农村商业银行论文英文参考文献

英文参考文献的标准格式 按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。接下来由我为大家整理出英文参考文献的标准格式，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家！ 题目：应简洁、明确、有概括性。 关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。 摘要：（150字）要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，交代本文的主要内容和观点。 目录：写出目录，标明页码。编写提纲的步骤： （一）确定论文提要，再加进材料，形成全文的概要 论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的`大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来，再把选用的材料插进去，就形成了论文内容的提要。 论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的，只提示论文的要点，如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单，但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的，写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备，边想边写很难顺利地写下去。 引言（绪论）（300字左右） 引言是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。数据恢复前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。 正文（5000左右）分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。 第1章 某某现状（归纳存在的主要问题并论证问题的存在及其影响） 把脉 . . . …… 第2章 问题产生的原因分析（归纳成因并论证） 诊断 . . …… 第3章 解决问题的对策（治理问题的途径和方法） 治疗 . . …… 第4章 结论（300左右），简要归纳全文的中心和主要结论毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。 （注意：修改后的论文提纲要写出章和节的内容，节的内容自己定，写论文时要将内容丰富起来，要达到5000字的字数要求） 致谢辞：简述自己通过做毕业论文的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。 参考文献：在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献应按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列。 ;

Too-big-to-fail: Bank failure and banking policy in Jamaica J. Daleya, , , K. Matthewsb and K. Whitfieldb aDepartment of Management Studies, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica bCardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Colum Drive, Cardiff, CF10 3EU Wales, UK Received 7 October 2005; accepted 16 December 2006. Available online 22 December 2006. Abstract Research on the causes of bank failure has focused on developed countries, particularly the United States of America. Relatively little empirical work has examined developing countries. We examine the total population of banks in Jamaica between 1992 and 1998 and find that real GDP growth, size, and managerial efficiency were the most significant factors contributing to the failure of banks. Bank failure is defined to include bailout and regulator-induced or supervised merger. Our results suggest that there were implicit ‘too-big-to-fail’ policies during this period. Keywords: Bank failures; Too-big-to-fail; Developing economies; Jamaica JEL classification codes: G21; G28 Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Bank failure in Jamaica 3. Bank failure literature 4. Data and methodology 5. The likelihood of failure 6. Failure and bail-out 7. Conclusion Acknowledgements Appendix A. Pool of variables References 1. Introduction The last decade of the 20th century was unprecedented in Jamaica's financial history. Of a population of 37 banks, 21 were classified as failed, with 14 being so classified in 1 year—1998. However, few outright closures occurred. Most problem banks were merged with other banks, or continued to operate through financial support from the government. More than a half of domestic banks received some kind of financial support from the government, initiated voluntary bankruptcy proceedings or surrendered their licences. Explanations for such banking problems vary. Empirical research on bank failures separates the causal factors into bank-specific, industry-specific, macroeconomic and other. However, much of the debate on developing countries has neglected banks at the individual level, and has focused on the problems faced at the sector or industry level. Moreover, the (often conflicting) results of existing studies do not offer inferences about the factors that are particularly significant in developing countries, or to those that are significant to the failure of individual banks, or to the fate of problem banks. This paper addresses the following questions: what factors were significant in the banking crisis in Jamaica? What factors influenced how the crisis was handled and was there an implicit too-big-to-fail (TBtF) policy? What are the lessons for bank regulators in developing economies that can assist in better preparedness for the future? To address these questions, the within-sample performance of a panel of Jamaican banks is examined. Some of the factors identified as contributing to failure include deterioration in the macroeconomic environment, rapid expansion and weakness in a range of bank-specific factors: capital, management, and liquidity. The size results are particularly significant and point to the operation of implicit ‘TBtF’ policies. Larger banks are more likely to fail, but are also more likely to be bailed out rather than closed. The next section discusses the banking crisis in Jamaica. Section 3 reviews the literature on bank failures. Section 4 discusses data and methodology. Sections Sections 5 and 6 present the results, and Section 7 concludes. 2. Bank failure in Jamaica The term ‘bank failure’ has been interpreted varyingly. The more precise definitions have focused on accounting factors (for example, [Martin, 1977] and [Benston and Kaufman, 1995]), economic factors ([Bell et al., 1990] and [González-Hermosillo et al., 1997]), or legal factors (Meyer and Pifer, 1970). Conversely, more general definitions have attempted to be all-inclusive and have applied a ‘catch-all’ combination of specific definitions (for example, Thomson, 1992). Using a general definition of ‘bank failure’ embracing closure, bankruptcy, supervised merger, or direct government assistance, we assess the population of banks in Jamaica over the period 1992– Table 1 shows a comparative profile of the Jamaican banking sector before and after the crisis. Table 1. Banking system profile: pre- and post-banking crisis Jamaican banking sector

商业银行营销Commercial Banks marketing

英文参考文献标准格式

参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分，它的作用众所周知，在此不再赘述。参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。为帮助大家顺利完成学术论文的撰写，我为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求，欢迎阅读。

学位论文参考文献的.格式

丨 期刊

期刊作者.题名[J].刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起止页码

周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度[J].化工学报，1995，46(3)：317 323

Dobbs J M, WongJ M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polorcoselvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56

刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究[J].精细化工，(2)：103-105

Mesquita A C,Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al . Vinyl acetatepolymerization by ionizingradiation[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465

丨 专著

专著作者.书名[M].版本(第一版不著录).出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码

蒋挺大.亮聚糖[M].北京：化学工业出版社，

Kortun Spectroscopy[M]. New York: Spring-Verlag,1969

丨 论文集

论文集作者.题名[C].编者.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码

郭宏,王熊,刘宗林.膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究[C].余立新.第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集.北京：高教出版社,

Eiben A E,vander Hauw J 3-SAT with adaptive geneticalgorithms [C].Proc 4th IEEEConfEvolutionary Press,

丨 学位论文

学位论文作者.题名[D].保存地点：保存单位，年份

陈金梅.氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究(D).西安：西安建筑科学大学,2000

ChrisstoffelsL A J . Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool insupramolecular chemistry[D].The Netherland：

丨 专利文献

专利文献题名[P].国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期

仲前昌夫， 佐藤寿昭. 感光性树脂[ P ]. 日本， 特开平

Hasegawa,Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et Coating composition[P].EP

Yamaguchi K,Hayashi A. Plant growth promotor and productionthereof [P].Jpn,

丨 技术标准文献

标准标准编号，标准名称[S]

ISO 1210-1982，塑料 小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性[S]

GB 2410-80，透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法[S]

丨 报纸

报纸作者.题名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次)

陈志平.减灾设计研究新动态[N].科技日报，1997-12-12(5)

丨 报告

报告作者.题名[R].保存地点：年份

中国机械工程学会.密相气力输送技术[R].北京：1996

丨 电子文献

电子文献作者.题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].文献出处，日期

万锦柔.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)[DB/CD].北京：中国百科全书出版社，1996

文献类型及其标识

根据GB3469 规定：

①期刊[J]

②专著[M]

③论文集[C]

④学位论文[D]

⑤专利[P]

⑥标准[S]

⑦报纸[N]

⑧技术报告[R]

电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如：

①磁带[MT]

②磁盘[DK]

③光盘[CD]

④联机网络[OL]

①联机网上数据库[DB/OL]

②磁带数据库[DB/MT]

③光盘图书[M/CD]

④磁盘软件[CP/DK]

⑤网上期刊[J/OL]

⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]

英文文献采用 APA格式

丨 单一作者著作的书籍：

姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.

Sheril, R. D.(1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego:Halstead.

丨 两位作者以上合著的书籍：

姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.

Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992).Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON:McMaster University Press.

丨 文集中的文章：

Mcdonalds, A.(1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment ofsupernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies:Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.

丨 期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：

Crackton, P.(1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change?Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.

丨期刊中的文章(连续页码)：

姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.

Rottweiler, F. T.,& Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink ofdestruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.

丨月刊杂志中的文章：

Henry, W. A., III.(1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

银行英语口语英语专业毕业论文范文商务英语毕业论文范文银行信用风险的成因及防范