推荐用一般过去式（时）I published the paper/article/essay(推荐前2者) entitled(提名为) *** in the journal/periodical(2选1) ***.其中，两部分***都需斜体表示（张伶俐无法显示） 供参
I've published the paper on （论文主题） in the （期刊名称）
翻译：...have published some papers in the journal【详释】在期刊上：in the journal，地点状语放在句尾发表了：have published，谓语动词，根据语境用了现在进行时论文：（some） papers，宾语，英语语言习惯加上some，也可以用a paper表示单一的论文。
英语是：He is quite famous in the academic circles as he has published several influential papers.句子解释：famous 英[ˈfeɪməs] 美[ˈfeməs] adj. 著名的，出名的; 〈古〉一流的，极好的; [例句]New Orleans is famous for its cuisine.新奥尔良以其美食而著称。publish 英[ˈpʌblɪʃ] 美[ˈpʌblɪʃ] vt. 出版，发行; 发表，宣布（结婚等）; 公布，颁布; 出版…的著作; [例句]They publish reference books他们出版工具书。influential 英[ˌɪnfluˈenʃl] 美[ˌɪnfluˈɛnʃəl] adj. 有影响的; 有权势的; n. 有影响力的人物; [例句]It helps to have influential friends.有几个位高权重的朋友很有好处。
问题一："论文"用英语怎么说 论文（Paper） 或：dissertation（论文） 或：thesis（论文） 经常说的：）~ English dissertation(英语论文) Graduation thesis(毕业论文) 问题二：在期刊上发表了论文用英语怎么说 在期刊上发表了论文 Published a paper in the Journal ――――――――――――――――― 您好，用心、细心为您答疑解惑； 如果本题还有什么不明白可以追问，如果满意请记得采纳； 如果有其他问题请采纳本题后，请指向我的图像点击向我求助！答题不易，请谅解，谢谢。 ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――祝您生活愉快！ 问题三：我想问一下，毕业论文后面写的已发表论文，状态里面，英文怎么表达？比如Accepted 等等。 10分 submitted: 就是这篇文章已经提交给期刊，但还没有得到任何答复，还完全有被拒收的可能； under review: 就是文章进入评审阶段，一般提交给期刊的文章先要经过期刊助手对文章结构，字数等技术性检查，合格的话才送交主编，由主编邀请评审专家初审。under review 表明主编已经将论文送审了，结果仍未知； major revision: 文章需要大改，一般情况下如果（2-3位中）1位评审专家对文章提出一些尖锐、负面的意见，而另几位的意见比较正面，则主编往往会要求作者进行大改动；至此，文章还是有被接受的可能，但要看改动后的文章是否让评审专家或主编满意； minor revision: 小改动，至此文章被接受的可能已经达90%，只需要对文中小的差错进行修改即可接受； accepted：完全接受，但离出版印刷发行还有段时间； early online (or online ready):已经完全定型的文章还需要排队印刷发行，这个过程有的期刊会很长，1-2年，early online 或 online ready 就是先将文章在网上发布出来，供读者阅读。这时的文章 doi 号码已经有，也可以引用，但还没有正式的卷号，期号及页码； published: 最后印刷出版了 问题四：“发表论文”用英文怎么说 to issue the dissertation 问题五：“有一篇论文正准备发表”用英语怎么说 有一篇论文正准备发表A paper is being prepared for publication 问题六：他因发表了几篇有影响的论文，在学术界颇有名气用英语怎么说 他因发表了几篇有影响的论文，在学术界颇有名气 He published several influential papers, is very famous in academia 问题七：以第一作者发表sci论文用英文怎么说 毕业论文是教学科研过程的一个环节，也是学业成绩考核和评定的一种重要方式。毕业论文的目的在于总结学生在校期间的学习成果，培养学生具有综合地创造性地运用所学的全部专业知识和技能解决较为复杂问题的能力并使他们受到科学研究的基本训练。 标题 标题是文章的眉目。各类文章的标题，样式繁多，但无论是何种形式，总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。 总标题 总标题是文章总体内容的体现。常见的写法有： ①揭示课题的实质。这种形式的标题，高度概括全文内容，往往就是文章的中心论点。它具有高度的明确性，便于读者把握全文内容的核心。诸如此类的标题很多，也很普遍。如《关于经济体制的模式问题》、《经济中心论》、《县级行政机构改革之我见》等。 ②提问式。这类标题用设问句的方式，隐去要回答的内容，实际上作者的观点是十分明确的，只不过语意婉转，需要读者加以思考罢了。这种形式的标题因其观点含蓄，轻易激起读者的注重。如《家庭联产承包制就是单干吗?》、《商品经济等同于资本主义经济吗?》等。 ③交代内容范围。这种形式的标题，从其本身的角度看，看不出作者所指的观点，只是对文章内容的范围做出限定。拟定这种标题，一方面是文章的主要论点难以用一句简短的话加以归纳；另一方面，交代文章内容的范围，可引起同仁读者的注重，以求引起共鸣。这种形式的标题也较普遍。如《试论我国农村的双层经营体制》、《正确处理中心和地方、条条与块块的关系》、《战后西方贸易自由化剖析》等。 ④用判定句式。这种形式的标题给予全文内容的限定，可伸可缩，具有很大的灵活性。文章研究对象是具体的，面较小，但引申的思想又须有很强的概括性，面较宽。这种从小处着眼，大处着手的标题，有利于科学思维和科学研究的拓展。如《从乡镇企业的兴起看中国农村的希望之光》、《科技进步与农业经济》、《从“劳动创造了美”看美的本质》等。 问题八：文章已经发表用英语怎么说 文章已经发表用英语 The article has been published. 问题九："论文"用英语怎么说 论文（Paper） 或：dissertation（论文） 或：thesis（论文） 经常说的：）~ English dissertation(英语论文) Graduation thesis(毕业论文) 问题十：在期刊上发表了论文用英语怎么说 在期刊上发表了论文 Published a paper in the Journal ――――――――――――――――― 您好，用心、细心为您答疑解惑； 如果本题还有什么不明白可以追问，如果满意请记得采纳； 如果有其他问题请采纳本题后，请指向我的图像点击向我求助！答题不易，请谅解，谢谢。 ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――祝您生活愉快！
翻译是将一种语言所表达的意思用另一种语言准确而完整地表达出来。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 漫谈英文定语从句的翻译 摘 要：英文中有大量的定语从句，在翻译时不仅要正确理解定语从句和句子其它成分之间的语法关系和内在逻辑关系，进行必要的句子结构分析和语义分析，还要根据表达的需要对句式做适当变动和调整，使译文顺畅，符合汉语表达习惯。 关键词：定语从句 前置 后置 状语 在英文中，用来修饰、限制、说明句中某一名词、代词、名词或代词短语乃至整个句子的从句叫定语从句。在语序上，定语从句置于先行词之后，是句子中起形容词作用的主谓结构。定语从句是英语语言表达中重要的基本句型之一，在英语中大量出现，它的句子有长有短，结构有繁有简，对先行词的限制作用有强有弱，还有的定语从句在逻辑上具有表示原因、结果、让步、目的、条件、假设等意义。 由于英汉两种语言分属于不同的语系，它们的行文结构存在很大的差异。定语从句虽然在英文中很常见，但却是中文中所没有的结构之一。所以，在将英文中含有定语从句的复合句翻译成汉语时，需要作适当的调整，具有较大的灵活性。在具体翻译时，必须正确体会原文的逻辑概念，合理安排译文的语序，根据其结构和含义采用不同的译法。 一、前置译法 前置译法主要用于限制性定语从句，尤其是一些较短的限制性定语从句。此时，定语从句与它所修饰的先行词关系非常密切，如果分开译会影响主句意思的完整。翻译时可按照汉语定语前置的习惯，将其译成带“的”的定语片语，放在先行词的前面，使译文简洁明了，符合汉语的行文习惯。例如： 1The boy who just went out is my nephew. 刚出去的那个男孩是我的侄儿。 2The old lady died on the day when her son arrived. 那个老太太在她儿子到达的那天去世了。 3Objects that do not transfer light cause shadows. 不透光的物体会造成阴影。 4Shanghai is the place where he was born. 上海是他出生的地方。 5I know the reason why he came late. 我知道他来迟的原因。 6I want to buy a watch which is waterproof. 我想买一块防水的表。 7This is the reservoir that we bulit after the flood last year. 这就是去年洪水过后我们修建的水库。 8Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 我们两国是有着悠久友好历史的邻邦。 除此之外，一些非限制性定语从句，或因结构短小，或因与先行词关系较密切，或因拆译后会造成译文结构松散，在翻译时也可以译成前置定语结构。例如： 1My brother-in-law’s laugh，which was very infectious，broke the silence. 我姐夫富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。 2The American busines *** an，who had long been interested in Chinese products，was invited to visit a development zone in East China. 早就对中国产品感兴趣的那个美国商人应邀参观了华东地区的一个开发区。 3He likes his sister，who is warm and pleasant，but he doesn’t like his brother，who is aloof and arrogant. 他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。 4Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the French revolution. 昨晚我一部关于法国革命的精彩电影。 5A man，who bites others，gets bitten himself. 害人者， 反害已。 二、后置译法 后置译法在翻译非限制性定语从句时使用比较普遍。英语中的非限制性定语与先行词的关系较为松散，在文字上一般有逗号与先行词隔开。非限制性定语从句对先行词不起限制作用，有些只是用来对其先行词加以描述、解释或补充说明，在语意上与主句接近于并列结构。翻译时可将其与主句分开，译成一个独立的汉语句子，放在先行词的后面。将非限制性定语从句单独译成一句可以使译文层次分明，并符合汉语简洁、明了的表达习惯。例如： 1She has two brothers，who are both doctors. 她有两个兄弟，他们都是医生。 2We will put off the party until next week，when we won’t be so busy. 我们将把聚会推迟到下星期，那时我们不会这样忙。 3They turned a deaf ear to our demands，which enraged all of us. 他们对我们的要求置之不理，这使我们大家都很气愤。 4I told the interesting story to Jessica，who told it to her hu *** and. 我把这个有趣的的故事告诉了杰西嘉，杰西嘉又告诉了她的丈夫。 5Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully，which showed that the putations were accurate. 不过问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算很准确。 6Mechanical energy is changed into electric energy，which in turn is changed into mechanical energy. 机械能转变为电能，电能又转变为机械能。 7He had talked to Vice-President Nixon，who assured him that everything that could be done would be done. 他和副总统尼克松谈过话。副总统向他担保，凡是能够做到的都会去做。 另外，有些较长的限制性的定语从句结构相对复杂，若译成前置定语结构往往显得冗长，而且也不符合汉语的表达习惯。在这种情况下，也可译成后置的并列分句。例如： 1A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。 2Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we fit in society. 身份是人类的奇妙发明，它可以使人们相互之间相处融洽，并使人们得以确定在社会中所处的恰当地位。 3Philosophy is speculative in that it attempts to construct patterns from life experiences that give meaning to reality in the universe. 哲学的推断性在于试图从生活经历中构筑模式，这些模式给天下存在的万物赋以意义。 4The airline has a booklet that will tell you most of the important things about the trip to Eorope. 这家航空公司备有一本小册子，小册子会告诉你有关欧洲之行的大部分重要事情。 5Late last century all the universities in the United States adopted the credit system which benefited students a great deal. 上世纪末，美国所有大学都实行了学分制。学生们从中受益匪浅。 三、合成译法 英语中有些限制性定语从句与主句关系十分紧密，并且在意义上突出了全句的重点;而主句仅起结构上的作用，其本身的意义并不突出。这时，可将原句中的主句和定语从句融合在―起译成一个独立的汉语句子。英语中带定语从句的There be…结构和它的变体结构或先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中的动词构成主谓或动宾关系时，汉译时常用这种方法来处理。例如： 1There are some metals that are lighter than water. 有些金属比水轻。 2There are many people who want to see the film. 许多人要看这部电影。 3There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。 4What's the time you usually go to bed? 你通常什么时候睡觉? 5Her hair is the same color as her mother's. 她的头发和她母亲的头发一样颜色。 6ABC is a triangle whose sides are of unequal length. ABC是不等边三角形。 7This is the paper mill that they set up in 1980. 这个造纸厂是他们在1980年建造的。 8I saw a cow that was grazing under a tree. 我看见一头牛在树下吃草。 四、转换译法 英语中有些定语从句，其表层结构虽为定语，实际上却起状语的作用，兼有状语从句的职能，在逻辑上与主句有状语关系，具有说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等含义。翻译时不能只注意定语从句及其所修饰的先行词，而应善于从原文的字里行间发现整个从句和主句的内在联络及它们之间逻辑上的关系，增译“由于”， “结果”，“尽管”，“不论”，“当”等词，将其译成相应意义的汉语偏正复句。例如： 1The newswoman wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to that assassination. 这位女记者想写一篇文章，以便能够引起公众对那起暗杀事件的注意。译成目的状语从句 2Electronic puters， which seems to play the role of a human brain， is often called an electronic brain. 由于电子计算机起著类似人脑的作用，所以常常被称做电脑。译成原因状语从句 3An automatic production line is excellent for the automotive industry where thousands of identical parts are produced. 自动生产线最适合用于汽车工业，因为那里要生产成千上百个同样的零件。译成原因状语从句 4Those who are in favor please hold up their hands. 如果赞成，就请举手。译成条件状语从句 5He insisted on buying another coat，which he had no use for. 他坚持要再买一件上衣，虽然他用不着。译成让步状语从句 6My assistant，who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment，could not obtain satisfactory results. 虽然我的助手在做试验之前已经仔细阅读过说明书，但他还是未能得到满意的结果。译成让步状语从句 7Electronic puters，which have many advantages，cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 虽然电子计算机有很多优点，但它不能进行创造性的工作，也代替不了人。译成让步状语从句 8Friction，which is often considered as a trouble，is sometimes a help in the operation of machines. 摩擦虽然常被看作是一种麻烦，但有些时候却有助于机器的运转。译成让步状语从句 9Rubber is a light，elastic，durable and water-resistant material，which makes rubber industry very important. 橡胶是一种质轻、富有弹性、经久耐用和防水的材料，因此橡胶工业十分重要。译成结果状语从句 10He took Chinese medicine，which relieved her symptoms. 他服了中药，结果缓解了症状。译成结果状语从句 综上所述，中、英文关于定语修饰语的差别使得我们在翻译时必须善于变通，充分考虑汉语的表达习惯。英文中的大多数定语从句在翻译成汉语时并不译成中文中的定语，而是灵活变通，转换成其他型别的从句或译成各种型别的状语， 并体现他们之间因果、让步、并列等的关系，还有的甚至译成汉语的独立句。这就要求我们在实际的翻译中，不仅要正确理解定语从句和句子其它成分之间的语法关系和内在逻辑关系、进行必要的句子结构分析和语义分析，还要根据表达的需要对句式做适当变动和调整，使译文顺畅，符合汉语表达习惯。 参考文献： [1]浩瀚，马光.轻松掌握英语翻译[M]395-398.北京：中国书籍出版社，2001. [2]张先刚.英文被动语态的汉译技巧[J].安阳师范学院学报，2006，3. [3]任爱民.定语从句的状语功能例说[J].青海教育，2005，12. 篇2 浅谈中国菜肴的英文翻译 【摘 要】 饮食文化是中国悠久历史文化的重要组成部分，内涵丰富、博大精深.随着对外贸易的进一步扩大和全球化程度的不断加深，中国与国际交往日益频繁.外国朋友在品尝中国美食的同时，也想了解每道菜名的含义、使用原料、烹饪方法等.因此，中餐菜肴的准确英译在传播中华饮食文化上起着重要的作用.本文以宣传中国饮食文化为出发点，分析了中餐菜名和主食在英译中的基本原则，并结合具体示例提出了六种中餐菜名英译的方法和建议。 【关键词】 中国菜名;翻译原则;方法 俗话说，“民以食为天”，中国的烹饪艺术博大精深、源远流长，享有“烹饪王国”之美誉。近年来，随着全球化程度的不断深入，来华投资经商、旅游观光的外国客人越来越多。他们在工作之余或饱览中国的美丽风光之后也极想品尝一下中国的菜肴。因此，中餐菜名和主食的英译问题就突出地摆在了我们面前。因为这既是增进友谊与了解的需要，也是传播博大精深的中国传统文化的重要工作。 一、中国菜肴英译的基本原则 一求实避虚原则 根据Newmark对实用文字的划分，中餐菜名翻译文字应属资讯型文字，翻译的目的是让外国朋友了解菜肴的内容，以及菜名所包含的文化内涵。因此译者在翻译中餐菜名时所要遵循的首要原则应是求实避虚原则，如实翻译出菜肴的主料、配料、调料、烹调方法等真实内涵，而不是完全按照菜名的字面意思翻译。例如：有一道菜叫“金玉满堂”，其实就是虾仁鸡蛋汤，如果照菜名字面意思翻译成“Hall full of Gold and Jades”，外国客人准得大吃一惊，“How can Chinese people eat gold and jades?”;但如果译成 “shrimp and egg soup”，大家就很容易理解了。又如“百鸟归巢”应根据菜名组合实译为“chicken and pork with egg and bamboo shoots”。由此可见，对于这类改变了以原配料、加工形状和烹饪手段等常规命名方式的雅致菜名，必须化“虚”为“实”，翻译出该菜的原配料成分和烹调方法等辅助因素。 二避免文化冲突原则 在中式菜谱里，以龙、凤、鸳鸯、如意、芙蓉、翡翠、元宝、荷包等中华民族象征吉祥意义的动植物和象征著荣华富贵的物品来命名的菜名比比皆是。有些甚至借用了一些实际无法食用的物品或西方人所忌讳食用的动物名。如“龙凤配”这道名菜有些中餐馆直译成“Dragon & Phoenix”显然不妥。因为在西方文化中Dragon含有邪恶之意，而Phoenix是只在中国神话中才出现的飞禽，西方人对它没有感性认识。因此该菜名的翻译是不合适的。实际上这道菜的主料是Lobster龙虾和Chicken老母鸡，因此，我们可以译成Lobster and Chicken。又如脆皮乳鸽，象征著和平的鸽子烹而食之，西方人是无法接受的，还有诸如动物内脏、青蛙等。因此，又有如鱼香牛肝、火爆腰花、麻辣肥肠等菜名。译者应该具有跨文化意识，特别要注意那些根据联想意义而命名的菜肴，以免引起文化冲突和不必要的麻烦。 三舍繁取简原则 与西餐菜名相比，中国菜名显得过于冗长繁杂，如果将主料、配料、调料、烹调方法、刀工或蕴含的文化等全部逐字翻译，很难被外国人接受，应力求简明扼要。如corned beef罐头碎牛肉，corned的英文释义为pre-served in salt or brine用盐或盐卤腌制的，在这里涵盖了大量的资讯。有的菜名并不强调烹调方式、或者根据主配料的搭配可知其烹制程式，翻译时可将其省去。同样的道理，有些英译菜名可省去调料，甚至可省去配料。如蒜茸猪红拌时蔬，菜名太繁琐，把蒜茸省去，用spiced表示其部分语义，译为spiced pig’s blood with vegetables即可。省略调料或配料。如蜜汁烤叉烧：barbecued pork 略去调料蜜汁凉拌海蜇：special seaweed略去凉拌的调料，而用“special”来表示。 二、中餐菜名英译的方法 上面提到了中餐菜名英译的三个基本原则。下面通过一些范例对中餐菜名的英译进行一些具体探讨。 一直译法烹调法+原料 烹调法是指中国菜的做法，即煎、炸、煸、炒、蒸、煮等等。英译时把对应的制作法译出来，再以该菜的主要砂料为中心词就可以了。例如： 炒肉丝 Sauteed Stir-fried Pork Slices 炖牛肉Stewed Beef 清蒸桂鱼Steamed Mandarin Fish 煎鸡蛋Fried Eggs 红烧鱼 Braised Fish with Brown Sauce 灼海螺片 Scalded Sliced Conch 回锅肉 Twice-cooked Pork/Double Cooked Pork 软炸里脊soft-fried pork fillet 二直译+释意法 该方法就是在英译时直接按中文菜名译出其意，然后再补充说明其内在的含义。示例如下： 全家福Happy Family-A bination of shrimps， pork， beef， chicken， lobster and mixed vegetables with brown sauce 龙凤配Dragon & Phoenix Two separate dishes characterize this distinctive plate. On one side， lobster meat in Sichuan chili sauce， which is and inviting. On the other is house special chicken， which never fails in delighting. 左宗鸡General Tso’s Chicken A mouth watering dish made with large chunks of marinated chicken， sautéed with scorched red chili peppers in special， tangy sauce. 三意译法 1.原料+with+作料 用原料为中心词，有时捎带把烹调法也译出，再加上用介词with或in与作料构成的短词即可。示例如下： 鱼香肉丝 Shredded Pork with Garlic Sauce 豆豉桂鱼 Mandarin Fish in Black Bean Sauce 黄焖大虾 Braised Prawns in Rice Wine 海米白菜Chinese Cabbage with Dried Shrimps 2.作料+原料 此方法是把作料用作修饰语，放在中心词原料的前面，用英文译出。示例如下： 咖哩鸡 Curry Chicken 麻辣豆腐 Spicy Bean Curd 怪味鸡 Multi-flavored Chicken 古老肉 Sweet & Sour Pork 3.以“实”对“虚”法 从严格的意义上说，该法也是意译法的一种。其方法是舍去中餐菜名里的喻义、夸张等说法而采用直接、明白的英语把它翻译出来。示例如下： 白玉虾球 Crystal White Shrimp Balls 红烧狮子头 Braised Meat Balls with Brawn Sauce 发财好市 Black Moss Cooked with Oysters 龙虎凤大烩 Thick Soup of Snake， Cat and Chicken 4.“移花接木”法 这种方法是用西方人熟悉并了解的欧洲菜名或主食名来译部分中国菜名与少数主食，因为它们之间有许多相似之处，故借彼之法为我所用。译文地道、通俗易懂，能收到事半功倍的效果。示例如下： 烤排骨 Barbecued Spare Ribs 盖浇面 Chinese-style Spaghetti 饺子 Chinese-style Ravioli 锅贴Pot Stickers 鸡肉串 Teriyaki Chicken Stick 这里的teriyaki一词是从日语来的借用词即“烤”的意思，该字用于此类英译在美国的中餐馆里十分流行。另外，spaghetti和ravioli两字均源自义大利语，其含义与吃法恰巧分别与我们的“盖浇面”和“饺子”非常相似，外国人都异常熟悉。PotStickers乃是一种通俗、诙谐的译法，较之呆板的译文pan-frieddumplings更显出其幽默而传神。另外，dumpling一字似有滥用之嫌，例如，在译“烧卖”、“馄饨”、“元宵”、“锅贴”、甚至“粽子”时，都用该字，往往容易引起误解。 5.音译+释义法 该方法是指先按中文用汉语拼音译出，然后再加以解释性的英译，使英译文保留点“中国味儿”。示例如下： 包子 Baozi Stuffed Bun 饺子 Jiaozi Chinese-style Ravioli 馒头Mantou Steamed Bread 锅贴 Guotie Pot Stickers 木须肉 Moo Shu Pork A bination of shredded pork and assorted vegetables as fillings rolled in *** all thin pan-cakes 6.“随机应变”法原料+地名+style 应用此方法可以灵活地处理一些难以对付的坟风味特色菜名。英译出原料名后，再稍加“点拨”就可以大功告成。示例如下： 广东龙虾 Lobster Cantonese Style 家常豆腐 Bean Curd Home Style 麻婆豆腐 Bean Curd Sichuan Style 中式泡菜 Chinese-style Pickles 湖南肉 Pork Hunan Style 另外，关于中餐主食的一些英译较之于中餐菜名来说就容易多了，这里简单举几个示例： 汤面 Noodles in Soup 炒面 Stir-fried Noodles 炒饭 Fried Rice 蛋炒饭 Egg Fried Rice 叉烧炒饭 Roast Pork Rice 由此可见，中餐菜名的英译方法是灵活多变的。至于我们在翻译中最终采用哪种方法，则可根据各人的习惯和具体情况确定。同时，有些译法也不是正式或固定译法，因为在口译或笔译时往往因人而异、因语境而异，常常会有不同的英译。 随着全球化程序的加快和我国对外交往活动的日益增多，餐饮业也逐渐走向世界。中国饮食文化历史悠久，博大精深，中国菜系多样，烹饪方法众多，各种菜式均有自己的品评标准和鲜明的民族特色。中餐菜名与主食的英译是中国饮食文化对外宣传工作中的重要一环。上面介绍到的几种翻译方法并非孤立，而是相互联络，可以并用。但不管采用哪种翻译方法，都要求译者首先必须熟悉中西饮食文化的差异，了解中餐菜名的构成及其内涵，这样才能对中餐菜名有更加准确的翻译，才能对中国文化的传播和促进世界烹饪文化的交流做出应有的贡献。 参考文献 [1]钟述孔.实用口译手册[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999. [2]何川.英语导游口译手册[M].北京：中国青年出版社，1989. [3]黄海翔.中餐选单英译浅谈[J].中国科技翻译，1999，1. [4]吴冰.汉译英口译教程[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1995. [5]何高大.实用英汉汉英口译技巧[M].长沙：中南工业大学出版社，1997. [6]冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997. [7]黄承球.中国菜谱英译初探[J].广西师范学报，1997，2. [8]陈洪薇.汉英翻译基础[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998. [9]林克难.新闻宣传英语[M].天津：南开大学出版社，1998. [10]罗赛群.中国饮食文化菜谱的翻译探讨[J].韶关大学学报，1998，5. [11]黄海翔.中餐选单英译浅谈[J].中国科技翻译，1999，1：18-21.
推荐用一般过去式（时）I published the paper/article/essay(推荐前2者) entitled(提名为) *** in the journal/periodical(2选1) ***.其中，两部分***都需斜体表示（张伶俐无法显示） 供参
I've published the paper on （论文主题） in the （期刊名称）
英语作文是可以提前积累一些模板的，在考试的时候套用这些句型，可以提高写作速度，也可以确保句式的准确性。下面是英语议论文的万能模板及范文，速看！
英语议论文写作模板一
recently the issue of whether or not______(讨论话题) has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. there are two major arguments that can be made for_________. for one thing， __________can bring ____ to_____________(优点 一 )。 for another， it is widely hold that people usually ____when ________________________________(优点二)。
but we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________， among which are ____________(列举缺点)。 for instance， it can be __________to _____________(举例说明)。 in addition， many people find it ________(形容词)to _______________(第二个缺点)
when asked to __________， i tend to ____________. this is because i _______________(原因 一 )。 furthermore， _______________________(原因二)。 finally， ______________(原因三)。
英语议论文写作模板二
the effects ___________ has produced on____________ can be boiled down to two major ones.
first ， __________________(影响 一 )。 more importantly， ________________(影响二)。 hence， i believe that we will see a ____________(提出展望)/ nevertheless， i do not think we will see a ______(或反面展望)
there are numerous reasons why ____， and i would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. the first is that the more(比较级)_____， the more (比较级)。 in addition， we all agree that________________________(第二个原因)
In recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult to get a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-educated phenomenon, aspirant and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenon?
近几年，大学生发觉找工作越来越难了。这听起来很奇怪，因为年轻的大学生通常是聪明的，受过良好教育，上进和渴望他们的才华得到充分发挥的。那么，是什么引起这一奇怪现象呢？
There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadays college students aim too high. All they want are “good” jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working conditions, high social status among others. Consequently, most college students are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not “good” enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some students study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some students are not fit for the jobs.
有很多原因可以解释。首先，现在大学生的要求太高了。他们想要的是能提供较好的薪酬，舒适的工作环境，较高的社会地位的好工作。结果，大部分的大学生都不愿意接受他们认为不够好的空缺职位。另一个原因是一些学生在校学习的专业和空缺职位的需求有很大的差距。所以企业认为有些学生不适合那些工作。
Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society and the students. The companies should value the students, talent and knowledge while the latter should not merely aim at material gains. They should be down-to–earth in building up their career. Furthermore, they should face their weak points so as to improve themselves and be more competent.
解决这一问题需要社会和学生的共同努力。企业应该看重学生，才能以及知识，而学生不应该只着眼于物质利益。他们应该脚踏实地的建立自己的职业生涯。另外，他们应该面对他们的弱点从而提高自己，使自己更有能力。
对于高中生而言,英语是一门大科,英语分数对综合考试成绩有很大的影响,因此,学好英语对高中生是至关重要的。下面，是我为你整理的高中英语作文范文议论文，希望对你有帮助!
EQ stands for the high social ability for people while IQ means the ability in academic study. There is an interesting situation that the smart person who has the high IQ while his EQ will be in the opposite. There are many classic images in the screen, like the characters in the TV series The Big Bang Theory. It tells about four clever scientists are treated as freaks, the ordinary person can’t understand their words, so the four scientists don’t have the social skill. Their neighbor, a girl who is pretty but with simple mind, makes connection with them. When they communicate, the girl can’t follow the idea of her strange neighbors. It seems that less people are both high EQ and high IQ. If I can choose, I prefer to have high EQ, because we need to make connection with others, if we do it well, then we can succeed.
EQ对人们来说代表了很高的社交能力然而IQ则意味着在学术研究的能力。有一个有趣的现象,聪明的人拥有高智商,而他的情商则是相反的。有许多经典的屏幕形象,如电视剧《生活大爆炸》中的人物。它讲述四个聪明的科学家被视为怪胎,普通人无法理解他们的对话,所以四个科学家没有什么社交技能。他们的邻居,一个漂亮的女孩,但是头脑简单,和他们打交道。沟通时,女孩不能理解她这些奇怪的邻居的想法。似乎很少人同时拥有高情商和高智商。如果我可以选择,我宁愿有很高的情商,因为我们需要与他人进行交流,如果我们做得很好,那么我们就可以成功。
Going to high school is my first time to leave home. I have to live in school from Monday to Friday. I like to stay away from my parents for some time, because I can make my own choice and be free to go anywhere. My friends and I like to spend the weekend in the countryside that near the city we live. It is the short travel that I can not only appreciate the beautiful scenery, but also learn to be independent. The things that nature teaches me are a lot. I can see from the color of the cloud to predict the weather and the sound of of animals have different meanings. All of these are hard to know from the books. I have my own thinking from these trips, and the way to take care of myself helps me to grow up.
上高中是我第一次离开家,我必须住在学校，从星期一到星期五。我喜欢离开父母一段时间,因为我可以自己做决定,随便去任何地方。我的朋友们和我喜欢在我们生活的城市附近的乡镇去度过周末。短暂的旅行,我不仅可以欣赏美丽的风景,同时也学会独立。自然教会我很多的东西。我能从云的颜色来预测天气和动物的声音有不同的含义。这些都是很难从书本学到。从这些旅行中,我有了自己的思考方式，也学会了照顾自己，这让我成长。
To be successful, students learn many knowledge so as to master as more skills as possible. Some believe that the key to realize our dreams is to work hard and others treat chance in the first place. While today is the information world, the one who masters the all-sided source will have more chances to be successful. In my opinion, the most important skill is the social skill, because we need to make connection with others, we are not doing business with ourselves, so it is in need of having relationship with others. The good social skill can help us attract attention easily and impress the future partner. If we are bad in communicating, how can we let others know our advantages and trust us. So promoting ourselves is the first job, from now on, don’t be shy.
为了成功,学生学习很多知识这样就尽可能掌握更多的技能。一些人认为实现我们梦想的关键是努力工作和其他把机会放在第一位。而今天是信息世界,那些掌握全面信息的人有更多的机会获得成功。在我看来,最重要的技能是社会技能,因为我们需要与他人进行联系,我们不是和自己做生意,所以需要与他人打好关系。良好的社会技能可以帮助我们轻易吸引注意力和打动未来的合作伙伴。如果我们沟通不好,我们怎么能让别人知道我们的优势,并且相信我们。所以推广自己是第一份工作,从现在开始,不要害羞。
As students, we always have a lot of exams/tests every term. Tests are used nowadays to check/examine/measure how well /effectively students study. Exams are a very useful and important educational tool of measurement. However, exams have some side effects of their own. First, some exams can’t reflect the real progress students make. Second, too difficult or too many exams force students to cheat in exams. Too many exams force students to study for the sake of exams only, to name just a few. In my opinion, advantages of exams far outweigh their disadvantages. Despite their side effects, exams can on the whole check and show how well students study scientifically and accurately. At least so far there has been not any method that take their place in education. Besides, exams seem to be fair to all students as they are objective and everyone is equal before test results. To conclude, exams may continue to exist in our education for a long time before they are replaced by some better measurement methods.
gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细，但更加简洁明了的说法是：硕士论文用thesis，eg. MA thesis (文学硕士论文），博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper，essay指篇幅较短小的文章，相当于作文类或散文类
问题一："论文"用英语怎么说 论文（Paper） 或：dissertation（论文） 或：thesis（论文） 经常说的：）~ English dissertation(英语论文) Graduation thesis(毕业论文) 问题二：在期刊上发表了论文用英语怎么说 在期刊上发表了论文 Published a paper in the Journal ――――――――――――――――― 您好，用心、细心为您答疑解惑； 如果本题还有什么不明白可以追问，如果满意请记得采纳； 如果有其他问题请采纳本题后，请指向我的图像点击向我求助！答题不易，请谅解，谢谢。 ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――祝您生活愉快！ 问题三：我想问一下，毕业论文后面写的已发表论文，状态里面，英文怎么表达？比如Accepted 等等。 10分 submitted: 就是这篇文章已经提交给期刊，但还没有得到任何答复，还完全有被拒收的可能； under review: 就是文章进入评审阶段，一般提交给期刊的文章先要经过期刊助手对文章结构，字数等技术性检查，合格的话才送交主编，由主编邀请评审专家初审。under review 表明主编已经将论文送审了，结果仍未知； major revision: 文章需要大改，一般情况下如果（2-3位中）1位评审专家对文章提出一些尖锐、负面的意见，而另几位的意见比较正面，则主编往往会要求作者进行大改动；至此，文章还是有被接受的可能，但要看改动后的文章是否让评审专家或主编满意； minor revision: 小改动，至此文章被接受的可能已经达90%，只需要对文中小的差错进行修改即可接受； accepted：完全接受，但离出版印刷发行还有段时间； early online (or online ready):已经完全定型的文章还需要排队印刷发行，这个过程有的期刊会很长，1-2年，early online 或 online ready 就是先将文章在网上发布出来，供读者阅读。这时的文章 doi 号码已经有，也可以引用，但还没有正式的卷号，期号及页码； published: 最后印刷出版了 问题四：“发表论文”用英文怎么说 to issue the dissertation 问题五：“有一篇论文正准备发表”用英语怎么说 有一篇论文正准备发表A paper is being prepared for publication 问题六：他因发表了几篇有影响的论文，在学术界颇有名气用英语怎么说 他因发表了几篇有影响的论文，在学术界颇有名气 He published several influential papers, is very famous in academia 问题七：以第一作者发表sci论文用英文怎么说 毕业论文是教学科研过程的一个环节，也是学业成绩考核和评定的一种重要方式。毕业论文的目的在于总结学生在校期间的学习成果，培养学生具有综合地创造性地运用所学的全部专业知识和技能解决较为复杂问题的能力并使他们受到科学研究的基本训练。 标题 标题是文章的眉目。各类文章的标题，样式繁多，但无论是何种形式，总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。 总标题 总标题是文章总体内容的体现。常见的写法有： ①揭示课题的实质。这种形式的标题，高度概括全文内容，往往就是文章的中心论点。它具有高度的明确性，便于读者把握全文内容的核心。诸如此类的标题很多，也很普遍。如《关于经济体制的模式问题》、《经济中心论》、《县级行政机构改革之我见》等。 ②提问式。这类标题用设问句的方式，隐去要回答的内容，实际上作者的观点是十分明确的，只不过语意婉转，需要读者加以思考罢了。这种形式的标题因其观点含蓄，轻易激起读者的注重。如《家庭联产承包制就是单干吗?》、《商品经济等同于资本主义经济吗?》等。 ③交代内容范围。这种形式的标题，从其本身的角度看，看不出作者所指的观点，只是对文章内容的范围做出限定。拟定这种标题，一方面是文章的主要论点难以用一句简短的话加以归纳；另一方面，交代文章内容的范围，可引起同仁读者的注重，以求引起共鸣。这种形式的标题也较普遍。如《试论我国农村的双层经营体制》、《正确处理中心和地方、条条与块块的关系》、《战后西方贸易自由化剖析》等。 ④用判定句式。这种形式的标题给予全文内容的限定，可伸可缩，具有很大的灵活性。文章研究对象是具体的，面较小，但引申的思想又须有很强的概括性，面较宽。这种从小处着眼，大处着手的标题，有利于科学思维和科学研究的拓展。如《从乡镇企业的兴起看中国农村的希望之光》、《科技进步与农业经济》、《从“劳动创造了美”看美的本质》等。 问题八：文章已经发表用英语怎么说 文章已经发表用英语 The article has been published. 问题九："论文"用英语怎么说 论文（Paper） 或：dissertation（论文） 或：thesis（论文） 经常说的：）~ English dissertation(英语论文) Graduation thesis(毕业论文) 问题十：在期刊上发表了论文用英语怎么说 在期刊上发表了论文 Published a paper in the Journal ――――――――――――――――― 您好，用心、细心为您答疑解惑； 如果本题还有什么不明白可以追问，如果满意请记得采纳； 如果有其他问题请采纳本题后，请指向我的图像点击向我求助！答题不易，请谅解，谢谢。 ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――祝您生活愉快！
论文： paper ; thesis
经济学 | 计算机科学技术 | 法学 | 管理学
paper
The paper comprises seven chapters text.
论文共七章。
扩展资料
1、我们将在一起审阅这些论文。
We shall go through these papers together
2、我终于写完了李教授要的论文。
I finally popped that paper for Professor Li
3、教授已经把我的论文搁置一个月了。
The professor has turned aside my paper for a month
4、这里你列举出你的论文所做出的新知识的贡献。
Here you list the contributions of new knowledge that your thesis makes.
5、此时此刻，这个系统仅存在于论文和电脑里。
Right now the system exists only on paper and in the computer
6、在经济发展方面，这是最优秀的论文之一。
It’s one of the best papers on economic development
参考资料百度百科-英语单词
英文翻译:Publish a paper。
第一篇Hi,I’m xxx. I'm 13 years old and I study in xxx Middle School. My school is ...Every morning I get up at seven and have breakfast. And then I go to school at half past seven. Lessons begin at eight o’clock. We have four lessons in the morning and Chinese is my favourite lesson. We usually have 10 minute's break between two lessons and at about 12 o'clock we finish our morning lessons. I have lunch at school at twelve thirty.I like school lunch and I always have rice with meat and vegetables. After lunch I often talk with my friends or play basketball with them. In the afternoon lessons start at half past one and finish at four o’clock. I play games after school with my friends and then go home at half past four. In the evening I do my homework and then watch TV. At ten o’clock I go to bed. It’s really a busy day but I like it.第二篇 As we can see, the world population is growing rapidly day by day. So enough fresh water is needed to feed such a big population. What's more, with the development of industry, factories and vehicles produce poisonous gases or wastes, which consequently results in the pollution of water. Though fresh, a good amount of it can no longer be used. Only quite limited fresh water resource is available to human beings. So it's high time for us human beings to take quick action to protect water resource. Stop pollution and save water, otherwise, we cannot survive on the earth. With fresh water, the world will be prosperous第三篇 保护水资源： As we can see, the world population is growing rapidly day by day. So enough fresh water is needed to feed such a big population. What's more, with the development of industry, factories and vehicles produce poisonous gases or wastes, which consequently results in the pollution of water. Though fresh, a good amount of it can no longer be used. Only quite limited fresh water resource is available to human beings. So it's high time for us human beings to take quick action to protect water resource. Stop pollution and save water, otherwise, we cannot survive on the earth. With fresh water, the world will be prosperous.翻译如下：正如大家看到世界人口增长迅速日。 给这类大的人口需要有足够的淡水。 怎么还有与工业事务局研究工厂和车辆产生有毒气体或，因此导致污染的水的废物。 虽然新鲜的可以不再使用好的量。 只有很有限的新鲜水资源可供人类。 因此，它是我们人类采取快速行动，保护水资源的时候了。 停止污染和保存水，否则，我们不能生存在地球上。 新鲜的水世界将会繁荣。改革开放：It has been thirty years since China started reform and began a policy of opening up China to the outside world.This has resulted in great changes taking place in various fields. With the nine-year compulsory education(九年制义务教育) program,all children have the chance to be educated.In the past 30 years,China has made great progress in science and technology.In 2003,China launched its first manned spaceship and fulfilled its first space walk in 2008.As economy is developing fast,people's living conditions have greatly improved. In addition,there have also been great changes in sports.The 29th Olympics were successfully hosted in Beijing and Chinese athletes won the most gold medals. I'm really proud of the great achievements in the past 30 years.It is the leadership of the Communist Party and the great efforts of us Chinese people that made all these possible.Nowadays,people are working hard towards a more advanced and harmonious society.I'm sure China will have a brighter future and Chinese people will live a happier life.第四篇保护水资源： As we can see, the world population is growing rapidly day by day. So enough fresh water is needed to feed such a big population. What's more, with the development of industry, factories and vehicles produce poisonous gases or wastes, which consequently results in the pollution of water. Though fresh, a good amount of it can no longer be used. Only quite limited fresh water resource is available to human beings. So it's high time for us human beings to take quick action to protect water resource. Stop pollution and save water, otherwise, we cannot survive on the earth. With fresh water, the world will be prosperous.翻译如下：正如大家看到世界人口增长迅速日。 给这类大的人口需要有足够的淡水。 怎么还有与工业事务局研究工厂和车辆产生有毒气体或，因此导致污染的水的废物。 虽然新鲜的可以不再使用好的量。 只有很有限的新鲜水资源可供人类。 因此，它是我们人类采取快速行动，保护水资源的时候了。 停止污染和保存水，否则，我们不能生存在地球上。 新鲜的水世界将会繁荣。改革开放：It has been thirty years since China started reform and began a policy of opening up China to the outside world.This has resulted in great changes taking place in various fields. With the nine-year compulsory education(九年制义务教育) program,all children have the chance to be educated.In the past 30 years,China has made great progress in science and technology.In 2003,China launched its first manned spaceship and fulfilled its first space walk in 2008.As economy is developing fast,people's living conditions have greatly improved. In addition,there have also been great changes in sports.The 29th Olympics were successfully hosted in Beijing and Chinese athletes won the most gold medals. I'm really proud of the great achievements in the past 30 years.It is the leadership of the Communist Party and the great efforts of us Chinese people that made all these possible.Nowadays,people are working hard towards a more advanced and harmonious society.I'm sure China will have a brighter future and Chinese people will live a happier life.翻译如下：这是三十年以来中国开始改革与开始的外部 world.This 中国开放政策，导致在各个领域发生的巨大变化。 于九年强制 education(九年制义务教育) 程序所有孩子都有机会被 educated.In 在 30 年中国已取得很大进展科技 technology.In 2003、 中国推出其第一次的载人的飞船和完成首次空间行走在 2008.As 经济发展迅速、 人民生活条件大大改善。 此外，也有很大的变化在 sports.The 29 奥运成功承载在北京和中国运动员赢得最大的金牌。 我的确感到自豪的丰功伟绩在过去的 30 years.It 是共产党的领导和我们中国人作出所有这些 possible.Nowadays,people 正在努力向更先进，和谐 society.I 确信中国将会有一个光明的前景和中国人民将过幸福生活的努力。电脑利弊：The main disadvantages are: some of the young people are too obsessed with the network control poor, it will trap into the network. Relevant data show that young people indulge in network performance is more than 89 percent plummet. Online games will have a strong young vanity has led to some young people have an unhealthy psychological, severely hampered the normal development of young people. There are fighting games so that some young people think that real life can be like a virtual network of the world as ruled by the law of the jungle to the world today, leading toward the path of crime. Play the role of those villains, so that boys like girls change, but it's like boys girls. The trap of the second network, some people because of social discontent, the network's own desire to radiation, leading to others on the network by fraud, deceived many examples, list goes on.Many benefits, save time and effort before the provincial lesson entirely on hand-written, time-consuming and laborious, much more will have to modify. Preparation of a computer is now "semi-automatic", and the school to teach all the prior knowledge input into the computer, after layout, modify, save, and finally print it out; the same can also copy the link. Computer is time-saving, labor-saving good helper, it gives me more time to study materials, the design of better teaching methods.第五篇I like badminton and basketball,basketball is my favourite sport,I like basketball best. I always wear a T-shirt,shorts and runners to play basketball. I can throw the basketball in the net, I think it is easy, but someone think it is hard, I can catch the basketball,too. On Sundays,I am a bbasketball player.I like to watch basketball game on TV, Yao Ming is my favourite basketball player, I want to be a real basketball player someday. 第六篇Hello everyone !DO you like sports? Let me tell you whate my favorite sport is.Well I like tennis best.Becase of playing tennis makes me be healthy and happy.You can run on the playgrond and enjoy it every time.So I really like playing tennis very mnch! 第七篇a meaningfull activity Last month I went to the hometown with my family,We decided to swim in the river where my father often swim when he was young.But when we got there,there was only a dirty river,so we thought we got to a wrong place.But there was a old man,he said:"Here is a place where you want to go".He look so sad when he said this.Then he said:"Two years ago,here was really a beutifu place,but one day,many visitors come here and threw rubbish anywhere.The river be dirty and dirty,and it look like this now".When I heard this,I think we should protect our earth.It was really a meaningful activity第八篇Our school has now started an activity called “Build Civilized Classes and a Harmonious Campus.” The topic is “ Get Rid of Bad Habits and Greet Civilization”. Bad habits do exist. Some students throw rubbish everywhere or spit in public. Some wear long hair. Others are even addicted to smoking and drinking. We require that the students break away from these bad habits. We urge the students to wear their school uniform and be polite to others. During the activity, we’ll hold a picture show, a competition of classroom and dormitory decorations and so on. We all hope that we’ll build each class into a civilized one and our campus into a harmonious place.第九篇.My Birthday PartyIt’s July23. Today I am16 years old. I am going to have a party at home and I am waiting for all my friends to come. They are going to bring?lots of beautiful presents with them. My parents are preparing a lot of nice things to eat and drink. At the party we are going to play games, sing songs, dance and listen to music. I think we will have a good time.
6000的阿，咱去年写了一个1500的。。凑和吧Literature, Exploration of the World “The more you read, the further you go.” This ancient Chinese idiom tells people the benefits of reading literature. Literature is the art of written work. In Latin, "acquaintance with letters" which includes anything associates with using alphabets whether written or printed. The many forms of literature provide distinctive experiences. “The further you go” not only means the events we pass through while reading, but also the intellectual experiences that we obtain. As readers receive information from literature, their brains modify it, analyze it, and make general conclusions on what we have learned. As a result, people interpret the ideas and messages from writers based on our judgements and reflect the learning on them. Besides, literature represents the opinions from many perspectives, so then it allows men to thoroughly understand an issue, other than solely rely on our personal opinions. For this reason, reading helps mankind to open up the door of comprehension and explores everything at a greater depth. In other words, reading literature is a shortcut to the exploration of the world. It enables the readers to confront different cultures and people, the beauty and cruelty of the world, and to discover the true human nature. Each writer has his or her own personal experiences, therefore reading literature allows readers to explore stories from different people and culture. A Great Expectation written by Charles Dickens is a masterpiece of literature. It frames out the lives of many different characters and allows the readers to understand the social context. The distinctive personalities and lifestyles reveals how the social influences can ultimately lead the characters towards their contradictory endings. In the novel, the main character Pip’s brother-in-law–Joe says: “Pip, dear old chap, life is made of ever so many partings welded together, as I may say, and one man's a blacksmith, and one's a whitesmith, and one's a goldsmith, and one's a coppersmith. Divisions among such must come, and must be met as they come” (Dickens). Joe says this after his uncomfortable meeting with Pip that men’s lives will come to a division point. From that point on, every man heads toward his own life differ from everyone else and there is no chance for their lives to intersect again. This is also the message that Charles Dickens tries to deliver to his readers. He lets the readers to understand that different actions lead to different consequences. Besides, literature provides experiences of many cultures. In Barbara Kingsolver’s poem Naming Myself, she gives out the cultural background and the honourable story of her family name. “I could shed my name in the middle of life, / the ordinary thing, and it would flee/…But it would grow restless there. I know this” (Kingsolver). Barbara states that she is proud of her culture and family. No matter what the situation is, she will name herself proud and guard it with her dignity. Her readers will discover the importance of native ancestry, a cultural formation, and tradition. Furthermore, books give the chance to get on a journey to any place that man can possibly imagine. Mary Schmich believes “Reading is a discount ticket to everywhere” (Schmich). There is, with no doubt, a great deal of truth in this comment. Since every book represents beliefs and values of a culture or cultures, reading each of the books simply takes the reader into the cultural environment without any further purchase of an actual trip. While reading, people physically remain stationary, but their minds travel through continents. Consequently, books provide valuable experiences of different people or cultural. Literature lets people gain more knowledge about the diversified world.By reading, we can experience many different cultures, but books are also reflections of passion, that allow readers to explore the true human nature. Sometimes, people attempt to hide themselves under a cover: those who are sad hide their sadness under a smile; or those who are jealous hide their envy under praises; or those are ambitious hides their eagerness under modesty. However, as Samuel Butler says “Every man’s work, whether it be literature or music or pictures or anything else, is always a portrait of himself, and the more he tries to conceal himself the more clearly will his character appear in spite of him” (Butler), literature reveals the hidden nature of man. Although some authors try to hide themselves in their work of literature, ultimately, they put in their own passion while writing. Then the readers are able to discover the hidden side of authors by reading books. In an interview with Rachel Taylor, she states “Literature exposes. It usually reveals another side of humanity that is not often recognized. It is a moral” (Taylor). She believes that since books unmasks human nature, therefore by reading; readers can draw their own moral and learn from books. Rachel Taylor also mentions the famous tragedy—Hamlet written by Shakespeare. The play reveals ambition, hatred, love, lust, loyalty, betrayal and many other sides of humanity. For a long time, Hamlet is read and studied by many different people. The reason the Shakespearean plays are still popular is not only the spectacular language, but also how it is closely related to the current society. By reading Hamlet, readers are able to interpret the corresponding results of certain behaviours and apply the learning into their lives. Also, just like not all the humans have the same nature, books also have different purposes. There are books that reveal and praise distorted love. For example, in the novel Thicker Than Water, by Kathryn Harrison, the main character Isabel has a incest relationship with her father. There is an indescribable, subtle love between Isabel and her father as she says in the story “He fucked me, yes, but he held me afterward, and for brief moments I believed that for one of my parents my existence had not been a trial” (Harrison). Isabel’s reason for her and her father’s relationship is that she wants to be embraced by at least one of her parent. Throughout the novel, Kathryn Harrison gives the readers an impression that she prefers this type of love. She writes with her passion and understanding towards humanity. Kathryn Harrison provides her readers a different experience of the definition of love. Barbara Tuchman comments “Books are humanity in print” (Tuchman). Indeed, whether how literature is being written, whether as a play or a novel, follows the universal moral basis or portrays a unique perspective, literature always teaches a lesson. Reading books always allows people to learn about humanity and elevate themselves intellectually.Reading shows human nature and culture. It reflects the hope and joy in the society, however, while the beauty is being praised, books also portrays the cruelty of the world. Literature often provides readers with facts, and then it becomes the readers’ duty to explore the theme. As people begin to judge works of literature, they classify the facts into positive or negative, good or bad messages; in other words, readers need to determine whether it is the beauty or cruelty within literature. Christine Naraine believes “Literature improves comprehension. It forces you to think from many different perspectives, and look into many different directions” (Naraine). She states that reading provokes thinking and therefore improves people’s ability to understand messages. In works of literature, there is usually a paradox. It can be external or internal, such as perfection versus imperfection, justice versus evil. The two irreducible elements make the duality of beauty and cruelty. They oppose each other, but there is no beauty without a comparison of cruelty; and cruelty will not be definite if there is no beauty being praised. Therefore, there is no absolute beauty or cruelty because we judge on each of these based on another. Salmon Rushdie supports this belief “Literature is where I go explore the highest and lowest places in human society and in the human spirit, where I hope to find not absolute truth but the truth of the tale, of the imagination and of the heart” (Rushdie). He suggests that literature allows readers to experience the two extremes of the society. According to Rushdie, the result of this experience is not to draw a solution, but to gain an overall improvement of both imagination and of the heart. Thus, literature always is associated with the duality of beauty and cruelty. By reading, people can gain more knowledge about this paradox and understand the formation of the society. Reading literature is a blessed journey. It is an experience of a wide kind and an exploration of the world. Reading not only brings people knowledge, it also allows the readers to confront different culture and people, the true humanity, and the wonders and desperations. Literature helps to shape people’s logic structure, and therefore reading develops more mature individuals. As reading improves comprehension, readers become more brilliant, more insightful and more successful. With these in mind, reading is no longer a burden, but a necessity. A necessary exploration of the self and the world.
Now the humanity already started to transform the nature, the artificial selection had already replaced the `natural selection ', the humanity may the species which does not like casual one kind of top the `harmful insect ', the `weed '. And declared that wants them, except that. The humanity and other species are the same, is the natural biology, but not god product. The natural selection, its executor was in the nature species, between the species mutual diversion only then causes to choose the possibility, choice another intention is lets all species maintains the competitiveness, maintained the improved seed. Superior win and the inferior wash out forever is the natural first choice. Therefore, the artificial selection is also the natural selection one kind. In very long before competes is refers to between the species and the species carries on. Now this kind of competition has been monopolized by the humanity, the humanity already high became in the nature most to have the competitive species.
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