexibility inherent in initiatives—that is，the way in which taking one step offers you the option to stop or continue down one or more paths．In short，a correct decision may involve doing something today that in itself has small value，but gives you the option to do something of greater value in the future． If you become a financial manager，your ability to adapt to change，raise funds，invest in assets，and manage wisely will affect the success of your firm and，ultimately，the overall economy as well．To the extent that funds are misallocated，the growth of the economy will be slowed．When economic wants are unfulfilled，this misallocation of funds may work to the detriment of society．In an economy，efficient allocation of resources is vital to optimal growth in that economy；it is also vital to ensuring that individuals obtain satisfaction of their highest levels of personal wants．Thus，through efficiently acquiring，financing，and managing assets， the financial manager contributes to the firm and to the vitality and growth of the economy as a whole．简介 财务经理扮演一个积极的角色,在一个现代公司的development.this并不总是case.until周围 上半年,1900年财政管理,主要是筹集资金和管理,他们firms'cash阵地--这是相当it.in 50年代起,越来越多的人接受目前的价值观念,鼓励财务经理,扩充自己的责任,很关心77.2% e选择资本投资项目. 今天受外部因素的影响越来越大,财政manager.heightened企业竞争,技术变革,波动,通货膨胀率和利率上升,全球性的经济 不确定性,汇率波动时,税法的变化,和道德方面的某些金融交易必须处理几乎daily.as结果,是财政部 要发挥越来越重要的战略作用在转炉财务经理已经成为队球员 在整体的努力,公司创造value.the"老办法办事"根本不是太好了 世界旧的方式迅速成为obsolete.thus今天的财务经理必须要有一定的灵活性,以适应不断变化的外部 环境,只要他或她确实是为了生存. 成功的财务经理,明天将需要补充传统的度量的表现,与新方法,鼓励 更大的作用,对不确定性和多发性assumptions.these新方法将寻求价值的灵活性举措,即2001年的 在这一步,您可以选择停止或继续下跌的一个或多个paths.in总之, 正确的决定可能牵涉做一些事情,今天,在本身有小价值,而是让您选择做点事 更大的价值在未来. 如果你成为一个财务经理,你适应变

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