谁发表了心血运动论文

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period. It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to developed. The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming. Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into being. This was an exciting period in the history of American literature. Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Romantics. But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation. The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature began. Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national country. Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of elements. Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic feeling. Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local color. Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th century. The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern literature. America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period. It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to develop. The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming. Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into being. This was an exciting period in the history of American literature. Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Romantics. But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation. The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature began. 1. Colonial and early American literature (1). Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed in. They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second Eden. No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European adventurers. Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616). Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and nature. They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to nature. This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American writers. It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar themes. (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New World. This group was looking for the Jamestown settlement. However , because of bad navigation, they landed in Massachusetts. They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown settlement. They wanted to start a new world governed by the Bible. They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves pure. They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth. This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first Americans."The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower passengers. The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best sense. “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire book.” (W. P. Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of literature. By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders wrote. The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special purpose. They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of life. So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in literature. That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or both.” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the histories. These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the Puritans. People also wrote many poems. But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan thinking. One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672). Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in God. 2. 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human reason. With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of reason. Words had never been so useful and so important in human history. People wrote a lot of political writings. Numerous pamphlets and printings were published. These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the world. Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809). It’s the ringing call for the decoration of liberty. He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ground. ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from England. And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First American." a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and writer. He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain style. His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of achievement. Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular quotations. During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and experience. (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into being. Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary poems. The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and artistically. Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national literature. From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“. 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

《心血运动论》内容简介：《心血运动论》是哈维最重要的著作，又名《动物心血运动解剖论》。后人也因这部作品将哈维视为血液循环理论的始倡者，它的主要内容共分17章，在正文之前有一篇导言，这篇导言的篇幅比起之后的各章内文都长。在导言中，哈维等于对当时的心脏血液理论做了研究回顾，声明《心血运动论》并不是凭空捏造或是纯粹想像创造出来的新理论，他从当时所公认的心脏和血液运行理论出发，提出理论中存在着矛盾与不确定，强调理清理论真相的重要性，并说明了他的研究方法，他的主要方法就是研究有心脏的动物，并进行活体解剖和观察来“发现真理”，而不是仅通过其他人的著述来了解心脏的作用。

在对当代理论做过批判与回顾之后，《心血运动论》正式进入了论述的部分，哈维对于心脏的运动与血液在人体中的循环，都提出清晰而连贯的说明。哈维用大量实验材料论证了血液的循环运动。他特别强调了心脏在血液循环中的重要作用，通过对猪、狗、牛、蛇、蟾蜍、蛙等不同动物的解剖观察，他证明心脏的收缩和舒张是血液循环的原动力。哈维认为，人的身体常有血液流通不已，这种运动的本原与中心便是心脏。在心脏收缩时，驱血到动脉中去，由此又通过“静脉”再回到心脏。这就是血液循环的完全意义。但是这种循环是双层的：一种循环是由心脏的右边，经过肺部再到左边(称为“小循环”)；另一种循环是由心脏的左边，经过身体的其余部分，再到心脏的右边(称为“大循环”)。他把心脏比作水泵，并认为心脏在人体中的地位，就像宇宙中的太阳，而太阳是宇宙的心脏，驳斥了当时流行的盖伦的脉搏呼吸同一功能论，肯定了盖伦的活体血管有血无气和动脉输热不生热的正确观点，并对其“元气说”进行了驳斥。他认为“动、静脉都只能有血无气，哪里来的元气，即使有元气也是与它分不开的；元气就是血液本身而非其他”。哈维的结论，在医学界引起了极大的惊骇，大部分医学界人士嫉妒他的新发现，而不屑于附和这种时髦学说。

哈维在《心血运动论》中还列举了大量实验事实：如用钳子夹住蛇的腔静脉，看到钳夹处静脉近心端膨大；结扎手臂观察皮下静脉，可见到静脉瓣隆起，并证明血液如何由手臂的静脉回心和静脉是从外周部分到中枢部输血的惟一通路。并借手臂静脉管壁充盈度的观察，证明静脉瓣是保证静脉血液流回心脏的重要结构。书中还用定量推理方法提出血液是循环流动的，他指出：“血液借助心室搏动而流经肺、心，并压送到全身”，“大量血液沿动脉中心向外围流动，而静脉则由外围向中心流动，血量比食物所能供给者为多，同时也比身体中所需要的为多，因此必须断定血液在川流不息地运动中”。在书的第六七章，他论述了当时难以解释的肺循环，并预见“在动、静脉之间必有供渗过的小孔”，实指后世所称的微循环。

《心血运动论》不仅为现代生理学与现代医学的建立奠定了基础，同时还指出了从事自然科学的有效方法和步骤。如：对现象要小心准确地观察与描述、尝试着解释这些现象是如何产生的、对现象的说明要做对照实验、结论要基于实验的结果等。直到哈维1657年逝世以后的第四年，伽利略发明的望远镜被意大利马尔比基教授改制为显微镜用于医学上，观察到毛细血管的存在，才真正证实了哈维理论的正确性。哈维血液循环理论的被确认，标志着当时的科技在医学领域中的显著成就。

哈维因为他的出色的心血系统的研究以及他的动物生殖的研究，使得他成为与哥白尼、伽利略、牛顿等人齐名的科学革命巨匠。他的《心血运动论》一书也像《天体运行论》、《关于托勒密和哥白尼两大体系的对话》、《自然哲学之数学原理》等著作一样，成为科学革命时期以及整个科学史上极为重要的文献。

心血运动论是英国伟大的生理学家和胚胎学家威廉·哈维于1628年公开发表关于心脏运动和血液运动的经典观点，提出血液是循环运行的，心脏有节律的持续搏动是促使血液在全身循环流动的动力源泉。