国内英语俗语研究论文综述

ABSTRACT The development of people's ability totranslate figurative speech was studied, using sentences con­taining metaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, aspresented in classroom workbooks. One hundred twentychildren from first, third, fifth, and seventh grades wereasked to describe the meaning of each figurative word orphrase placed in context. Responses were scored on a four­point scale indicating the extent to which the child used aliteral or figurative translation. Significant effects betweengrade levels and figurative conditions were found, indicatingthat the ability to translate figurative speech proceeds alonga developmental hierarchy of language comprehension. Themajority of third grade children were able to translate meta­phors and dual function words into figurative language suc­cessfully. The ability to translate proverbs required a levelof comprehension that does not appear in most childrenuntil seventh grade, as suggested by recent review of the psychological literature onmetaphor suggests a strong relationship betweenmetaphor comprehension and Piaget's cognitive stagesof thought development (3). Piagetian theory suggeststhat children from seven to twelve years of age developa broad range of transformational skills that allows themto operate on reality, building a repertoire of symbolsand signs (8). This display of cognitive growth representsan enormous expansion of power and abstraction in thatit frees children from the literal aspects of their percep­ and Piaget suggest that the capacity for poeticusage and the ability to operate on linguistic elementsmay be the last facet of language to develop (3). Theauthors' experiences in third grade classrooms, whileobserving children's understanding of figurative speechas presented in reading workbooks, revealed a wide rangeof abilities in the children's interpretation of metaphorsand proverbs at the concrete operations period of develop­ment. Some children had an immediate grasp of the mul­tiple meanings of terms, while others, regardless of theamount of explanation given, could not override theircognitive ties to the literal suggests that the capacity to understandmetaphoric speech occurs at an age beyond the preschoollevel (5). An early study investigated the development ofchildren's ability to understand dual function words,terms that have a joint reference in language to bothphysical and psychological data (1). For example, suchwords as "cold" and "warm" denote thermal propertiesand can serve a dual function in describing psychologicalaspects of people. The authors suggested that these termsare an elementary instance of metaphorical thinking andinvestigated the order in which children's understandingof dual terms emerged. Results indicated that childrenfrom three to seven are sensitive only to the literal trans­lation, while seven- to eight-year olds demonstrate thebeginning of the ability to use the psychological sense ofthe terms. The ability to state the dual function of theterms was clearly developed in the twelve-year-old group(for example, "hard things and hard people are bothunmanageable").Further work examined the ability of preschool child­ren to make metaphoric links, to perceive relationshipsamong disparate phenomena (6). Children, ages three tonineteen, were asked to indicate their knowledge ofliteral meanings of word pairs and then project them ontosensory domains using metaphoric skills. In contrast toearlier findings, these results indicated that the capacityfor metaphoric association between sensory modalitiesand adjectives was evident in young recent investigation found a developmental trendtoward the comprehension of metaphors, though it con­cluded that not until the age of ten were children ableto demonstrate metaphoric understanding of dual func­tion words (12).The ability to understand proverbs has been explainedby Piaget as part of the development of cognitive think­ing (10). He proposed that children from nine to elevenyears of age use a simple projection of the proverb intosentences by process of immediate fusion. At this level,there is no analysis of detail in comprehending proverbs,but a general fusion of two propositions without analysisof their meanings. Piaget believed that this phenomenonprecedes the development of logical thinking, that theability to translate proverbs does not occur until theformal operations present study examined the relationship amongmetaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, specificallylooking at children's ability to translate classroom materialpresented in context. Context has been cited as an impor­

(英语系毕业论文)英文谚语的文化场景在中译文中的缺失与弥合 摘 要本文从谚语文化角度着手，分析谚语中的文化因素，以及英汉谚语中的文化差异，尝试研究在谚语的英汉翻译过程中发生文化缺失时如何弥合。最终通过意译手段实现英语谚语的可译性，从而顺利完成跨文化交际活动，实现国际间的文化交流与传播。关键词 谚语文化; 文化缺失; 意译; 翻译补偿ContentsAbstract ⅠKeywords Ⅰ摘要 Ⅱ关键词 ⅡIntroduction 1I. The Brief Introducton to Proverb 3II. Proverb Culture Factors in Proverb Different Cultures Between English and Chinese Proverb. Belief Living Conditions. 8III. English Proverb Translation in English to Chinese Translation of English Proverb National Feature Art of Language Compensation 12Conclusion 14Acknowledgements 15Bibliography 16

文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文， 它是科学文献的一种。格式与写法文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，特别是阳性结果，而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，在根据提纲进行撰写工。前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。 参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此，应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法，录著项目及格式与研究论文相同，不再重复。

在前面的帖子中，我提到一句中国谚语“三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮”。这个帖子发表后，网友vmax给我留言，问我这个谚语是否可以翻译成下面的句子。我回答他说，当然可以，但我不鼓励您这样做，主要原因是：您的译文，我们中国人看得懂，但外国人看不懂，他们根本不知道诸葛亮是什么人，如果您想让外国人也能看得懂，您就必须在译文的后面，额外增加一段注释，介绍一下《三国演义》，再介绍一下诸葛亮，只有这样，外国人才能真正理解这个谚语，您说麻烦不麻烦？！ Three cobblers are more clever than Mr. Zhuge Liang.(三个皮匠会比诸葛亮先生更聪明。) 其实，我们中国的许多谚语，都有对应的英语谚语，两者意思相同或者相似，完全可以互相代替，一般情况下，不需要我们自己翻译。比如“三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮”这个谚语，就有一个对应的英语谚语，请看下面第一行。另外一个与《三国演义》人物有关的谚语“说曹操，曹操到”，也有对应的英语谚语，请看下面第二行。 ①Two heads are better than one.(两个脑袋比一个脑袋更好。) ②When we talk about the devil, he will appear.(当我们谈论魔鬼的时候，他将会出现。) 看到这里，有些朋友可能会问：在哪里可以找到这些对应的英语谚语呢？我曾在北京王府井的外文书店中，看到过这方面的书，书名好象叫做《汉英谚语词典》(时间长了，记不清楚了)，我们可以从这种词典中，查出大多数中国谚语的对应英语谚语。现在国内是“英语热”，英语图书(包括英语词典)多如牛毛，我想这种词典应当不难找到。 一个中国谚语，只有在词典中找不到对应的英语谚语时，我们才考虑自己翻译，不过这种情况好象并不多见。比如“周瑜打黄盖，一个愿打，一个愿挨”这个谚语，我就一直没有找到对应的英语谚语，因此我把它翻译为： One is willing to sell, and the other is willing to buy.(一个人愿意卖，另外一个人愿意买。)