研究契诃夫的论文

人文学院田洪敏老师在A&HCI期刊《俄罗斯文学》（Русская Литература/ Russian Literature/ Russkaia Literatura）2020年第2期发表学术论文。论文以上海师范大学为独立署名单位，题目是《契诃夫的另一种文学性研究——基于社会史视角》（BehindtheCounter:《OtherLiterature》byAntonChekhovintheContextofSocialHistory ./За прилавком :《Другая литературность 》А.П.Чехова в контексте социальной истории ）。《俄罗斯文学》（季刊）创刊于1958年，俄罗斯科学院彼得堡分院负责发行，属于文学历史研究；《俄罗斯文学》是俄语文学研究权威学术刊物，为A&HCI收录，在世界俄语文学研究中保持恒久和严肃的学术地位；期刊影响范围远涉俄罗斯国内外，为世界各高校、图书馆和研究机构收藏和研究。《俄罗斯文学》期刊当下重要任务之一是研究“科学的文学观念”——新阐释，新观点和新成果。特别关注文学与历史关系的再研究，作家传记和文本阐释的新路径，档案史料的发掘等。我国学者曾在该期刊发表书评、会议综述以及译介等论文，田洪敏的《安东·契诃夫另一种文学性研究》是该期刊近年来首次发表中国学者的立论性质长篇论文，论文不仅是契诃夫研究的补充拓展成果，同时也是对1860-1910俄国历史进程研究的有效文章，具有一定的学术影响。论文主体将1880年代契诃夫开始职业写作的十年作为基本档案史料来源，绕过21世纪以来的后现代主义批评视野，回归文学和历史的本体论意识，在科学史料的基础上讨论契诃夫的文学性问题。论文内部逻辑基于百年来契诃夫研究的学术史展开：1 契诃夫的艺术观念；2 契诃夫的宗教观念；3 契诃夫的社会观念。具体来讲，契诃夫是一个自然主义的作家还是现代主义倾向的作家，是一个宗教主义者还是一个怀疑论作家，契诃夫在世界文学进程的研究新方法等。而要解决上述问题首先必须面对的是1861年俄国改革之后至1880年代的历史进程——即俄国地主贵族退却，农民阶层进入历史进程，城市化进程加剧；新阶层形成并且起到主导作用。特别值得一提的是，深受契诃夫传记研究者青睐的用以佐证契诃夫“不幸童年”的史料，比如教堂唱诗班，比如父亲经营的以卖外国进口咖啡等物什的小铺子等都应该重新放诸社会史中进行考察。这在很大程度上可以考察1861改革之后俄国教育风气的转向。农奴出身的父亲对于贵族的羡慕不仅仅是富有，同时因为他们“认字”，可以读书。正是进阶为商人的父亲的坚持，契诃夫在南部港口城市塔甘罗格故乡接受了希腊教育。契诃夫在个体生活和写作中秉持的“平等观念”也是在少年时代已经形成，考入莫斯科大学医学院并且真正行医的经历，导致契诃夫对于自然科学和哲学世界的敏感度居于同时代人前列。同时必须注意到，文学批评在1861年改革之后渐趋职业化，较之19世纪上半叶从事文学批评的人多数是作家的朋友或者是“敌人”，1861年代之后文学批评更加持证，而契诃夫在1880年代开始职业写作的时候就尽可能将自己的作品诉诸所有文学期刊，这也可以解释契诃夫文学批评相对其他作家给后来研究者留下更多的研究空间和史料档案。上述史料的发掘和研究方法都在近年来得到重视。至于契诃夫的市民社会观念（Secular Society）也有更多研究。契诃夫一生经历罗曼王朝最后三代君主，特别是1880-1890年是俄国历史上少有的十年稳定期：没有对外战争，国内经济发展良好，是俄国历史上第一次最大范围打破阶层藩篱的时期，缙绅阶层受到挑战；此间，包括契诃夫的行医实践；1894-1897年期间建立地方委员会；个人出资改造乡村教育；参加1897年全俄人口普查；为饥馑的人和患有霍乱的人募捐。在此背景之下可以思索契诃夫作品中的经济生活描写，虽然这一点历来被研究者所忽略，事实上，俄国商业生活的描写在托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》中已经出现，虽然其背景不同；1861年改革之后，从事脑力劳动的群体显著增加，1863-1913年俄国人口增加了1，3倍。公务人员，律师，医生和工程师，自由职业者，大学生数量明显增加，国家剧院、出版和工业等新行业需要大量专业人才。同一时期神职人员却很难觅得工作。如果研究契诃夫的小说人物会发现上述新兴阶层无一例外成为契诃夫写作的主人公，进一步来讲1861年之后俄国经济生活的变化甚至影响到了契诃夫的文学观念。至1889年书写来自“环境的人”（человек из среды или обыватель ）最终成为契诃夫的艺术原则，至于所有的俄国文学主人公都必须“破坏”现实生活规则才能赢得读者的观念受到契诃夫质疑和摒弃，而这一点也是后来学界对契诃夫作品研究的难点和争议之一。考察19世纪俄罗斯文学的宗教性质必须带有附加条件，如果不研究托尔斯泰个体精神转变便不能考察其作品的宗教性；而屠格涅夫作为叔本华主义者从本质上是无神论者，所以如果讨论契诃夫文学的宗教意识必须结合1880年代之后欧洲哲学、物理学的新发现以及人文学科渴望科学性的愿望带给契诃夫的重要影响，特别是德国新康德主义者威廉·温德尔班关于历史学科的科学性新论同样也影响了契诃夫关于“永恒文学”的思考。论文是写作者在2016年之后将“斯拉夫研究”作为整体性研究的成果和思考之一，论文写作起源于2016年，至2019年在德国洪堡大学斯拉夫学院访学时期最终完成并发表，尚有很多学术问题值得进一步深究。论文受到上海师范大学人文学院中文学科资助。РЛ_2_2020俄罗斯文学2020年第2期(1).pdf徐汇校区:上海市徐汇区桂林路100号 | 奉贤校区:上海市奉贤区海思路100号 联系电话：邮政编码：200234 Copyright © 2014 Shanghai Normal University ALL rights reserved沪ICP备05052062 沪公网安备：31009102000050号

bamboo_2006 2位粉丝 2楼The Seagull Chekhov in an 1898 portrait by Osip Seagull (Russian: "Чайка" ("Chayka")), written in 1896, is the first of what are generally considered to be Anton Chekhov's four major plays. It centres on the romantic and artistic conflicts between four theatrical characters: the ingenue Nina, the fading leading lady Irina Arkadina, her son the experimental playwright Konstantin Treplyov, and the famous middlebrow story writer Trigorin. Like the rest of Chekhov's full-length plays, The Seagull relies upon an ensemble cast of diverse, fully developed characters. In opposition to much of the melodramatic theatre of the 19th century, lurid actions (such as Treplyov's suicide attempts) are kept offstage. Characters tend to speak in ways that skirt around issues rather than addressing them directly, a concept known as subtext. The play has a strong intertextual relationship with Shakespeare's Hamlet. Arkadina and Treplyov quote lines from it before the play-within-a-play in the first act (and the play-within-a-play device is itself used in Hamlet). There are many allusions to Shakespearean plot details as well. For instance, Treplyov seeks to win his mother back from the usurping older man Trigorin much as Hamlet tries to win Queen Gertrude back from his uncle Claudius. The opening night of the first production was a famous failure. Vera Komissarzhevskaya, playing Nina, was so intimidated by the hostility of the audience that she lost her voice.[1] Chekhov left the audience and spent the last two acts behind the scenes. When supporters wrote to him that the production later became a success, he assumed they were just trying to be kind. When Konstantin Stanislavski directed it in a later production for the Moscow Art Theatre, the play was a triumph. 2007-9-4 20:10 回复 bamboo_2006 2位粉丝 3楼Characters Madame Arkadina - an actress Konstantin Treplyov - her son, a playwright Sorin - Arkadina's brother Nina - daughter of a rich landowner Shamrayef - retired lieutenant, manager of Sorin's estate Pauline - his wife Masha - their daughter Trigorin - a well-known writer Dorn - a doctor Medviedenko - a schoolmaster Yakov - a laborer Cook 2007-9-4 20:11 回复 bamboo_2006 2位粉丝 4楼Story Act I The play takes place on a country estate owned by Sorin, a former government employee with failing health. He is the brother of the famous actress Arkadina, who has just arrived at the estate with her lover, Trigorin, for a brief vacation. In Act I, the people staying at Sorin's estate gather to see a play that Arkadina's son Konstantin Treplyov has written and directed. The play-within-a-play stars Nina, a young girl who lives on a neighboring estate, as the "soul of the world." The play is his latest attempt at creating a new theatrical form, and resembles a dense symbolist work. Arkadina laughs at the play, finding it ridiculous and incomprehensible, and Konstantin storms off in disgrace. Act I also sets up the play's many romantic triangles. The schoolteacher Medviedenko loves Masha, the daughter of the estate's steward. Masha, in turn, has an unrequited crush on Konstantin, who is courting Nina. When Masha tells the kindly old Doctor Dorn about her longing, he helplessly blames the moon and the lake for making everybody feel romantic. Act II Act II takes place in the afternoon outside of the estate, a few days later. After reminiscing about happier times, Arkadina engages the house steward Shamrayef in a heated argument, and decides to leave immediately. Nina lingers behind after the group leaves, and Konstantin shows up to give her a seagull that he has shot. Nina is confused and horrified at the gift. Konstantin sees Trigorin approaching, and he leaves in a jealous fit. Trigorin, a famous writer, enters. Nina asks him to tell her about the writer's life. He replies that it is not an easy one. Nina says that she knows the life of an actress is not easy either, but she wants more than anything to be one. Trigorin sees the seagull that Konstantin has shot and muses on how he could use it as a subject for a short story: "A young girl lives all her life on the shore of a lake. She loves the lake, like a seagull, and she's happy and free, like a seagull. But a man arrives by chance, and when he sees her, he destroys her, out of sheer boredom. Like this seagull." Arkadina calls for Trigorin, and he leaves as she tells him that she has changed her mind, and they will not be leaving immediately. Nina lingers behind, enthralled with Trigorin's celebrity and modesty, and she gushes, "My dream!".. 2007-9-4 20:13 回复 bamboo_2006 2位粉丝 5楼Act III Act III takes place inside the estate, on the day when Arkadina and Trigorin have decided to depart for Moscow. Between acts Konstantin attempted suicide by shooting himself in the head, but the bullet only grazed his skull. He spends all of Act III with his scalp heavily bandaged. Nina finds Trigorin eating breakfast and presents him with a medallion that proclaims her devotion to him using a line from one of Trigorin's own books: "If you ever need my life, come and take it." She retreats after begging for one last chance to see Trigorin before he leaves. Arkadina appears, followed by Sorin, whose health has continued to deteriorate. Trigorin leaves to continue packing. There is a brief argument between Arkadina and Sorin, after which Sorin collapses in grief. He is helped off by Medviedenko. Treplyov enters and asks his mother to change his bandage. As she is doing this, Treplyov disparages Trigorin and there is another argument, after which Treplyov leaves in tears. Trigorin reenters, and asks Arkadina if they can stay at the estate. She flatters and cajoles him until he agrees to return to Moscow. After she has left, Nina comes to say her final goodbye to Trigorin and to inform him that she is running away to become an actress, against her parents' wishes. They kiss passionately and make plans to meet again in Moscow. Act IV Act IV takes place during the winter two years later, in the drawing room that has been converted to Treplyov's study. Masha has finally accepted Medviedenko's marriage proposal, and they have a child together, though Masha still nurses an unrequited love for Konstantin. Various characters discuss what has happened in the two years that have passed: Nina and Trigorin lived together in Moscow for a time until he abandoned her and went back to Arkadina. Nina never achieved any real success as an actress, and is currently on a tour of the provinces with a small theatre group. Konstantin has had some short stories published, but is increasingly depressed. Sorin's health is failing, and the people at the estate have telegraphed for Arkadina to come for his final days. Most of the play's characters go to the drawing room to play bingo. Konstantin does not join them, and spends this time working on a manuscript at his desk. After the group leaves to eat dinner, Nina enters through a back door and tells Konstantin about her life over the last two years. She starts to compare herself to the seagull—the bird Konstantin killed—then rejects that and says "I am an actress." She tells him that she was forced to tour with a second-rate theatre company after the death of the child she had with Trigorin, but she seems to have a newfound confidence. Konstantin pleads with her to stay, but she is in such disarray that his pleading means nothing. She slips out as quietly as she arrived. Despondent, Treplyov spends several minutes tearing up his manuscript before silently leaving the room. The group reenters and returns to the bingo game. There is a sudden gunshot from off-stage, and Dorn goes to investigate. He returns and orders Trigorin to take Arkadina away, and tells him that Treplyov just shot himself.