汤糖躺烫湯
(1) for the Internet experience. Research shows that the majority of Internet users can enjoy the fun of the network, the majority of respondents feel better on the Internet. of that time flies when you feel the Internet, of the Internet is very able to enjoy the fun. Another percent of people do not think the Internet Time flies, of people feel the Internet to bring the fun, when these students belong to those who do not know much of the network or by the network crash victims on the impact of the type . (2) towards the new view of things and willingness to pay for the network services. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, although overall consumption is still in college to meet the "survival needs" phase, namely food and clothing is still the main aspects of spending, of course, and their economic independence have a great relationship, but Students characterized by its own fashion and independent living needs, they need to be respected, interpersonal, and self-realization, so they present a psychologically consumption chase new change of trend. The survey shows that for new things or curiosity or to seek access to new technologies, as well as trying to achieve the requirement to have accounted for , more in line with this vibrant college, fashion novel features. Survey results also show that nearly 50 percent of the students do not want to provide services for online extra pay, only of the students are willing to pay extra fees for online services, there are of the students as the situation to be willing to pay. Such phenomena show that the popularity of the network is also broad enough and deep network of consumer's attitude towards students is not very positive, but also indicates that the network is not in place of civilization propaganda. Another level of regional economic development, people's living standards and also restricting the development of network consumption, network development is still at a preliminary stage. (3) Shopping cause and site selection. Survey shows that a considerable part of the students are active online shopping, personal shopping reasons, price concessions, merchandise styles complete, convenient shopping map, as well as the proportion of amused curiosity fashion each of , , , , due to network consumption, low cost, convenient, and it is different from the traditional consumption of new consumption patterns and other features and advantages of attracting highly qualified, innovative and receptive to new ideas of fashion students. Online purchase of goods requires a cognitive process, but also the factors that produce online shopping, which is the online shopping needs, go to determine how the choice of the merchant. This is the will of students as consumers emotional process. The research shows that, when asked the most visited commercial websites this problem, the result is that the top surface Taobao, eBay, Sina Mall, Mall Sohu, Tencent, NetEase Mall ratio was , , , %, , . Select the main reason of such sites is known, by the influence of friends, integrity ratio of , , . I. INTRODUCTION CNNIC statistics, as of the end of 2006, the number of Internet users in China reached 132 million, and the number of online shopping over 30 million. From the composition of Internet users look, about percent of the online personal user's age under 35 years old, and college students, is among the typical online consumers. College students are a special group with a higher education culture, their ideological consciousness is higher, for new things, new technologies, new ideas have a stronger ability to accept and comprehend, they are the direct object of the popularity of the network. Theory
Man on the Shijiazhuang Railway Institute, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Normal University East Campus, East Campus, Hebei University of Technology, Hebei Medical University East Campus four campuses humanities, economics and management,
Medicine,
Science, as well as
Engineering and other disciplines, students were investigated and analyzed. Second, the research methods and the research object thesis questionnaire method, Shijiazhuang Railway Institute, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Normal University East Campus, East Campus, Hebei University of Technology, Hebei Medical University East Campus four campuses humanities, economics and management,
Medicine,
Science, as well as
Engineering and other disciplines all grades way to take a sample survey, the actual 250 questionnaires, 231 valid questionnaires, recovery efficiency. Description of the contents of the questionnaire included 23 closed questions and two open-ended questions of three parts. Statistics Using SPSS For Windows software and the results EXCEL statistical software related statistics, in addition to open-ended questions used for classification and collation of research and analytical methods. Third, the analysis of a questionnaire. Psychological characteristics of students' network consumer survey (1) for the Internet experience. Research shows that the majority of Internet users can enjoy the fun of the network, the majority of respondents feel better on the Internet. of that time flies when you feel the Internet, of the Internet is very able to enjoy the fun. Another percent of people do not think the Internet Time flies, of people feel the Internet to bring the fun, when these students belong to those who do not know much of the network or by the network crash victims on the impact of the type . (2) towards the new view of things and willingness to pay for the network services. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, although overall consumption is still in college to meet the "survival needs" phase, namely food and clothing is still the main aspects of spending, of course, and their economic independence have a great relationship, but Students characterized by its own fashion and independent living needs, they need to be respected, interpersonal, and self-realization, so they present a psychologically consumption chase new change of trend. The survey shows that for new things or curiosity or to seek access to new technologies, as well as trying to achieve the requirement to have accounted for , more in line with this vibrant college, fashion novel features. Survey results also show that nearly 50 percent of the students do not want to provide services for online extra pay, only of the students are willing to pay extra fees for online services, there are of the students as the situation to be willing to pay. Such phenomena show that the popularity of the network is also broad enough and deep network of consumer's attitude towards students is not very positive, but also indicates that the network is not in place of civilization propaganda. Another level of regional economic development, people's living standards and also restricting the development of network consumption, network development is still at a preliminary stage. (3) Shopping cause and site selection. Survey shows that a considerable part of the students are active online shopping, personal shopping reasons, price concessions, merchandise styles complete, convenient shopping map, as well as the proportion of amused curiosity fashion each of , , , , due to network consumption, low cost, convenient, and it is different from the traditional consumption of new consumption patterns and other features and advantages of attracting highly qualified, innovative and receptive to new ideas of fashion students. Online purchase of goods requires a cognitive process, but also the factors that produce online shopping, which is the online shopping needs, go to determine how the choice of the merchant. This is the will of students as consumers emotional process. The research shows that, when asked the most visited commercial websites this problem, the result is that the top surface Taobao, eBay, Sina Mall, Mall Sohu, Tencent, NetEase Mall ratio was , , , %, , . Select the main reason of such sites is known, by the influence of friends, integrity ratio of , , . (2) Students online shopping attitudes and intentions are directly proportional to its network of consumer impact. Research shows that the online world can enjoy themselves with college students in general can enjoy the fun brought by the network, and the network was close to the goodwill of the students, so they are generally under conditions permitting would be willing to pay for services for the network, and from within understanding of the process of contact networks online shopping, preferences of the network, it will naturally shift to accept this convenient online shopping consumption. (3) networking experience students have in their network consumption is proportional to the impact. College students the importance of the awareness level of the network with the access time will be gradually increased to deepen, different students on the network in their understanding of the importance of university life there is a big difference. In general, the length of the net age students with their level of awareness of the importance of the network is positively correlated; college students network with increasing age, consider buying from a full range of correct decision or not. For very sensible motivation to buy the products in the business on how to select, through this business forum on the network evaluation, consult the advice of friends, search providers
呼伦小贝尔
关于旅游消费者行为论文文献
文献是通过一定的方法和手段、运用一定的意义表达和记录体系，记录在一定载体的有历史价值和研究价值的知识。下面是我收集整理的关于旅游消费者行为论文文献，希望大家喜欢。
摘要：旅游消费者权益保障是海南国际旅游岛建设的重要组成部分，海南应该重点治理吃、住、行、游、购、娱中有损旅游消费者权益的典型行为。通过海鲜参考价格公示等制度建设、采取创新的监管方式、侧重信息化的投诉机制、实施以旅游法庭为代表的纠纷解决机制，充分考虑外国旅游消费者权益的保护。
一、旅游消费中消费者权益受损现象
（一）旅游服务使旅游者消费服务受损
1、旅游广告虚假，误导旅游消费者
旅游不管是参观人文艺术还是自然景观，都能使旅游消费者陶冶情操，回归物我，因此，旅游消费热情逐年高涨。而许多旅游商家也正是抓住了这一点，针对不同的群体打出了“低价游”、“豪华游”等误导消费者，使消费者旅游消费权益受损。
2、导游及旅游团不守信用，违背当初的旅游承诺
导游服务项目不仅包括参观旅游景点讲解，还包括旅游者的住宿与吃饭。当真正背起背包，跟着旅游团出发时，问题就出现了。吃饭住宿等服务往往与当初承诺的有很大差别，服务质量也很差，还有些导游不履行其旅游承诺，在游览过程中擅自改变旅游路线、车程，甚至缩短天数，减少旅游景点。
3、旅游变成购物游，消费陷阱多
我们经常在网上、电视上、报纸上看到这样的消息，导游误导旅游者去商店或珠宝店购物，从中回扣。现在许多导游以各种理由私自减少风景点数，将剩下的时间用于带领游客出入各种商店进行购物消费。而在消费过程中，又设有各种消费陷阱，旅游消费者无法分辨服务的真实情况，从而作出错误的消费决策。例如，某些商店打出超低价购物宣传，攀老乡式购物宣传以及高仿名牌商品等陷阱，这些不实的宣传或陷阱，使旅游消费者权益受损。
（二）旅游商品消费中旅游消费者消费权益受损
1、在商品中掺杂、掺假，以假充真、以次充好，或者以不合格商品冒充合格商品；
2、伪造商品产地，伪造或者冒用他人的厂名、厂址，伪造或者冒用认证标志、名优标志等质量标志；
3、伪造检验、检疫结果；
4、对商品作引人误解的虚假宣传；
5、产品原材料成分、含量虚假；
6、服务内容、质量与标明或宣传不符，等等。
二、旅游消费者权益受损的原因
（一）旅游行业不规范，自律性差，信用缺失
许多旅行社或旅游团没有规范的旅游合同，即使有也不规范不合理不科学，大多是其本旅行社自己设计的条款，旅游消费者由于疏忽大意，不仔细看，甚至看都不看，拿来就签，进入其陷阱中，上当。而我国现有的许多旅行社或旅游团根本就没有旅游合同，其行为缺乏约束力，而本身自律性又差，不讲信用，最终使旅游消费者权益受损。
（二）旅游消费者自身消费权益保护意识淡薄
许多旅游消费者在旅游过程中心情激动，完全融入自然风光中，对其他事情都不以为然；而又有些旅游消费者由于虚荣心作怪，在导游带领购物消费时，看到大家都在消费，自己也跟着消费；还有的旅游消费者太相信导游，最终导致上当。归根到底，都是因为缺乏消费者权益保护意识，在旅游服务消费和商品消费中上当，而事后又不知道该如何用法律维护其消费权益。
（三）监管机构监管不力
我国一些地方监管机构监管不力，同时又缺少专门的执法机构，致使一些非法的旅游社或旅游团出现在市场上，而旅游消费者并没有专业的知识或技能分辨其“真伪”，选择了这些旅游机构，从而使消费权益受损。同时，一些监管机构对旅游地的各种商店和商品以及服务缺乏有力的监管，致使许多旅游消费者的消费权益受损。
三、旅游消费中消费权益的保护
（一）提高旅游消费者自身的消费权益保护意识
旅游消费者首先应该了解自己的合法权益有哪些。根据旅游消费者定义，旅游消费者权益为：国家法律法规、规章及有关制度所保护的，不能被非法侵犯的旅游消费者的这种利益或权利。旅游消费者的合法权益包括：
1、旅游者的知悉权；
2、旅游者不受欺诈权；
3、旅游者生命健康权；
4、旅游者享有特约服务权；
5、旅游者的损害赔偿请求权和诉权；
6、自由合法逗留旅行权；
7、自由公正地缔结旅游服务合同权；
8、尊严，人格，风俗受尊敬权；
9、自主选择自费项目权；
10、对旅行社进行监督权。明白以上各方权利义务是维权的第一步，所以，旅游者要真正了解旅游中自己应有的权利，从而保护自己的合法权益。
（二）选择正规的旅行社、旅游团
旅游消费者不要仅仅关注旅行社的价格，更要多关注旅行社本身是否正规、服务质量是否到位、真实。一定要多了解旅行社的运营程序，提高自我保护意识，不要被广告的“低廉价格”等字眼迷惑，学会分辨旅游广告的`真假。同时还要看其是否有工商局颁发的营业执照。若选择出境旅游，看有没有出境的资格。只有找到正规旅行社，出现了问题维权才有可能，旅游管理部门才有可能帮助受害者挽回损失。
（三）不要轻易相信导游的话，谨防
旅游消费者要学会分辨商品的真假，购买商品时千万不可以着急，不可以为满足一时的虚荣心，也不要轻易相信导游的话，致使权益受损。一定要自己判断该商品是不是真的需要，是否真的像商家或导游说的那样，价格是否合理，一定要谨慎考虑。如果要买，一定要向商家索要发票和质量保证书，保存好质量保证书和发票等证据，一旦出现质量问题，才能有效维护自己的权益。
（四）旅游消费权益受损的解决途径
第一，出现旅游服务问题可与旅行社经营者协商解决。这比较直接，适宜一般的旅游争议的解决。第二，请求消费者协会或消委会调解。当发生争议协商不成，可到消费者协会请求调解。第三，向旅游质量监督站申诉。旅游消费争议较大，消费者协会或消委会又调解不成，可以申诉。投诉者可对下列行为进行申诉：认为旅游经营者不履行合同或协议的；认为旅游经营者提供的价值不等的旅游服务的；认为旅游经营者故意或过失造成投诉者行李物品破损或丢失的；认为旅游经营者故意或过失造成投诉者人身伤害的；认为旅游经营者欺诈投诉者，损害投诉者利益的，旅游经营单位职工私自收回扣和索要小费的；其他损害投诉者利益的，投诉的一般以书面形式的，并应具备以下几方面：投诉人与本案有直接利害关系的旅游者，投诉必须在游客知道或应该知道权利受到侵害时算起60日内，必须写明具体投诉对象，提出具体投诉请求，提供投诉的事实依据及证据（原件）。第四，根据与旅游经营者达到的仲裁协议，提请仲裁机构仲裁。要注意，仲裁机构是对有仲裁协议的旅游争议进行仲裁。第五，向人民法院起诉。在协商、调解、申诉、仲裁都不能解决的旅游消费争议情况下，只有通过法律途径解决。但经过仲裁记过仲裁的结果当事人必须执行，不得上诉。
旅游消费在当今不仅是一种时尚，而且也受许多人的喜爱。旅游不仅能为旅游消费者带来快乐，还能增长见识，陶冶情操。所以，旅游消费者选择旅行社和旅游团一定要提高消费权益保护意识，选择正规的旅行社、旅游团，不要轻易相信导游的话，谨防，增强法律意识，一旦出现消费权益受损事件，运用法律等途径有效维护自己的消费权益。
rabbit林恩
当代大学生消费结构的探析【摘 要】由于连年的持续扩招，大学生消费在社会总消费中的比重已越来越大，其消费水平和消费结构日益受到社会各界的广泛关注。合理的消费结构将有利于大学生的发展和社会进步，而不合理的消费结构则会给大学生的家庭、心理等各方面带来负面影响。客观分析大学生当前的消费结构，探讨其合理与不合理之处，进而找到引导大学生健康消费习惯的路径，具有重要意义。 【关键词】大学生 消费结构 消费水平 消费观念 一、大学生消费结构现状 当代大学生的消费结构大体由五个方面构成，按照消费的“重要性”和“必须性”由强到弱分别是“学费和住宿费”、“除住宿费以外的基本生活消费”、“除学费外的学习及素质拓展消费”、“通讯消费”、“休闲娱乐消费和社会交往消消费”。 1.学费和住宿费 学费为大学生消费支出中最为重要的一项，因学校类别、所处的地域、专业性质等的差异也有所不同。一般可分为以下三个档次：经济欠发达地区的院校和农林等享受国家优惠政策的院校学费一般在每年2500至3500元，一般院校收费集中在3500至7000元之间，一些二级学院或是艺术类院校以及热门专业的学费则往往高达每年7000元到15000元。 在住宿费方面，进入2000年以来，受“教育产业化”和“高校后勤社会化”的影响，学校的集体宿舍出现了“高中低档”之分，人数少、设施好的宿舍收费较高，而传统的“八人间”等宿舍收费较低。但因国家有指导性规定，宿舍费一般都在每年300元至1200元之间。近年来，大学生校外租房的现象越来越引起社会各界的关注，根据笔者的调研结果，大概有17%的大学生有过在校外租房或找人合租的经历，而房租一般在每月每人100元到500之间。由于大部分高校有关于禁止学生校外租房的规定，因此有80%校外租房的大学生并没有在学校办理退宿手续，校外租房的房租成了一笔不小的额外开支。 2.除住宿费以外的基本生活消费 该项消费主要包括衣、食、用、行四个方面，由于家庭收入差异及大学生消费习惯的不同，这部分消费的差异显著。调研结果表明，“除住宿费以外的基本生活消费”每年在1000元以下的大学生占，且全部为一年级学生；1000元至2000元之间的大学生占，2000元至4000元的占，4000元至5000元的大学生占，5000元以上的占。并且，这部分消费中，水平最高的被调查者的消费水平是最低的被调查者的22倍。可见，家庭收入差距及其派生的消费差距在大学生中体现的非常明显。 3.除学费外的学习及素质拓展消费 主要包括书费、培训考试费、电脑及上网费三大类。书费包括学校正常教学活动所需的教材及参考书、学生为提高自身能力和素质的课外参考书以及一些课外读物，如文学作品等。培训考试费是近年来在大学生消费结构中所占比重越来越大的一项内容。由于大学生近年来的考研、考证、外语学习等各类课外学习活动越来越多，该项支出呈连年显著上升的趋势。大学生在“培训考试费”一项每年要花费200元至2000元左右。电脑及上网费也随着网络的普及而逐渐成为“必须开支”，三分之一左右学生配备了个人电脑，而购买电脑、上网的费用也不少。 4.通讯消费 随着通讯器材的广泛普及，手机等通讯产品已不再是奢侈品而成为生活及社会交往的必备品。学生的通讯消费还是比较理性的。手机一般选用较为便宜的机型，手机费也低于平均水平；短信受到广大学生的欢迎，短信费占手机费的比例高于一般水平。值得注意的是，通讯消费随着学生年级的提高而逐渐提高。 5.休闲娱乐消费和社会交往消费 休闲娱乐消费和社会交往消费是两个密不可分的部分，当代大学生社会关系搭建和维系的一个重要途径就是休闲娱乐；而大学生的休闲娱乐往往是群体性的，由此而来的消费支出随着大学生年级的提高而不断上升。这部分消费常见的项目有“请客聚餐消费”、“歌厅台球厅消费”、“旅游消费”、“购买礼物消费”等。按照马斯洛的“需要层次理论”，社会交往等活动属于人类的第三个需求层次，大学生在这方面适当的消费无可厚非，但过度的娱乐支出加大了学生的经济负担，这种经济负担部分转移到了父母和家庭，部分转化成了“负债”，给学生带来了一定的精神负担。二、大学生消费结构分析 总体而言，大学生消费总额呈逐年上升的态势，这说明了大学生的消费水平随着经济社会的发展在不断提高，这是一种正常的经济现象，是社会发展进步的结果。尽管从绝对值上来讲各项消费均在不断上升，但各项消费上升的速度不同。在上述的五大类消费中，“学费和住宿费”保持了稳中略有上涨的水平，但在大学生消费总水平中所占的比重连年下降，说明大学生其他方面的消费越来越高。这其中，部分学生的“休闲娱乐消费和社会交往消费”增长速度过快，这在一定程度上体现了当代大学生消费的不理性，也反映了“消费主义”确实在一部分大学生身上存在。消费主义的实质是一种不适合我国当前国情的消费价值观，这种价值观念把消费数量和种类日益增长的物品和服务看作是至高无上的，并将其作为最普遍的文化倾向和最确切的通向个人幸福、社会地位和国家发展的道路，作为较高生活质量的标志，甚至是公民对经济繁荣的贡献和对国家或社会的道德责任，从而使高消费成为正当的、道德的和合法的。消费主义导致了部分大学生的“超前消费”甚至是“负债消费”，也导致了在消费时的“攀比心理”、“炫耀心理”，给大学生本人和家庭都带了了一定的经济压力，部分大学生的心理也受到了一定的消极影响。因此，在消费方面，家长、老师、学校和社会的合理引导是必不可少的。 三、合理消费结构的引导 首先要帮助大学生树立正确的消费理念和健康的消费意识，强调“绿色消费”和“自我发展消费”；反对“过度消费”、“享乐消费”和过份的“时尚消费”。其次要注重消费与市场基本理论的教育。主要为消费观、消费计划、消费结构、消费方式、和消费营销等知识，让大学生做有经济头脑的消费者。最后是要培养大学生的理财理念，培养其正确运用金钱的能力。此外，全社会，特别是相关商家，要努力优化大学生的消费环境，在产品营销过程中要体现合理利用各种资源，提倡文明消费、反对铺张浪费，讲究消费效率。 参考文献： [1]刘鑫.大学生不良消费行为分析及对策研究.哈尔滨工程大学硕士论文.2007. 注：本文为河北大学青年发展研究中心课题《当代大学生消费研究》（课题编号：2006021）研究成果。
当代大学生消费结构的探析【摘 要】由于连年的持续扩招，大学生消费在社会总消费中的比重已越来越大，其消费水平和消费结构日益受到社会各界的广泛关注。合理的消费结构将
夏可兒雲卿 6人参与回答 2023-12-11 意思是该参考文献来自国外。 参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。 按照字面的意
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