其实网上发不了这么多。你干脆去买一本“疯狂英语 阅读版”。现在应该是6元一本。里面有散文，小说，话题文章，诗歌，议论的，新闻类型的。反正有许多的。还带有翻译。有些还附带MP3格式。你买那个不错的！
How to learn English well a few proposal Want to learn English well, first of all to foster interest in english. " Interest is the best teacher". Interest is great motivation to learn English, with interest, the study will be multiplied. We have such experience: like thing, it will be easier to do so; don't like something, it is difficult to keep the. And interest are not born with, need to cultivate. Some students said:" I saw the English headache, how to cultivate the interest in English?" Work is a necessary condition of learning English, have a solid foundation in English, it would not continue to learn, not to mention the achievement. To a solid basic skills, must be absorbed in to listen to the teacher carefully, listen carefully in each class, improve the efficiency of the classroom, stand on solid ground, work steadily, do the following" five to": First, "heart". In the classroom should concentrate one's attention on, momently also cannot laches, the brain must always remain positive, thinking active, thinking should be widened, with the hearts of teacher, understand every word, every link, understand each knowledge spot, many associate, think more, do appreciate sb.'s thought. Two," hand to". To learn English, must take notes in class. Because the human memory is limited, people could not have gifted with an extraordinary retentive memory, memory itself is constantly struggle against forgetting process. As the saying goes," the worst pen is better than a good mind". The teacher 's knowledge may be remembered in the classroom, but over a period of time, you will forget, so, it is necessary to take good notes. English knowledge is accumulated little by little, and learned every word, phrase and sentence structure, all in a notebook, or even a Book blank or between the lines, this right after the review to consolidate all is very convenient. Three," ear to". In the classroom, listening is very necessary, not only to listen to the teacher on the explanation of knowledge, but also to listen to the teacher speak English pronunciation, intonation, stress, liaison, losing blasting, punctuate and essentials of pronunciation, in order to develop their own authentic spoken english. Hear to understand what the teacher taught each knowledge point, in the mind of formative feedback to help memory; understand the teacher's questions, so that the prompt reply, in contrast to students to answer the questions, to deepen our understanding of the problem and take the length of others make up their own short. Four," eye to". In the listening at the same time, also followed the teacher teacher action observation of eyes, mouth, expression, writing, drawing, realia display. The brain forms the visual information and auditory information is combined, can be more profound impression. Five," export to". Learning a language, does not open mouth does not talk is bad science, schoolmates the biggest problem is reading silently, shy mouth. Especially the morning reading class, students just to see or read, so that only the visual information, and no auditory feedback information in the brain, of course, memory is not too deep, the mouth muscles are not to exercise, it will be difficult to develop a pure english. Therefore, to take full advantage of the morning awake time, read aloud; classroom to Yong Yue teacher to answer questions, actively participate in class discussion and debate, class of uncertain problems, to overcome shyness, bu. On the learned text to read, read, read, can read after the tape recorder, trying to imitate the pronunciation and intonation to correct pronunciation, to read some of the classic article GetWord speak in measured tones, best can back off claws overripe. Use every possible opportunity, practice spoken English, for example, foreign exchange, and participated in the activity of "English corner", talk with your classmates, telling English stories, singing English songs, play in English, poetry readings. In addition to the book of essays to read reading, but also more suitable for our students extra-curricular reading, not only can increase knowledge, but also broaden our vision, but also improve the level of our reading. I In short, if you are happy, enthusiastic, effectively to learn English, perhaps you will become a English celebrity!
1 Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China,2 Department of Health, Student Health Service, 4/F Lam Tin Polyclinic, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China,3 Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HE Introduction Passive smoking can cause death from lung cancer and coronary heart disease, but there is little evidence for associations with other causes of death in never smokers. A recent study showed increased all cause mortality with exposure to secondhand smoke at home but did not examine associations with specific causes of death and dose-response We have published estimates of the mortality attributable to active smoking in Hong Kong2 and now present the related findings on passive smoking at home. Participants, methods, and results Details of the sample selection and data collection have been Each person who reported a death in 1998 at four death registries was given a questionnaire which asked about the lifestyle 10 years earlier of the decedent and of a living person about the same age who was well known to the informant. Passive smoking was identified in the interview with the question, "Ten years ago, in about 1988, excluding the decedent/control, how many persons who lived with the decedent/control smoked" Decedents or controls who lived with one or more smokers were classed as exposed. Cause of death was obtained from the death certificate. We selected never smoking decedents and controls aged 60 years or over because there were few younger controls. To avoid selection bias, we included only cases and controls who had a living spouse at the time of reporting. We used logistic regression to derive odds ratios adjusted for age and education, and for sex when men and women were combined. What is known on this topic There is strong evidence that passive smoking is causally associated with death from lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and all causes, and also with acute stroke What this study adds The dose-response relation between passive smoking and mortality from stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as from lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and all causes of death, strengthens the causal link We identified 4838 never smoking cases (55% male) and 763 never smoking controls (55% male). All controls were used in the analysis for each specific cause of death. We found significant dose dependent associations between passive smoking and mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and from all cancers, all respiratory and circulatory diseases, and all causes (table). The association between mortality and passive smoking did not differ between males and females. Deaths due to injury or poisoning were not associated with passive smoking. Number of subjects who were or were not exposed to secondhand smoke at home and odds ratios (adjusted for age and education, and for sex when men and women were combined) for mortality in people aged 60 or over, Hong Kong. Values are odds ratio (95% confidence interval) unless indicated otherwise Comment Dose dependent associations between passive smoking and causes of death are consistent with previous findings for lung cancer and coronary heart disease and extend the evidence on stroke. Previous studies have shown associations between passive smoking and first acute strokes,3 4 and we have now shown a dose-response relation with mortality from stroke. Previous studies focused on ischaemic strokes but Chinese populations have a greater incidence of haemorrhagic stroke than do white populations,5 implying that many of the strokes in our study may have been non-ischaemic. Passive smoking probably affects all stroke subtypes, as does active smoking. Our finding of a 34% increase in all cause mortality is consistent with but higher than that (15%) in the New Zealand Exposure to secondhand smoke at home is higher in Hong Kong than in New Zealand due to crowded living conditions. Before the 1990s, awareness of the danger of passive smoking was lower and smokers smoked freely at home. We focused on passive smoking at home because the proxy reporter could most reliably supply these data, and we adjusted for education, which was also reliably recorded2 and is a good proxy for social class in Hong Kong. As data on cases and controls were derived from the same proxy, reporting bias should be If our results are not due to residual confounding, they provide further evidence that the dose-response associations between passive smoking and stroke and all cause mortality are likely to be causal. See Editorial by Kawachi This article was posted on on 27 January 2005: We thank W L Cheung for help with analysis; the Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for data and assistance; and, in particular, the relatives who provided information. Contributors: THL, SYH, AJH, KHM, and RP designed and carried out the study on which this analysis was based; SMcG, MS, LMH, and GNT planned and carried out this analysis; and all authors contributed to writing the paper. SMcG and THL are guarantors. Funding: Hong Kong Health Services Research Committee (#631012) and Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health. Competing interests: THL is vice chairman and AJH a former chairman of the Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health. Ethical approval: Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong. References Hill SE, Blakely TA, Kawachi I, Woodward A. Mortality among never smokers living with smokers: two cohort studies, 1981-4 and 1996-9. BMJ 2004;328: 988-9. Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ, Mak KH, Peto R. Mortality and smoking in Hong Kong: case-control study of all adult deaths in 1998. BMJ 2001;323: 361-2. Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelson T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R. Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tobacco Control 1999;8: 156-60. Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Klatsky AL, Friedman GD. Cohort study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of first ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Neuroepidemiology 2004;23: 38-44. Kay R, Woo J, Kreel L, Wong HY, Teoh R, Nicholls MG. Stroke subtypes among Chinese living in Hong Kong: the Shatin stroke registry. Neurology 1992;42: 985-7.
If the Dream is Big EnoughI used to watch her from mykitchenwindow, she seemed so small as she 1)muscled her way throughthecrowd of boys on the playground. The school was across thestreetfrom our home and I would often watch the kids as theyplayedduring recess. A sea of children, and yet to me, she stoodout fromthem remr the first day I saw her playing in wonder as she ran circles around the other to shoot jump shots just over their heads and into boys always tried to stop her but no one begantonotice her at other times, basketball in hand, playing practice 2)dribbling and shooting over and overagain,sometimes until dark. One day I asked her why she practicedsomuch. She looked directly in my eyes and without a momentofhesitation she said, “I want to go to college. The only way Icango is if I get a scholarship. I like basketball. I decided thatifI were good enough, I would get a scholarship. I am going toplaycollege basketball. I want to be the best. My Daddy told me ifthedream is big enough, the facts don’t count.” Then she smiledandran towards the court to 3)recap the routine I had seen overandover , I had to give it to her—she was her through those junior high years and into week, she led her 4)varsity team to day inhersenior year, I saw her sitting in the grass, head cradled inherarms. I walked across the street and sat down in the coolgrassbeside her. Quietly I asked what was wrong. “Oh, nothing,”came asoft reply. “I am just too short.” The coach told her that at5’5”she would probably never get to play for a top ranked team—muchless offered a scholarship—so she should stop was heartbroken and I felt my own throat tightenas Isensed her disappointment. I asked her if she had talked to herdadabout it lifted her head from her hands and told methather father said those coaches were wrong. They just didnotunderstand the power of a dream. He told her that if shereallywanted to play for a good college, if she truly wantedascholarship, that nothing could stop her except one thing — herownattitude. He told her again, “If the dream is big enough, thefactsdon’t count.”The next year, as she and her team went totheNorthern California Championship game, she was seen by acollege5)recruiter. She was indeed offered a scholarship, a fullride, toa Division I, 6)NCAA women’s basketball team. She was goingto getthe college education that she had dreamed of and workedtoward forall those ’s true: If the dream is big enough,the factsdon’t count. 我以前常常从厨房的窗户看到她穿梭于操场上的一群男孩子中间，她显得那么矮小。 学校在我家的街对面，我可以经常看到孩子们在下课时间打球。尽管有一大群的孩子，但我觉得她跟其他的孩子截然不同。 我记得第一天看到她打篮球的情景。看着她在其他孩子旁边兜来转去，我感到十分惊奇。她总是尽力地跳起投篮，球恰好越过那些孩子的头顶飞入篮筐。那些男孩总是拼命地阻止她，但没有人可以做得到。 我开始注意到她有时候一个人打球。她一遍遍地练习运球和投篮，有时直到天黑。有一天我问她为什么这么刻苦地练习。她直视着我的眼睛，不加思索地说:“我想上大学。只有获得奖学金我才能上大学。我喜欢打篮球，我想只要我打得好，我就能获得奖学金。我要到大学去打篮球。我想成为最棒的球员。我爸爸告诉我说，心中有目标，风雨不折腰。”说完她笑了笑，跑向篮球场，又开始我之前见过的一遍又一遍的练习。 嘿，我服了她了——她是下定了决心了。我看着她这些年从初中升到高中。每个星期，她带领的学校篮球代表队都能够获胜。 高中那会儿的某一天，我看见她坐在草地上，头埋在臂弯里。我穿过街道，坐到她旁边的清凉的草地上。我轻轻地问出什么事了。“哦，没什么，”她轻声回答，“只是我太矮了。”原来篮球教练告诉她，以五英尺五英寸的身材，她几乎是没有机会到一流的球队去打球的——更不用说会获得奖学金了——所以她应该放弃想上大学的梦想。 她很伤心，我也觉得自己的喉咙发紧，因为我感觉到了她的失望。我问她是否与她的爸爸谈过这件事。 她从臂弯里抬起头，告诉我，她爸爸说那些教练错了。他们根本不懂得梦想的力量。他告诉她，如果真的想到一个好的大学去打篮球，如果她真的想获得奖学金，任何东西也不能阻止她，除非她自己不愿意。他又一次跟她说：“心中有目标，风雨不折腰。” 第二年，当她和她的球队去参加北加利福尼亚州冠军赛时，她被一位大学的招生人员看中了。她真的获得了奖学金，一个全面资助的奖学金，并且进入美国全国大学体育协会其中一队女子甲组篮球队。她将接受她曾梦想并为之奋斗多年的大学教育。 是的，心中有目标，风雨不折腰。
There have seed emotion to call "like", the second is called "love". Love is when he is in in eyes, he is the only one; When he is not in all with his shadow. Love is in the middle of the night when reading a book about him suddenly, imagine him what to do now, in the heart of the warm light up a bulky, but never actively give him a call. A few minutes later, the attention again to plot of the book to attract!!!!! Love is in the lonely night, miss flooded to holding the book in his hand, but how also can't go in, you heart at this time whether he still in overtime, and eat dinner, is not as we think of his general thinking about himself. Like is to discuss with him the blush up to the ears, for before him at his rival like a hedgehog never give up, but as in the heart had secretly admire his opinions of his talent. Love is the hope that he and his whip, and his soul dwelling, he inadvertently say a teaser also can let himself down even for tears. In front of him, he is never fortification. Like is out to his hair message, tell him the weather here is very good, and then the phone off, alone in different ground crazy for a week, sun into a black suddenly appeared in front of him after startled him. Love is whether to which all hope to have his company. Can be standing on the beach to give him a mobile phone, let him to hear the sound of the waves; Can also because of the foreign street see a strongly resembles his figure and leng in situ billowing move. Like he is before the trip simple way with a "bon voyage", looking at his leave of figure, in the heart a little shed, but say nothing, just silently waiting for him to return news. Love is in his QianDingNing before the trip into his backpack, charged with clothes and food, at the station to wait until the train left before they would leave. And after he left in the day of every day in limbo, over and pray that he can come back safely. Like is in hurt, don't want to let him see his weak side, before him quietly wipe the tears, turned his head still is a happy strong shape. Love is in be wronged, on his chest and wept bitterly, no disguise no worries, put all the troubles completely, and the desire to tell him from his arms get comfort. Like is and his weekend shops tired eat together KFC; Is in the cold winter and he grabbed a hot cup of coffee; And he is always walk on the street shoulder among the distance between the half a metre; With him together in front of the computer game play two smile like a child. Love is weekend use half a day to make a few with sir meet of see him to eat it, Is in the cold winter for his coffee cup constantly refilled hot water; And he walked in the street is letting him walking arm in arm with his own hand tightly; Is next to him in the quiet, happy to look at him in front of the computer work to look. Like is to hear him tell his childhood the fun, and then laughed, in the heart of the fellowship of the vague feeling. Love is to listen to his childhood the fun, then smiled, heart more pity at present this once so terribly naughty man. Love is in the building, pleasant and met him he say hello, again simple greetings several, pass by when she saw a beautiful sunshine outside the window, the mood gratuitous and better. Love is in the building and see him, face pretends to did not care about the expression, but passed careful around feeling in the attack of air, and could not help looking back to one eye. Like is to see him and another girl hand through inside, there is a little bit of pain, but will soon at chaoyang to raise smiling face. Love is a loser's game, after paying all, stay may be only on the bottom of a scar. Like a person is want him was his own, so, can be like a lot of people, want to a lot of people is their own. Love is clearly without him, but will have to give up him, because he will happiness, maybe I can not give. Can't take him, would like to see him find happiness, even of that happiness is not share with me. Like that are expected to feel lonely, bored, sad, to find someone to talk to. Love is, at any time to share with him, happy even hopes to put all his happiness. Love is a long, long time, didn't contact, received his phone, and then smile to hear him speak. Love is in a few days, had no contact, try so hard to call him, then held my tears and smile a little. Like, only together of the time, just thinking about each other. Love is, even if it is together, each second is thinking about him. Like a person, most many friends, will also feel happy. Love a person, is more a person, can enjoy two people of the world. Like a person, is sweet greasy. Love a person, is the sunshine. Like a person, together of the time will be very happy. Love a person, not together, will sense of loss. Like a person, you won't think of your future. Love a person, you often together hope for tomorrow. Like a person, together of the time is always a joy. Love a person, you will often tears. Like a person, when you long time no see, you will suddenly think of him. Love a person, when you long time no see, you will think about him every day. Like a person, when you think of him, and you will be a slight smile. Love a person, when you think of him, and you will be the stunned. Like a person, you will want to have children, he you will love it. Love a person, will one day, you suddenly very curious: the future of our children can be any appearance. Like a person is hope everybody happy. Love a person hope that he will be more happy. Like a person, you only need today. Love a person, you expect is forever. Like a person, is to see the advantages. Love a person, is inclusive of his faults. When you stand in front of the person you love, your heart beats faster. But when you stood in front of the person you like, you just feel happy. When you and the person you love, you four eyes delivers will shy. But when you and four eyes of the person you like, you can only smile delivers. When you and the person you love, you feel is reluctant to dialogue. But when you and of the person you like, you can speak freely. Dialogue When the one you love is crying, you cry with her. But when the one you like is crying, you will skills to comfort her. When you don't want to love a person, you want to close your eyes and endure tears. When you don't
在纷繁杂乱的论文文献海洋里，每一篇论文都有其格式。我整理了500字论文及其格式，有兴趣的亲可以来阅读一下! 本科 毕业 论文格式 封面 使用学校统一格式，题目居中，学号等内容靠左侧对齐，后面的下画线要整齐。。题目要对论文(设计)的内容有高度的概括性，简明、易读，字数应在20以内。 中文论文题目 论文题目 黑体三号，居中。下面空一行。 中文摘要 “摘要：“顶头，黑体四号，后面内容采用宋体小四号，摘要应简要说明毕业论文(设计)所研究的内容、目的、实验 方法 、主要成果和特色，一般为150-300字。下面空一行 中文关键词 “关键词：“顶头，黑体四号，后面内容采用宋体小四号，关键词一般3-5个，以”，“号隔开，最后一个关键词尾不加标点符号，下面空两行。 英文论文题目 所有英文采用“Times New roman”字体，黑体三号，加粗，居中。下面空一行。 英文摘要和关键词 英文摘要和关键词除字体外同中文摘要和关键词的格式要求，但“Abstract:”和“Key words：”要加粗。内容翻译要准确，英文摘要的词汇和语法必须准确。 注意：如果内容教多，可以将英文题目、摘要、关键词放到下页。 目录 “目录”两字为黑体3号，居中，下面空一行。 第一层次标题“一、”顶头，黑体、小四号，第二层次缩进一字，宋体，小四号，第三层次再缩进一字，宋体，小四号……，页码加小括号，页码前为连续的点，垂直居中。 如果采用“1”、“1、1”、“1、1、1”的形式，则每层缩进半字。 参考文献按第一层次标题的格式。 正文 正文采用宋体，小四号，每段开头空两字，要符合一般学术论文的写作规范，文理科毕业论文字数一般不少于6000字，工科、艺术类专业毕业设计字数视专业情况而定。 论文应文字流畅，语言准确，层次清晰，论点清楚，论据准确，论证完整、严密，有独立的观点和见解，应具备学术性、科学性和一定的创新性。 毕业论文内容要实事求是，尊重知识产权，凡引用他人的观点、统计数据或计算公式的要有出处(引注)，计算的数据要求真实、客观、准确。 标题 所有标题左侧空两字，数字标题从大到小的顺序写法应为：“一、”，“(一)”，“1、”，“(1)”，“” 的形式，黑体，小四号，左侧空两字，或者采用“1”、“1、1”、“1、1、1”……的形式，黑体，小四号，左侧顶格。 注释 采用本学科学术规范，提倡实用脚注，论文所有引用的中外文资料都要注明出处。中外文注释要注明所用资料的原文版作者、书名、出版商、出版年月、页码。 图表 正文中出现图表时，调整行距至所需大小，返回正文再将行距调整为22磅。 参考文献 参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后;文后以“参考文献：”(左顶格)为标识;参考文献的序号左顶格，并用数字加方括号表示，如[1]、[2]、…，以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。参照ISO690及ISO690-2，每一参考文献条目的最后均以“、”结束。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下： 专著、论文集、学位论文、 报告 [序号]主要责任者、文献题名[文献类型标识]、出版地：出版者，出版年、起止页码(任选)、(中译本前要加国别) [1] [英]M奥康诺尔著，王耀先译.科技书刊的编译工作[M]、北京：人民 教育 出版社，1982、56-57、 [2] 辛希孟、信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集：A集[C]、北京：中国社会科学出版社，1994、 打印及纸张 本科生毕业论文(设计)应一律采用打印的形式，使用A4规格的纸张，左边距2、75cm，右边距及上下边距2、5cm，页眉页脚1、5cm，全文行距22磅，装订线在左侧。按以下介绍的次序依次编排，页号打在页下方，宋体五号，居中。 装订次序 学生答辩后各院系要将有关资料和论文按照封面、中英文内容摘要及关键词、目录、正文、注释、参考文献、选题审批表、开题报告、中期检查表、指导教师评语、答辩记录表的顺序统一装订成册，存入院系教学档案。 提交论文电子稿 学生上交的毕业论文(设计)软盘一定要经过杀毒处理! 毕业论文(设计)应用Microsoft Word编辑，存成以学号为名的、doc文件,例如一个学生的学号为0137023,则文件名应该为0137023、doc。每个学生交上来的磁盘中只能有一个名为学号、doc的文件，对于双修的学生，应上交两篇论文，其中一篇名为学号、doc,另一篇名为学号sh、doc,如 0137023sh、doc(双修专业)。 原则上，每个学生应将自己的论文单独存盘(存为一个文件名)，并在软盘封面写明自己的学号、姓名、所属院系，然后上交。不提倡为了将多个学生的论文挤在一张软盘上而将各个文件压缩的做法。如果软盘的空间足够大，也可以集中多个学生的论文文件，但决不能是压缩文件。如果某个学生的论文过大，不得不进行压缩，那么必须将自己所用的压缩、解压软件及解压方法详细记录在一个名为decompress的、doc或、txt文件中;如果所用的解压软件不常见，应该在软盘中附带自己的解压软件。500字小论文 早晨，阳光透过我房间的纱窗和玻璃懒洋洋地撒在我脸上，让我从甜蜜梦乡中醒来。这时，妈妈推开我房间的木门告诉我今天的行程：今天我们一家四口和小姨、舅舅还有徐豪一起去雅林玩。 听了之后，我的脸上浮现出来开心的笑容。 经过漫长的“坐车之行”，我们终于到达了虞美人(花名)之乡——雅林。走入大门，五颜六色的虞美人衬在绿油油的草地上十分显眼!在那一刹那，我昏昏的感觉一下子消失了，新鲜空气中漂浮着悠悠香气，这气味闻着让人心里真舒坦。 在木头城里，独木桩和独木块最受大家的欢迎，无论什么时候，游客都排着长长的队伍。终于轮到我了!“呀!”我在独木桩上颤抖地说，这时木桩在晃动，差点让我摔了一个大跟头。走过独木桩，我发现自己的手被独木桩的缰绳搞得通红，犹如刚接触过血一番。而我却并没有因为手的发红而放弃‘过关’：我在独木板的那队排队，看着前面的叔叔阿姨过独木板时的紧张，我感受到了“危险”，抱着忐忑不安的心，我也走上了独木板，两个相邻的木板时不时的相撞，大家的脚一会儿碰在一起，一会儿分开，有点像荡秋千呢!踏过独木板和独木桩让我意识到了：坚持不懈，就一定可以成功!我在木头城玩耍，虽然弄的满头是汗，但是很开心。 之后，我们去热带林游玩，里面有着我们这里没有的植物。 转眼间，两个小时过去了我们便坐着舅舅的车回家了。看了“500字论文及其格式”的人还看： 1. 500字论文格式 2. 500字论文怎么写 3. 毕业论文范文 4. 1000字左右论文格式 5. 本科毕业论文格式要求
一、封面1、题目：小二号黑体加粗居中。2、各项内容：四号宋体居中。二、目录1、目录：二号黑体加粗居中。2、章节条目：五号宋体。3、行距：单倍行距。三、论文题目：小一号黑体加粗居中。四、中文摘要1、摘要：小二号黑体加粗居中。2、摘要内容字体：小四号宋体。3、字数：300字左右。4、行距：28磅5、关键词：四号宋体，加粗。词3-5个，每个词间空一格。五、英文摘要1、ABSTRACT：小二号、内容字体：小四号、单倍行距。4、Keywords：四号加粗。词3-5个，小四号TimesNewRoman.词间空一格。六、绪论小二号黑体加粗居中。内容500字左右，小四号宋体，行距：28磅七、章、节、一.二.三.四、五级标题序号字体格式章：标题小二号黑体加粗居中。节：标题小三号黑体加粗居中。一、一级标题序号标题四号黑体加粗，顶格。(一)二级标题序号标题小四号宋体，不加粗顶格。1.三级标题序号标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。(1)四级标题序号标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。①五级标题序号标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。八、结束语小二号黑体加粗居中。内容300字左右，小四号宋体，行距：28磅。九、致谢小二号黑体加粗居中。内容小四号宋体，行距：28磅十、参考文献小二号黑体加粗居中。内容8—10篇，五号宋体，行距：28磅。十一、附录小二号黑体加粗居中。英文内容小四号TimesNewRoman.单倍行距。翻译成中文字数不少于800字内容五号宋体，行距：28磅。十二、提示【页边距设置】上，下，左，右。【页码制作】视图页眉页脚自动图标集选中第X页共Y页。【28磅设置】格式段落行距固定值设置值输入28磅文字。外国文学论文范文赏析：外国文学课程应用型改革的必然性一、应用型人才培养是教学改革的必然选择教育服务于时代，教学制约于环境。自上世纪90年代高校开始扩招到本世纪初毛入学率达到20%，我国高等教育已完成了由传统精英教育向现代大众教育的转化。在这个过程中，一批以专科院校合并升格方式组建而成的地方性本科院校应运而生。在世纪前后持续扩招的10年里，这些新建地方院校与老牌院校一起，共同承担了消化新中国建立后第二个人口生育高峰(上世纪80年代)蕴积的高等教育重任和完成大众化阶段高等教育任务的社会责任。在持续满负荷甚至超负荷运转中，他们对自身地位处境、办学目标方向、发展出路等问题未及进行准确定位思考，事实上高速发展的大众教育形势也不容思考。只需例行一年一度“打开门”，以“坐以待客”的招生方式，就有源源不断的生源和疲于应付的工作任务。办学思路、模式无需创建和开拓，只需延续精英教育阶段“全国一盘棋”万众一心建设综合性大学的老路。在发展历史短底子薄、地方投入不足办学条件差、地域封闭学缘校缘联系欠佳等不利因素下，殚精竭虑、不遗余力地追求学术型大学建设目标。客观地说，在此宏大目标下，这些院校做出了不同寻常的努力，使办学环境、条件得到了极大改善。自身获得了长足发展，也为我国高等教育事业做出了巨大贡献。但不可回避的是，诸多现实问题也随之产生，且日渐凸显，成为当前及今后一个时期困扰地方院校、困扰全社会，以至制约我国大众高等教育持续健康发展的巨大障碍。存在的主要问题是，地方院校是在办学条件有限、生源质量较差情况下，走与老牌综合大学同样的学术精英人才培养之路，现实与理想的差距，使教育活动收效甚微。教学中，一方面是受各种条件制约的教师在相对封闭的环境下，多年不变地守着同一个培养计划同一个大纲，竭尽所能地讲授系统的专业理论知识，另一方面是应试教育驯化出来的课外书籍基本不看、学习基本被牵着鼻子转的学生，在高校大信息量、满堂灌的课堂上难以适应和疲于应付。应试教育阶段，学生缺乏必要的阅读和社会参与，导致常识性科学文化知识和社会经验阅历积累不足。加之地方院校低分录取的学生知识功底较弱的特殊问题，使以系统理论知识传授为指针的教学活动困难重重。学生对大容量高密度的知识传授难于消化和理解，与教师之间难以形成“反馈”与“互动”的良好关系。于是教师全情投入的教学就成了单边进行无人喝彩的独角戏，难以收到良好的效果。第二个突出问题是，传统教学模式方法、内容体系及教育教学管理体制，已不能适应变化了的校情学情，造成教学和教育质量同时滑坡。一方面是在校生人数激增，给日常教学带来种种困难。人数激增，班型扩大，使课堂教学秩序难以把握，教学形式更趋于易于操作的满堂灌和一言堂，而以小班为易，曾经作为传统教学补充的研讨式、探析式、参与式教学难以坚持。另一方面是人数激增，使以拓展课堂教学和提高学生知识应用能力、综合能力的第二课堂活动难以开展。人数激增，并列班级增加，教学场所紧张。教室流动使用，学生走班，学生学习及活动最基本的组织单位———班级名存实亡，使第二课堂以及其它增强学生团队意识、提升学生文化素养和参与能力的校园文化活动难于组织。在这两大问题之下，最终检验学校教育成效和学生知识能力水平的毕业生的两大出口———考研和就业，均出现困局。重在理论知识传授的传统教学，目标是培养理论功底扎实有学术水平的高层次人才。但如此教育之下的毕业生，首先在专业知识检验的第一道关口毕业论文(设计)中，常常照抄照搬甚至“满纸荒唐言”。之后在被看作专业知识水平终极检验的考研中，整体成绩也不理想。成功率无论在量上还是质上，都不能与生源质量较好又有深厚学术积淀的一本院校同日而语。而绝大多数选择毕业即择业的学生，在并不与他们所学专业、课程直接对应的职业招聘考录中言不成文、语不成体，在考查综合素质能力的面试中手足无措的现象不在少数。因此现实是，一方面是学生苦读四年毕业后难以找到满意的工作，另一方面是用人单位难以录用到学用相适、上岗即能工作的实用人才。更为严峻的是，现今地方性院校已经占据我国高等院校总数6/7的份额，已无可置疑成为大众化时期高等教育的主体。而这些院校办学方向模糊造成的投入产出失衡、学生学用不适、校地人才供求脱节，不是个案和局部，而是普遍性全局性的问题。由此造成的问题是：这些院校越是在既有路线上发展扩大，越是造成资源和人才的浪费。其教师在一心培养高层次学术人才的课堂上传授越多，对学生掌控越多，学生开拓创新的能力、职业综合能力、社会适应能力越是不足，越是难以逃脱“理论基本不用”“、实践基本不会”和“毕业即失业”，的魔咒。而国家，在缓解了人口压力造成的高等教育压力的同时，却把就业压力抛向了社会，造成了新的民生问题和社会问题。同质化教育引发的地方院校以及我国高等教育整体问题，从中央到地方、从行政管理部门到实体院校，早已形成自省自警的共识。同时也都预见到，随着生育高峰期人口完成高等教育及高等教育适龄人口基数实际减小，我国高等教育已在蕴积新的矛盾和危机，那就是即将到来的院校间残酷的生源竞争。生源竞争将是物质基础、学术环境都相对较差的地方院校必然面临的危机和挑战。那么地方院校的出路在哪里？发展图存的希望何在？应该在国家政策的框架下谋发展，在自身个性化特色化发展中求生存。要充分领会教育行政部门“分类指导、准确定位、办出特色”的指示精神，要充分理解国家“培养适应经济社会发展的数以千万计的高素质专门人才和一大批拔尖创新人才”的高等院校层级化发展思路，从中找到适合自身内情与环境的合理定位。那就是以培养“高素质专门人才”为宗旨，以立足一方服务一方为原则，走应用型人才培养和地域化个性化发展之路，办满足地方经济及社会发展对多样化人才需求的应用型大学。二、应用型人才培养体系中课程教学的问题与地位新世纪之后，国家和教育部持续适时颁发纲领性文件，实施和推动我国高等教育改革的不断深化。2005年教高1号文件《教育部关于进一步加强高等学校本科教学工作的若干意见》，做出了“坚持科学的发展观，实现高等教育工作重心的转移，在规模持续发展的同时，把提高质量放在更加突出的位置”的部署，倡导高等教育工作重心由扩大规模向加强内涵建设的战略性转移。2007年1月教育部、财政部联合发文《教育部财政部关于实施高等学校本科教学质量与教学改革工程的意见》，启动本科教学“质量工程”，提出“按照‘分类指导、鼓励特色、重在改革’的原则，加强内涵建设，提升我国高等教育的质量和整体实力”的基本路线，并以明确具体的建设目标、内容和资金支持，落实高等教育从“保量”到“提质”的切实转换。紧随其后的教育部2号文件《教育部关于进一步深化本科教学改革全面提高教学质量的若干意见》，进一步提出了“高等学校要根据经济社会发展需要，科学定位，办出水平，办出特色”的教育发展总体路线。到2012年教育部4号文件《教育部关于全面提高等教育质量的若干意见》，则进而明确提出了“探索建立高校分类体系，制定分类管理办法，克服同质化倾向。根据办学历史、区位优势和资源条件等，确定特色鲜明的办学定位、发展规划、人才培养规格和学科专业设置”的具体方针。国家层面改革与发展的思路清晰透明，这推动了国内高等教育理论界及实践者对大众化教育深化改革、加强内涵建设，以及高等学校分类定位、层级化发展诸问题的广泛探讨，更推动了学界和实体高校对源于上世纪70年代德国的“应用性大学“”应用型人才”培养模式的深入理论探讨和实践探索。在国家继续实施的“985工程”、“211工程”和新开辟的优势学科创新平台、特色重点学科项目及本科教学“质量工程”等政策、资金、项目、平台等支持下，对于占据我国当前高等教育主体地位的地方院校的“应用型人才培养”理论及实践的探索，均取得了丰硕成果。但从形成的成果结论看，刚刚建立的大众教育应用型人才培养体系已出现新的“结构性短缺”。首先是学科分类内部结构失调。从大的学科分类看，应用型人才培养的理论探讨和实践集中在理工类和新兴应用类学科上。主要探索上述学科实验教学场地、实践教学基地、校企合作、校地合作、产学研一体化等多种人才培养渠道的开发和建设。而既难言成果转化也难言实际应用，而一向作为提高人综合文化素养、人文素质和的传统人文社科类遭冷遇、被搁置，在“应用型”理论和实践大潮中失去了存在的价值和依据。继而在人文社科范畴内，外国文学课程所属汉语言文学及历史等传统人文类专业，因其既非“理论”也非“科学”，而只是人类文明进程中人物、事件、精神、物质等成果材料的汇集梳理，且不与当前经济社会特定产业、行业直接对接，不具备“实操性”和“应用性”，从而全局失利，在方兴未艾的“应用型”理论与实践探讨中失重失语。在定位为“应用型本科”的地方院校自我绘制的“精文、强理、重应用”的发展蓝图中，文科的下行路线已十分明晰。进而在已经失重的人文类汉语言文学专业中，主干课外国文学又因其不具有文学及写作理论课对创作实践的先验指导性，也不具有语言课对言语文实践的经验总结性，而与中国各段代文学课一起与“应用”相关的一切断裂和绝缘。从“文科”到“人文”再到“文学”，在当前经济社会，在重应用型人才培养的大众高等教育中，似乎已毫无用处，丧失了安身立命的依凭。第二，是实践及理论探索的视域有所局限。统观国内相关理论成果材料和实践总结报告，对应用型人才培养模式的探讨和实践主要局限在学校宏观体系建设方面，如制度保证、资金落实、项目带动、师资队伍建设、实践教学改进等宏观因素。而对决定教育改革成败和人才培养成效的学科、专业、课程等教育活动主体内容———教学层面落实问题探索不足。还局限在“合理调整专业结构”“、优化课程体系”“、推进课程体系、教学内容、教学方法和手段的改革”等原则意见的提出，而对教学改革的核心问题———课程教学内容体系、模式方法、评介考核等应用型改革与实践实操层面问题的研究，目前还实为缺位。课程改革是教育教学中的核心地位，国内应用型人才培养理论的奠基者潘懋元先生曾指出：“任何教育的最终效果取决于直接面对学生的课程建设和实施过程，因此课程建设是当前提高高等教育质量的核心环节。对于以人才培养类型作为分类标准的高校分类，最终也要落实在与人才培养密切相关的课程。因此，建设应用型本科课程是当前推进高校分类发展进而提高教育质量的重要举措。”因而，在国家政策积极引导、资金大力支持、院校层面应用型人才培养宏观体系构划业已就绪局面下，学科、专业、课程三级教学层面应用型人才培养模式的探索已无可退缩，它已占据大众教育改革深化最后攻坚克难的关键地位。而外国文学作为地方院校非应用类专业的主干课，也应牢固树立应用型人才培养的理念，努力探索满足社会经济发展对实践型、创新型、复合型人才需要的应用型人才培养之路，建立应用型教学改革和实践的课程体系。这既是大众高等教育改革深化的当务之急，也是地方院校一线教师当前要完成的首要工作任务。任务重大而紧迫而，不容松懈。
On suprasegmental features Introduction So far we havebeen talking about phonetic features as they apply to single phonetic segments,or phones. Phonetic features can also apply to a string of severalsounds, such as a syllable, or an entire word or utterance. The study ofphonological features which applies to groups larger than the single segment,are known as suprasegmentalfeatures, such as the syllable or the word. The study of these features is knownas prosody. It mainly includessyllable, stress, pitch, tone, and intonation. In this paper, I will talk aboutthe suprasegmental features ingreat detail. Key words: phonetic, suprasegmental. Syllable The most obvious prosodic feature in languageis the syllable. Let's briefly discuss the notion of syllables. Like all of our other basic linguistic concepts,although everyone knows what a syllable is, the concept "syllable" isdifficult to define in absolute terms. A syllable can be divided into threeparts, that is, onset, nucleus, and coda, of which nucleus is a must. Asyllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with codais called a closed syllable. In English only long vowels and diphthongs canoccur in open syllables. The onset may be empty or filled by a cluster of asmany as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled as many as fourconsonants. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice asto where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the some languages, syllables are always open,that is, they always end in a vowel, never a consonant. (Hawaiian) On the other hand, every Hawaiian syllable must begin with a consonant. (Aloha spoken as a single word beginsin a glottal stop.) In other languages, syllables are always closed; they mustend in a consonant (Navaho): Háá'ishah dididiljah. Let's build a fire. Táá diné 'ooljéé'go naaskai' Three men went to the moon. (LikeHawaiian, they must also begin in a consonant.)Stress The nature of stress The word stress is used differently bydifferent authors, and the relationship between stress, emphasis, accent andprominence is also defined differently. Robins has defined it as “a genericterm for the relatively greater force exerted in the articulation of part ofutterance”. The nature of stress is simple enough—practically everyone wouldagree that the first syllable of words like“father”, “open” is stressed, thatthe middle syllable is stressed in “potato”, “apartment” and the final syllableis stressed in “about”, “perhaps”, and most people feel they have some sort ofidea of what the difference is between stressed and unstressed syllables,though they might explain it in many different production of stress is generallybelieved to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used forunstressed syllables. From the perceptual point of view, all stressed syllableshave one characteristic in common, and that is “prominence”. Roach hasmanifested that at least four different factors are important to make asyllable prominent:i) Loudness: Most people seem to feelthat stressed syllables are louder than unstressed ones; in other words,loudness is a component of ) Length: The length of syllables hasan important part to play in prominence; the syllables which are made longerthan the others will be heard as ) Pitch: Pitch in speech is closelyrelated to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musicalnotion of low-pitched and high-pitched notes; if one syllable is said with apitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have astrong tendency to produce the effect of ) Quality: a syllable will tend to be prominentif it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels. Languages differ in how they use ) In some languages, eachsyllable is equally stressed or unstressed，as in Cambodian2) the syllable in eachword is more stressed. Theplace of stress is fixed on acertain syllable:1) initial. Finnish,Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages2) penultimate. Polish,3) final. ) Complex set ofrules. In Bulgarian nouns and verbs have separate sets of rules forstress placement. Hopi (phonetic: first syllable of a two syllableword: síkwi meat; inwords of three or more syllables, accent falls on the first long vowel: máamatsi to recognize; or onthe first short vowel before a consonant cluster: péntani to write; otherwise it falls on thenext to last syllable: wunúvtu standup)The place of stress is ) In Russian the stress iscompletely random: xoroshó, xoró) In English the stress ismore predictable but still random. Usually a middle syllable of a longerword receives the stress. In two syllable words stress is rando and oftenrenders differences in meaning: project/toproject, produce/produce, and insult/ to insult. Some languages have more than one stress perword: English is such a language. In English, words of foursyllables or more have a primaryand a secondary stress. SomeEnglish compounds have phrasal stress on the first element of thecompound. Phrasal stress often distinguishes meaning in adjective/nouncombinations. Sentence stress in English According to He Shanfen (1992), Englishsentence stress has two main functions:⑴ to indicate the important words in thesentence; ⑵ to serve as thebasis for the rhythmic structure of the sentence. Consequently, in connected English speech,sentence stress usually falls on content ( or lexical) words, which carry thebasic meaning of a sentence, . nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc. Those whichare usually unstressed in sentences are form (or structural) words, which showgrammatical relationships, such as articles, auxiliary and modal verbs,monosyllabic prepositions, Another prosodic feature is pitch, defined as the frequency ofvibration of vocal cords. Pitch is measured in hertzes. Physiologically, pitch tends to be higher inwoman than in men and higher before puberty than after puberty. Also, thepitch of women's voices tends to lower with old age; the pitch of men's voicestends to get higher with age. Despite these physiological, non-linguisticuniversal, each language uses pitch distinctions for linguisticallymeaningful purposes. Startingfrom the lowest pitch on the initial syllable, the pitch of each subsequentsyllable raises until the word reaches the "peak". From that point,pitch either remains at the same level for the remainder of the word or itdrops again. The choice between maintenance of high pitch or allowing it todrop is a matter of formality: pitch is maintained in formal or careful speech,but dropped in colloquial usage.七．ConclusionBeing the most important part, suprasegmental features can not be despised in phonology the whole passage, we can understand that suprasegmentalfeatures not only has its phonology significance, but also the practicaluse as well. We can not say this person is a good language user just by his orher vocabulary, as well as the grammar. Spoken language is also very useful. Ido hope that the paper will be sufficient to prove that suprasegmental features is an efficient way for our studies and encouragemore and more students to pay attention to using 【1】CaoJianfen. The Rhythm of Mandarin Chinese. Instituteof Linguistics of Chinese Academyof Social Science. RPR-IL/CASS (2000-2002).【2】Chen . Contrastive Study of Suprasegmental Phonology in English and Chinese: aFunctional Perspective. MA: Southwest China Normal University.【3】Chomsky,N. & Halle,M. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers.
在百度搜绝对有
Consider...YOU. In all time before now and in all time to come, there has never been and will never be anyone just like you. You are unique in the entire history and future of the universe. Wow! Stop and think about that. You're better than one in a million, or a billion, or a gazillion... You are the only one like you in a sea of infinity! You're amazing! You're awesome! And by the way, TAG, you're it. As amazing and awesome as you already are, you can be even more so. Beautiful young people are the whimsey of nature, but beautiful old people are true works of art. But you don't become "beautiful" just by virtue of the aging process. Real beauty comes from learning, growing, and loving in the ways of life. That is the Art of Life. You can learn slowly, and sometimes painfully, by just waiting for life to happen to you. Or you can choose to accelerate your growth and intentionally devour life and all it offers. You are the artist that paints your future with the brush of today. Paint a Masterpiece. God gives every bird its food, but he doesn't throw it into its nest. Wherever you want to go, whatever you want to do, it's truly up to you. 试想一下……你！一个空前绝后的你，不论是以往还是将来都不会有一个跟你一模一样的人。你在历史上和宇宙中都是独一无二的。哇！想想吧，你是万里挑一、亿里挑一、兆里挑一的。 在无穷无尽的宇宙中，你是举世无双的！！！ 你是了不起的！你是卓越的！没错，就是你。你已经是了不起的，是卓越的，你还可以更卓越更了不起。美丽的年轻人是大自然的奇想，而美丽的老人却是艺术的杰作。但你不会因为年龄的渐长就自然而然地变得“美丽”。 真正的美丽源于生命里的学习、成长和热爱。这就是生命的艺术。你可以只听天由命, 慢慢地学，有时候或许会很痛苦。又或许你可以选择加速自己的成长，故意地挥霍生活及其提供的一切。你就是手握今日之刷描绘自己未来的艺术家。画出一幅杰作吧！ 上帝给了鸟儿食物，但他没有将食物扔到它们的巢里。不管你想要去哪里，不管你想要做什么，真正做决定的还是你自己。 本文来自: 恒星英语学习网() 详细出处参考：
其实网上发不了这么多。你干脆去买一本“疯狂英语 阅读版”。现在应该是6元一本。里面有散文，小说，话题文章，诗歌，议论的，新闻类型的。反正有许多的。还带有翻译。有些还附带MP3格式。你买那个不错的！
1 Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China,2 Department of Health, Student Health Service, 4/F Lam Tin Polyclinic, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China,3 Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HE Introduction Passive smoking can cause death from lung cancer and coronary heart disease, but there is little evidence for associations with other causes of death in never smokers. A recent study showed increased all cause mortality with exposure to secondhand smoke at home but did not examine associations with specific causes of death and dose-response We have published estimates of the mortality attributable to active smoking in Hong Kong2 and now present the related findings on passive smoking at home. Participants, methods, and results Details of the sample selection and data collection have been Each person who reported a death in 1998 at four death registries was given a questionnaire which asked about the lifestyle 10 years earlier of the decedent and of a living person about the same age who was well known to the informant. Passive smoking was identified in the interview with the question, "Ten years ago, in about 1988, excluding the decedent/control, how many persons who lived with the decedent/control smoked" Decedents or controls who lived with one or more smokers were classed as exposed. Cause of death was obtained from the death certificate. We selected never smoking decedents and controls aged 60 years or over because there were few younger controls. To avoid selection bias, we included only cases and controls who had a living spouse at the time of reporting. We used logistic regression to derive odds ratios adjusted for age and education, and for sex when men and women were combined. What is known on this topic There is strong evidence that passive smoking is causally associated with death from lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and all causes, and also with acute stroke What this study adds The dose-response relation between passive smoking and mortality from stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as from lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and all causes of death, strengthens the causal link We identified 4838 never smoking cases (55% male) and 763 never smoking controls (55% male). All controls were used in the analysis for each specific cause of death. We found significant dose dependent associations between passive smoking and mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and from all cancers, all respiratory and circulatory diseases, and all causes (table). The association between mortality and passive smoking did not differ between males and females. Deaths due to injury or poisoning were not associated with passive smoking. Number of subjects who were or were not exposed to secondhand smoke at home and odds ratios (adjusted for age and education, and for sex when men and women were combined) for mortality in people aged 60 or over, Hong Kong. Values are odds ratio (95% confidence interval) unless indicated otherwise Comment Dose dependent associations between passive smoking and causes of death are consistent with previous findings for lung cancer and coronary heart disease and extend the evidence on stroke. Previous studies have shown associations between passive smoking and first acute strokes,3 4 and we have now shown a dose-response relation with mortality from stroke. Previous studies focused on ischaemic strokes but Chinese populations have a greater incidence of haemorrhagic stroke than do white populations,5 implying that many of the strokes in our study may have been non-ischaemic. Passive smoking probably affects all stroke subtypes, as does active smoking. Our finding of a 34% increase in all cause mortality is consistent with but higher than that (15%) in the New Zealand Exposure to secondhand smoke at home is higher in Hong Kong than in New Zealand due to crowded living conditions. Before the 1990s, awareness of the danger of passive smoking was lower and smokers smoked freely at home. We focused on passive smoking at home because the proxy reporter could most reliably supply these data, and we adjusted for education, which was also reliably recorded2 and is a good proxy for social class in Hong Kong. As data on cases and controls were derived from the same proxy, reporting bias should be If our results are not due to residual confounding, they provide further evidence that the dose-response associations between passive smoking and stroke and all cause mortality are likely to be causal. See Editorial by Kawachi This article was posted on on 27 January 2005: We thank W L Cheung for help with analysis; the Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for data and assistance; and, in particular, the relatives who provided information. Contributors: THL, SYH, AJH, KHM, and RP designed and carried out the study on which this analysis was based; SMcG, MS, LMH, and GNT planned and carried out this analysis; and all authors contributed to writing the paper. SMcG and THL are guarantors. Funding: Hong Kong Health Services Research Committee (#631012) and Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health. Competing interests: THL is vice chairman and AJH a former chairman of the Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health. Ethical approval: Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong. References Hill SE, Blakely TA, Kawachi I, Woodward A. Mortality among never smokers living with smokers: two cohort studies, 1981-4 and 1996-9. BMJ 2004;328: 988-9. Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ, Mak KH, Peto R. Mortality and smoking in Hong Kong: case-control study of all adult deaths in 1998. BMJ 2001;323: 361-2. Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelson T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R. Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tobacco Control 1999;8: 156-60. Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Klatsky AL, Friedman GD. Cohort study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of first ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Neuroepidemiology 2004;23: 38-44. Kay R, Woo J, Kreel L, Wong HY, Teoh R, Nicholls MG. Stroke subtypes among Chinese living in Hong Kong: the Shatin stroke registry. Neurology 1992;42: 985-7.
1. 航海模拟器视景建模技术研究及应用 关克平 文献来自: 上海海运学院 2002年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 自20世纪70年代前后开始起步并用于航海教育的计算机仿真教学培训设备——航海模拟器,无论在种类、功能及技术性能方面目前都处于一个崭新的阶段。 视景系统是航海模拟器的重要组成部分,影响着航海仿真系统的整体逼真度和船舶操纵的训练效果,逼真的视景环境可以使操船者具有身临其境 ... 被引用次数: 3 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 2. 我国航海教育质量标准体系研究 李波 文献来自: 武汉理工大学 2004年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 就航海教育而言,一方面海运业可以说是最早、最具国际化的产业之一,并且随着近几年的高速发展,我国已经成为世界范围内的航运大国。另一方面,作为高等教育重要组成部分而且具有传统特色的航海教育在我国有着悠久的发展史,而且 ... 被引用次数: 1 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 3. 数字航海通告的生成与发布研究 王强 文献来自: 大连海事大学 2003年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 目录#Ⅰ 摘要#Ⅲ ABSTRACT#Ⅳ 引言#1 第1章@数字航海通告的概念和作用#2 电子海图显示与信息系统概述#2 电子海图改正#5 1 ... 4@数字航海通告的作用#9 建立中国海区数字航海通告的必要性#9 第2章@数字航海通告的生成#11 2 ... 被引用次数: 1 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 4. 船舶航海信息采集系统的设计与实现 宿巧丽 文献来自: 上海海运学院 2003年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 本论文主要介绍船舶航海信息采集系统(Marine Information Gathering System简称MIGS)。船舶航海信息对于航运管理起着重要的作用。通过对船上子系统航海信息数据的收集,卫星通信的传输,岸上子系统的接收、分析,实现了船公司对在航船舶动态的监控和航运的管理,并可向造... 被引用次数: 1 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 5. 论归责原则与航海过失免责 石圣科 文献来自: 上海海运学院 2001年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 利用航海的社会条件之今昔对比,论证取消航海过失免责的可能性; 现代科学技术的发展,使船公司控制在航船舶成为可能,推翻了《哈特法》 支持船东于船员的驾驶船舶、管理船舶的过失兔责的最大理由一船公 ... 被引用次数: 1 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 6. MFC框架下基于Vega的航海仿真系统视景驱动程序的开发 杜健 文献来自: 大连海事大学 2005年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 分类号 U DC 密级 单位代码10151 M「C框架下基于Vega的航海仿真系统视景驱动 程序的开发 (中文题名和副题名) 杜健 (研究生姓名) 指导教师 金一垂 职称 职称 学位授予单位 大连 事大学 申请学位级别 研究方向 ... 被引用次数: 1 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 7. 船舶耐波性评价及其在航海安全中的应用 熊文海 文献来自: 武汉理工大学 2004年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 3@船舶甲板上浪、螺旋桨飞车的计算#31 第4章@船舶耐波性评价及其在航海中的应用#33 船舶耐波性评价的现状#33 船舶耐波性综合安全评价方程的建立#35 4 ... 被引用次数: 1 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 8. 航海气象信息数字化研究 王昀 文献来自: 大连海事大学 2004年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 分类号 U DC 学校代码 10151 学位论文 航海气象信息数字化研究 /(题目) 王的 (作者姓名) 导师、职称东防教授 工作单位大连海事大学 申请学位级别硕士专业名称载运工具运用工程 论文提交日期2004年2月论文答辩日期20 ... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 9. 航海英语缩略语的定量定性分析 赵月 文献来自: 大连海事大学 2006年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 学位论文 航海英语缩略语的定量定性分析 (题目) 赵月 (作者姓名) 指导教师 谭万成教授 申请学位级别 文学硕士 专业名称 外国语言学及应用语言学 学位授予单位 大连海事大学 ... 被引用次数: 0 文献引用-相似文献-同类文献 10. 航海英语中的模糊词 张光波 文献来自: 大连海事大学 2001年 硕士论文 CAJ下载 在线阅读 分章下载 分页下载 比较了航海英语库中的模糊词和其它语体中模糊词的分布特点。同时对航海英语库中出现的模糊词,进行了研究。在模糊词的应用方面,得出以下结论:航海英语是介于新闻英语和科技英语及法律英语之间的一种语体。lz这样还好吧？？？
The history of the development of container transportation industryThe development of container transport through sprout period, developing period, growth period, maturity period of four stages of 1830 to 1856 for the container transport budIn 1801, the British Anderson (James Anderson), first proposed the idea of container transport. 1830 in the British Railway first appeared a container loading, also appeared in the use of large container ship the cargo in railway. In 1845 the British Rail started to appear in the cargo compartment resembles the modern container -- container. In 1853 the United States railway also use container loading. This is the world's first container transport. In 1880, the United States a formal trial of the first inland with the container ship. The formal use of container is in the early twentieth Century. In 1900 the British railway container transportation first appeared relatively simple. In 1917 the United States railway container transport on trial. After more than ten years, morality, law, day, appeared in the container transportation. In 1933 the establishment of the International Container Association in Paris, responsible for the unified standard container. World War II (1952) after the United States established the "military quick service system" container, the realization of the use of container transport ammunition and other military supplies. But this period because of the social productivity is still relatively backward, not sufficient and stable supply of suitable containers, the container transportation superiority cannot very good play, affected the development of container 1956 to 1966 for a period of container transportIn 1955, American Mclean (Malcom Mclean) first proposed the container transport must implement the land and sea transport point of view, in order to facilitate the sea transport, he advocated the sea and land by a control and management. In April 26, 1956 the United States pan the Atlantic shipping company (Pan-Atlantic Steamship Co.) using a modified T - 2 type of tanker "Makesidun", on the deck loading 58 large container, trial operation in New York to the Houston line. 3 months of trial operation has achieved great economic effect, show the superiority of container transport. In 1957 October, the company will be 6 aircraft type C-2 cargo ship into a full container ship with a box of lattice. The first ship by the name "Gateway City", the ship is provided with a container crane, load weight of 90000 tons, loading 35 feet container box 226, weight 25 tons, sailing from New York to Houston. This marks the official start way maritime container 1966 to the end of the 80's, the container transportation entered the growth period of expansion1966 April transportation company (formerly the United States pan the Atlantic shipping company) through the full container ship refitted opened New York to Europe Container Shipping route. 1967 September Ma Tuosong ship company will "Hawaii colonists" container ship into Japan to the Pacific route. Japan after a year of 6 shipping companies to develop container transport between Japan and California. Followed by Japan and the European countries shipping company has launched the container transport in Japan, Europe, the United States and Australia etc.. With the development of maritime container transportation, all countries in the world the construction of container terminal. This century 70's to 80's, is a computer software development era. This time the "system of door to door" transportation goal oriented international multimodal transport and multimodal transport system, construction of system. This also for transportation mature container 80 time end, international container transportation into modern mature periodAt present, the container transportation has spread all over the world, the developed countries cargo transportation container degree has reached more than 80%. During this period, ship capacity, port throughput capacity and inland connecting and supporting more perfect between three aspects of transport capacity, and container transportation related hardware and software is improving, the relevant links closely, supporting the construction of multimodal transport; container transportation has developed quickly, the container transportation between the developed countries have basically achieved the multimodal transport in developing countries, multimodal transport growth momentum is also very good. Nineteen ninties, competition of container transport market is becoming increasingly fierce, the shipping company in order to survive, to seek development, have group construction camp and "global alliance". In 1993 the world's 20 largest "global carrier" to 1996 only 13 container transport is started from the 50's of the last century. In 1955 April, the railway departments to handle small domestic container transport. Waterborne department in 1956, 1960, 1972 3 to borrow short-term trial operation of railway container. In 1973 the development of maritime international container transport, opened in September 1973 with a small container cargo transport from Shanghai to Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe route. China International Container Transport started late, but the development speed is the fastest. Since 1973, Tianjin unloading the first international container, after the 70's start, stable development in 80 to 90 years, China international container transport caused the eager attention all over the world shipping industry. So far, China has a modern container fleet, built a number of container berth of deep water. At present, China's Hongkong, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Taiwan in China's Kaohsiung port were ranked in the world container port second, three or four, six; the COSCO Group, China Shipping Group, Hongkong Oriental Overseas Group, China Taiwan Evergreen Group and Wan Hai group was ranked the world's top 20 liner company list.中文原文如下：集装箱运输业的发展历史转载请注明,谢谢集装箱运输的发展经历了萌芽期、开创期、成长扩展期、现代成熟期四个阶段。1830年至1856年为集装箱运输的萌芽期1801年，英国人安德森（James Anderson）博士首先提出了集装箱运输的设想。1830年在英国铁路上首先出现了一种装煤的容器，也出现了在铁路上使用大容器来装运件杂货。1845年在英国铁路上开始出现了酷似现代集装箱的载货车厢——集装箱雏形。1853年美国铁路也采用了容器装运法。这是世界上最早出现的集装箱运输的雏形。1880年，美国正式试制了第一艘内河用的集装箱船。正式使用集装箱是在20世纪初期。1900年英国铁路上首先出现了较为简单的集装箱运输。1917年美国铁路上试行集装箱运输。随后的十余年间，德、法、日、意相继出现了集装箱运输。1933年在巴黎成立国际集装箱协会，负责制定统一的集装箱标准。二战（1952）后美国建立了“军用集装箱快速勤务系统”，实现了使用集装箱运输弹药和其他军用物品。但这个时期由于社会生产力还较落后，没有充足而稳定的适箱货源，致使集装箱运输的优越性不能很好发挥，影响了集装箱运输的开展。1956年至1966年为集装箱运输的开创期1955年，美国人麦克林（Malcom Mclean）首先提出了集装箱运输必须实现海陆联运的观点，为了便于海陆联运，他主张陆运和海运由一个公司控制和管理。1956年4月26日美国泛大西洋船公司（Pan-Atlantic Steamship Co.）使用一艘经改装的T－2型油船 “马科斯顿”号，在甲板上装载了58个大型集装箱，试运行纽约至休斯顿航线。3个月的试运行取得了巨大的经济效果，显示了集装箱运输的巨大优越性。1957年10月，该公司又将6艘C-2型件杂货船改装成了带有箱格的全集装箱船。第一艘船的船名为“Gateway City”，该船设有集装箱装卸桥，载重量90000吨，装载35尺集装箱226只，箱总重25吨，航行于纽约到休斯顿。这标志着海上集装箱运输方式正式开始。自1966年起至80年代末，集装箱运输进入了成长扩展期1966年4月海陆运输公司（原美国泛大西洋船公司）以经过改装的全集装箱船开辟了纽约至欧洲集装箱运输航线。1967年9月马托松船公司将“夏威夷殖民者”全集装箱船投入到日本至北美太平洋沿岸航线。一年后日本有6家船公司在日本至加利福尼亚之间开展集装箱运输。紧接着日本和欧洲各国的船公司先后在日本、欧洲、美国和澳大利亚等地区开展了集装箱运输。随着海上集装箱运输的发展，世界各国普遍建设集装箱专用码头。本世纪70年代到80年代，是计算机软件发展时代。这个时代把“门到门”的运输目标导向国际多式联运的系统化方向，开始构筑系统运输和联运系统。这也为集装箱运输成熟期的到来做好了准备。80年代末至今，国际集装箱运输进入现代成熟期目前，集装箱运输已遍及全球，发达国家件杂货运输的集装箱化程度已达80％以上。这个时期，船舶运力、港口吞吐能力和内陆集疏运能力三个环节之间衔接和配套日趋完善，与集装箱运输有关的硬件和软件日臻完善，各有关环节紧密衔接、配套建设；集装箱运输多式联运获得迅速发展，发达国家之间的集装箱运输已基本实现了多式联运，发展中国家多式联运的增长势头也是十分可观的。20世纪90年代，集装箱运输市场竞争日趋激烈，各船公司为了求生存、求发展，纷纷组建联营体和“环球联盟”。1993年世界20家最大“全球承运人”到1996年仅剩下13家。中国集装箱运输是从上世纪50年代开始起步的。1955年4月，铁路部门开始办理国内小型集装箱运输。水运部门在1956年、1960年、1972年3次借用铁路集装箱进行短期试运。1973年开辟海上国际集装箱运输，1973年9月开辟用杂货船捎运小型集装箱的上海至横滨、大阪、神户航线。中国国际集装箱运输起步较晚，但发展的速度是最快的。自1973年天津接卸了第一个国际集装箱，历经了70年代的起步，80年代的稳定发展，到90年代中国国际集装箱运输引起全世界航运界的热切关注。至此，中国拥有了一支现代化的集装箱船队，建成了一批集装箱专用深水泊位。目前，中国的香港、上海、深圳和中国台湾地区的高雄港分别排在世界集装箱港口的第二、三、四、六位；中远集团、中海集团、香港的东方海外集团、中国台湾的长荣海运集团和万海集团也身居世界前二十大班轮公司之列。
Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------For a long time the drift boat has been the famous wooden McKenzie style built in the 1930s and 1940s by Woodie Hindman or Tom Kaarhus from Norway in McKenzie river country. With the appearance of new materials such as Aluminum and fiberglass we have seen an evolution in design and shape, sometimes for the good sometimes for the worse. A number of drift boat companies got started by a passionate fly fisherman who wanted to make a living building drift boats, but knew little about composite materials in particular and boat design in general. The movie "A River Runs Through It" gave a boost to fly fishing in 1998 and helped those companies to survive for a way to do it was by making a copy of a copy with little or no modification and no consideration for the esthetic. The result is today a lot of frustrated drift boats owners. For example fifteen years ago, boats were wrongly built with core material into the bottom, today they are falling apart. Potential buyers are very skeptical, because they ave heard the horror is no reason however not to expect more than just a floating platform that will get you down the river. In sailing design there is an old saying:"if the boat is beautiful, she is a fast boat!"A shiny, waxed and clean drift boat can be the pride of its owner. If a cheap wooden or fiberglass boat will get you to the same fishing spots as well as a more fancy one, in the long run it may worth it to opt for the quality. But quality is time and time is money, some times the size of the budget available leaves no choice.>>> BACK TO TOP << 给你讲一下集装箱船和散杂货船吧（其实货轮都这样，差不多）现在一般的大点的海轮，都是后驾式的，也就是生活区在船尾，他们的生活区一共有6，7层（也就是6，7楼），当然一共3，4层的也有，我看到最高的是9层。驾驶室一般都在最上一层，这样便于驾驶室的舵工和驾驶员了望和用舵行船。 驾驶室一下的楼层都叫生活区，是船员们的房间，当然还有厕所和餐厅和会议室等，有些船舶甚至还有专门的健身和娱乐室（游轮一般都有）。主甲板这层（我们上船的话，刚过去站的这层就是了，也就是第一层）一般没有房间，都是当作仓库，有冰库存放蔬菜食物等，还有其他的工具等。主甲板以下就是机舱了，机舱里主要有船的主机（主推动装置），发电机组，消防泵，油水分离器等机械设备。生活区前面就是货仓，我们平常看到一艘船船体都标有刻度，那是它的吃水深度，满载吃水刻度如果是8米，那么它的型深（从船底到主甲板）一共可能有12米左右，因为装货装到8米就满了，为了安全，上面还要留4米（这个不定，根据船的种类不同，要求不同）的干舷。前面是船艏，主要有绞缆机，和缆绳，是到港的时候把缆绳拉出去栓在岸上的缆桩上，才能靠泊好船！船艏和船尾都有绞缆机，因为当船离港的时候，解开栓在岸上的缆绳时，得把缆绳拉回船上来，但缆绳很长，很粗，很重，靠人力是非常艰难的，所以得用（机械）绞缆机把它拉上船！船体基本上就是这样了，希望以上所述对你有用！ 大学过去常常被许多人称作‘象牙塔’，是与真实的世界隔开的。其实则不然，大学依然逃不过世俗的忧虑。”我眼中的大学生活的英语作文主要介绍了普通大学生门对大学生活的感想The first day of my university Look! There is a rainbow! On the first day of my university life, when I walked into the campus, there was a rainbow bridging over the fountain, I hadn’t seen rainbow for a long time. I was so excited, and leaped high with joy. My ponytail danced with my happiness. It was a propitious sign indicated that my life in university would be colorful, and actually it is! After my entry into university, I found my life so busy. What I should do is not only gaining the scholarship but also being a good monitor and leader of shanghai university percussion passes 'm 24, six years primary,three years middle school,three years high school,three years specialist and two years undergraduate,finally,I have finished my student is a long time,during these years,I laughted,cried,cheered and is full of variety now,I should be independent,notonly on economies,but also on thoughts. From our birth,we are rushing to that,one day,you were old enough to go to the t can you take with?The answer is:NOTING!Should we give up our live for this reason?No,we should live as happy as we parents must be are not young give us should cherish at Come on!Man!With our hands,we can live a happy life. College life values Life values refers to people on the fundamental views on life values and attitudes, namely people for life goal, life value orientation and the life value and the ultimate way of understanding attitude. Values for each person is indispensable and important, of course, including college students. Moreover, values to our college students also have very special contemporary undergraduate is in facing life development is the key period. Time request we want in learning to live aspects omni-directional face and thinking how to correctly handle the relationship between individual and society and so on a series of major issues. We want to learn survival skills, learning potential, learn to creation and innovation, learn to sacrifice, these are our future faces the society must have the most fundamental and most important quality. Among them, I think the most core is to learn how to behave, learn to do a line with the country prosperous and social progress development need personality healthy people, Learn to do a to correctly handle the agreement between man and man, man and society, the relation between man and nature and enable the coordinated development of the person, Do a ideals, ethics, people noble. The word, and make a beneficial to society, favorable to the people, be helpful for country. This requires us students must start from now, sets up the correct should foster the noble values. Establish positive, optimistic upward, generous, self-improvement attitude towards life. The correct way to face the modern economic and social impact. Have a bit inadvertent, will deviate from moral and breaking value. For example, the newspaper has been reported, XXX university students will parents sweat the money than blessed with others, all dressed in designer clothing, when money apending after another notice send money, completely family regardless of her parents' hardship, also ignore money ever came to be. He felt that money is a kind of glory, just wearing a famous brand will not be looked down upon by others, actually this is a rotten ideas.大学英语议论文500字