每个人的自由发展是一切人自由发展的条件。——卡尔·海因里希·马克思 《1844年经济学哲学手稿》是青年马克思主义向成熟的辩证唯物主义和唯物史观转变过程的中的一篇文章，马克思逝世后，由恩格斯整理后发表。在这篇文章中，我们可以清晰的看到费尔巴哈“人本主义”思想的影响和其在马克思理论的变化，马克思通过对古典主义经济学的批判，表达了对劳动者的深切关照，在继承了黑格尔的辩证法，发展了“人本主义”。形成了马克思自己独特的关于人的本质的认识，在此基础上，马克思关照现实，提出了资本主义社会中人的异化问题。 从词源上说，该词源自拉丁文，有转让、疏远、脱离等意。人的异化，直译而言，就是人脱离人的本质，人不再为人。德国古典哲学中，异化被提到哲学的高度。 黑格尔将“异化”理解为外化，并提出人的异化，用以说明主体与客体之间的分裂、对立。 马克思主义哲学在此基础上进一步探讨了人的异化问题，提出异化劳动理论，指出异化是人的生产及其产品反过来统治人的一种社会现象。 马克思对“ 异化劳动”的阐述，在理论逻辑上包含两个端点：一是关于人的本质的哲学思考，也就是说，如果异化世界的本质不是人的本质，那么对于人的本质的理解就是十分必要的。第二，异化的未来—扬弃，这里所要回答的问题是我们该怎么办，处在异化世界中的人的归宿是什么？本文主要从前一个来探讨：从人的本质看人的异化问题。 人与人的本质相背离，原本是人统治物却反过来被物统治，这就是人的异化，既然人出现了异化，那么真正的人应该是什么样子？分别有什么特点?这些特点在特殊的历史条件下发生了怎么样的变化?产生了什么样的后果? 换句话说，想要真正理解马克思的异化理论，首先要弄清楚马克思思想中真正的人的本质的概念，从而在具体资本主义情境中清晰的看到人的异化，才能更直观的理解马克思主义的异化劳动问题。 对于人的本质的讨论由来已久，我们从给过马克思重大影响的费尔巴哈的“人本主义”开始，从理解存在与本质的关系开始。 这里的逻辑是，人的现实存在是一种客观存在，而人本来应该有的样子即人的本质，即，人的异化则表现为人的存在（人的现实生存状况）和人的本质（人本来的样子）相背离。 所以要理解费尔巴哈的关于人的本质的思想，首先要理解存在与本质之间的关系，不同于黑格尔的思想（黑格尔把存在、物质、自然看成自我意识的规定，外化了的自我意识的一种形式），费尔巴哈认为，思维从存在而来，存在决定思维。从存在的角度出发，费尔巴哈思考了存在与本质的关系:本质是思维的结果，是存在的人的思维的结果，在这个环节中，人成为了一切问题的关键。成为了连接存在和本质的桥梁。 费尔巴哈的人本主义抛开其繁杂的概念，主要有两个立场：自然主义和人的类本质。 前者认为，人首先是自然的存在物(唯物主义)，后者是人独立于自然界其他动物的独特性(类本质)。这两点，在马克思关于人的本质的论述中都有体现，唯一的不同是，关于类本质的理解，费尔巴哈将人的类本质归结为一种感性的思维存在，而马克思则从实践的劳动的层面理解的人的本质。 那么人的本质如何和劳动挂上钩的呢？这里涉及一个对象化的概念，因为人的本质并非精神实体，因此，人的本质是从对象中显现出来。即人的本质的外化。主体的人把自我设定在客体上，由此建立了一个不是我的我——“异己”的过程。也许我们可以用社会学家库利的“镜中我”的概念来理解，人们可以通过镜子中自己来认识自己（库利认为人的自我意识是通过社会关系中其他人而得知的）。我们把这里的镜子换成人类的劳动成果，即，人们可以通过自己劳动所得的创造物认识自我，这就是对象化。人的本质的对象化，就体现为劳动。劳动的对象化就体现为劳动产品。 追本溯源之后，我们可以来看看，马克思关于人的本质（类本质是从自然界的角度，着重强调人类整体的抽象共同性）的三个方面设定。 马克思认为： “ 类生活从肉体方面说来就在于：人靠无机界生活，而人比动物越有普遍性，人赖以生活的无机界的范围就越广阔。从理论领域说来，植物、动物、石头、空气、光等等，一方面作为自然科学的对象，一方面作为艺术的对象，都是人的意识的一部分，是人的精神的无机界⋯⋯在实践上，人的普遍性正表现在把整个自然界—— — 首先作为人的直接的生活资料，其次作为人的生命活动的材料、对象和工具—— — 变成人的无机的身体。 从上段论述，我们可以看出—— 首先，人是一种客观的感性的存在。承认人的肉体存在的客观性就必须承认维持这种存在、满足这种生物组织的生理需要的合理性。所以马克思曾说：人的需要即人的本质。这一点，马克思继承了费尔巴哈的自然主义思想(人是一种自然存在物)。和黑格尔的存在是自我意识的设定和外化的思想完全颠倒，我们可以把它归结为唯物主义的立场。我们必须首先得吃饱穿暖才能进行文化艺术上的追求。可以说，这是一切的前提。 在这种前提下，作为人的本质的体现的劳动因而也具有了这样的特点：马克思认为，真正意义上的劳动必然是一种对象化的劳动(通过实际存在来展现)，人必然要通过对象，通过与对象发生的能动关系，体会和确认自己的本质。 总结而言，无论是人还是人的本质的体现最终都是一种客观的实践的存在。 其次，人具有理性的意识。这种意识是自我的认识，可以将自我投射到对象上进行认识，这也是人和动物的最大的区别。唯有人才能通过自我意识超越出自身的个体性，把自己的类当作对象，这样，人的生活就具有了双重性，外在的物质生活和内在的理性生活。人类劳动和动物劳动的不同，也在于人类在劳动中体现出来的类尺度——能动性和创造性。 最后，人具有社会性，马克思曾经说过，人是一切社会关系的总和。这里我们可以和上文所讲的人的类本质联系起来。人和动物的区别之一，通过将自我意识投射到对象物上来认识自己，并且可以超越个体，从人类整体的类上来把握自己。马克思曾说：“死似乎是类对特定的个体的冷酷的胜利，并且似乎是同它们的统一相矛盾的，但是特定的个体不过是一个特定的类存在物，而作为这种存在物迟早是要死的。”对这段话，我们可以这样理解，作为客观自然的个体存在是必然随着自然规律死亡，但作为类的存在，则是永生的。这种对于类的整体性把握，对社会关系的具体化认识，正是人的本质。 由此，作为人的类本质的外化和真正实现的劳动也是一种社会性的劳动，人们在这种社会性的劳动中找寻到对自己的认识。 这些是马克思关于人的本质的认识，说的也是真正的劳动，肯定性的劳动，正是马克思把这样意义上的劳动当成人的本质的外化，所以，否定意义上的劳动变成了人的异化。通过对经济、政治等方面的考察，马克思发现在实际生活中，人与人的本质相背离的情况。而立足于马克思关于人的本质的认识，我们也可以更为清晰看到这种异化情况。 关于人的异化，从主体上讲，有两条线，在资本主义社会里的两大阶级：资本家和工人阶级。马克思主要论述了工人阶级的异化，但关于资本家的异化虽少但也有提及。 由于劳动是人的本质，所以马克思关于异化的观察紧紧的劳动联系在一起。关于劳动的考察和规定则有三个方面，劳动产品、生产活动、以及人的本质。 先来看工人阶级在这三个方面的异化情况：首先，劳动产品，这是劳动结果，也是最直接的表现，工人生产出的劳动产品不再为工人所有，被资本家以货币工资的方式掠夺，原本应该主宰自己的劳动产品的工人反而被劳动产品所主宰（工人为了生计而劳动）。其次，生产活动，真正意义上的劳动应当是人的类本质，是人类本质和自由本性的实现，是人之为人的生存方式和生存目的，但是在资本主义商品生产中，劳动变成了一种否定性的劳动，人们求生的手段，人们在劳动中只感受到痛苦。这就是异化。这样，劳动的结果就是人的存在处境和人的类本质之间的相异化。 那么，在资本家层面，马克思主义也认为存在着异化，只是这种异化被认为是自身力量的象征，是一种虚幻的幸福和肯定。首先，劳动产品上，资本家并不生产劳动产品，也就无所谓将自身本质外化的过程，并且他虽然拥有劳动成果，但这种劳动成果也并不是他的类本质的外化。再者，在生产过程上，资本家并不参与生产活动，他参与的是资本活动，为了赚取更多的资本，他虽然可以决定工人的生产，却也不得不服从资本市场的要求，沉浸在逐利行为中，使其本身成为资本的奴隶，这样，资本家在资本主义市场中，虽然拥有了劳动产品，但是这也并非出自于自己的本愿，尽管最终得到了物质上的劳动产品，拥有了虚幻的物质满足，但是在这个过程中，他的本质并没有得到外化和体现，这是资本家的异化，主要体现在两个方面：类本质无法实现和沦为资本的奴隶。 于是，两大阶级的异化，造成了人和人相异化的局面，原本是一个类，一个整体的、社会性的人类整体都背离了他的本质，相互之间都异化了。 那么异化的结果就是产生了私有财产，私有财产实际上一种对劳动产品的异己的占有，它的出现则进一步加深了资本家和工人阶级、无产者和有产者之间的沟壑，加深了两大阶级的对立。马克思其后提出的，要想实现人的类本质，让劳动的本质回归，就必须废除私有制，解决异化问题的根源在于生产力的全面发展，也正是在此基础上生发的观点。 当然作为过渡时期的作品，马克思在这里的关于人的本质的认识距离真正的唯物主义还有一定的距离，比如，从人的本质来规定人的感性存在等问题，但是却可以看出，马克思由始自终的实践态度和对人的自由全面发展的关切。这和我们普遍认为的马克思主义是冷冰冰的强调物质存在的哲学是大相径庭的。 补充：梳理 人的异化——即，人的存在和人的本质相背离——即，存在和本质相背离——要问什么是人的本质——追溯费尔巴哈关于存在和本质的关系——从而在这种关系中把握马克思人的本质设定——与现实情境相比较，看发生了那些异化——工人阶级和劳动产品、生产活动，最终和人的类本质异化——资本家和劳动产品、生产活动，最终和人的本质异化——两大阶级都异化——造成人和人之间的相异化——产生私有财产（允许拥有私有财产也是异化劳动产生的前提，两者是辩证关系）
马克思主义观点看，异化作为社会现象同阶级一起产生，是人的物质生产与精神生产及其产品变成异己力量，反过来统治人的一种社会现象。人性偏离其本来的面目或未能够达到所能够实现的功能叫做异化。
人的异化 人是异化现象的始作俑者，各种怪事的发生，差不多都是人做的孽。我们不由想到了一个令人惊惧的问题，人，异化了没有？异化了的人，是什么样子？是不是就不是人了？ 这些问题可以归结为一个问题，因为异化了的物种，就会变成另一种完全不同的物种，所以，我们只要弄清楚，人，异化了没有？就可以弄清其它问题。 可以很悲哀的说，其它物种的异化是近现代的事情，而人的异化，很久很远，不是一天两天的事情。人，从什么时候脱离了人的本真，变得人不人鬼不鬼了呢？是从皇权当道，封建统治开始的时候。 很难想象，一个男人被割掉生殖器，再送到皇宫里当太监，是怎样一种情况。也不能想象，一个少女，把脚趾折断，再把脚缠成纺锤的形状，是怎样的痛苦。当皇权以泰山压顶之势对待平民百姓的时候，剩下的只有屈辱和顺从。人，在这个时候就不再是人。 更可怕的是，割掉生殖器和缠脚，生理上的痛苦倒在其次，重要的是心理上的戕害。从皇宫蔓延到民间的，不单是皇宫的恐怖，更多的是，不是正常人的太监心理和太监行为。没有骨气，阴损狠毒，这种异化最可恶的地方还在于，生生不息，像韭菜一样。 不了
哲学和社会学的概念：它所反映的实质内容，不同历史时期的学者有不同的解释。
从马克思主义观点看，异化作为社会现象同阶级一起产生，是人的物质生产与精神生产及其产品变成异己力量，反过来统治人的一种社会现象。私有制是异化的主要根源，社会分工固定化是它的最终根源。异化概念所反映的，是人们的生产活动及其产品反对人们自己的特殊性质和特殊关系。
马克思人的异化
人的异化表现为人同自己类本质的异化。在马克思看来，人的本质就是要劳动，要自由自觉的劳动。不允许进行自由自觉的劳动就是违反人的类本质的；人的本质是社会性和群体性一一和谐的，而在资本主义社会中，既有劳动的强制性，也有工人阶级自己与他人的对立孤独，因而人同自己的类本质相异化。
与类本质相异化的人同自己本身的任何关系，只有通过人同其他人的关系才能得到实现和表现。人同人相异化，当一个人分别同自己的劳动产品、劳动获得和类本质处于异化，对立状态的时候，这些东西必然属于另外一个“他人”，即就工人（或无产阶级）而言，这个“他人”就是有产阶级、资本家阶级。
当然可以的啊~！没有问题的！你说的还是一个很好的题材呢。
当然可以，很不错的视角哦。不过，我能保证你找不到太多资料。天下文章一大凑，如果全凭自己写会很累。如果你下定决心好好写的话，你一定会有很大的收获，论文的目的就是让我们有研究性学习的经历，平时的学习是没有这样的效果的。加油
同学 这方面的资料 真心的不好找啊。 写论文不是说题目很前 就可以的。你得想到你写的后果啊。英语专业的需要原创 可以联系我
毕业 时期，英语专业论文写作成为热门，面对导师的严格要求，要想顺利通过论文答辩，拟定 一个优秀的英语专业论文题目必不可少。下面我给大家带来英语专业优秀论文题目_英语专业毕业论文选题，希望能帮助到大家!
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英语本科论文题目
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5、南方哥特式小说特征在《心是孤独的猎手》中的体现
6、城市公示语的汉译英探索
7、归化与异化理论在汉语 歇后语 翻译中的应用
8、《婚礼的成员》中弗兰淇?亚当斯双性同体现象的研究
9、论《喜福会》中的文化冲突与共存
10、 广告 语言模糊性的语用研究
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13、从文化视角看中国白酒广告
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17、探究美国安利公司的 企业文化 ：基于其网站内容的文本分析
18、运用写长法促进英语写作能力的提高
19、中美“面子文化”对比分析
20、英汉恭维语和告别语的对比分析
21、英汉爱情隐喻的对比研究
22、新闻英语汉译的翻译技巧浅析
23、中美家庭文化比较
24、从文化的角度浅析中美企业 人力资源管理 的差异
25、华中农业大学英语专业学生高级 英语学习 状况调查
26、跨文化交际中中西方馈赠礼仪刍议
27、解读《双城记》中的人道主义思想
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33、一个被忽视的“准则英雄”--论《永别了，武器》中的女主人公凯瑟琳
34、从文化的角度看中美商务谈判风格的差异
35、英语娱乐新闻的文体特点
36、自然主义视野中《儿子与情人》主人公保罗的性格分析
37、美国价值观对《老友记》中主要角色的影响
38、中西文化中礼貌语的对比研究
39、广告双关语的作用
40、中美交流思维模式的差异
41、浅析《灶神之妻》中的多元文化主义
42、合作原则在英语商务信函中的应用
43、透过“超女现象” 反思 美国大众文化对中国传统精英文化的影响
44、中西方文化差异与英语教学
45、中西方文化差异及其对科学技术发展的影响
46、中西方文化差异对翻译的影响
47、中西方文化差异点滴
48、中西方送礼与受礼文化之差异
49、中西方思维差异与写作风格对比分析
50、中西方企业理财环境的差异分析
51、中西方广告创意水平差异刍议
52、中西方管理者收购差异及其在中国实施的建议
53、中西方古代哲学思维的差异及对音乐的影响
54、中西方古代对天体变速运动的认识差异
55、试论中西文化差异与对外汉语教学
56、求职网络的性别差异:以失业群体为例---兼论社会资本的中西差
57、浅议中西古典园林的起源及差异
58、谈中西文化差异与翻译
59、浅谈中西绘画的差异
60、中西选举制度的差异及其相关性
优秀 商务英语 本科论文题目
1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧
2、商务英语函电翻译技巧
3、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养
4、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素
5、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突
6、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异
7、商务谈判中的语言艺术
8、试论文化因素对商务活动的作用
9、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策
10、从文化视角比较中英文广告语言
11、国际商务英语信函话语分析
12、经贸英语的语言特点
13、浅论经贸英语的文体风格
14、经贸英语的语体特点与翻译
15、英语在商务活动中的作用
16、经贸英语在中国加入WTO后的新趋势
17、商务英语学习中的文化习得
18、浅谈如何有效学习经贸英语词汇
19、文化习俗与跨文化交际学对经贸英语学习的影响
20、商务英语专业人才培养模式改革与实践
21、试论文化导入在商务英语教学中的作用
22、中英文广告传播之语言特色及跨文化问题
23、商品译文的品牌形象对商务英语翻译教学的启示
24、试论商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧
25、现代商务英语书信的写作风格和语法特点
26、从修辞方面浅探商务英语的语言特色
27、商务英语书面语篇词汇特点分析
28、从语境角度分析英汉互译中语言的得体
29、商务英语函电的文本特征
30、经贸英语合同的语言特色
31、商务合同英语的文体特征分析
32、经贸英语信函话语基调分析
33、中西文化差异与交际障碍
34、试谈语言交际中的文化差异
35、文化差异对经贸英语翻译的影响
36、经贸英汉互译中的矛盾与对策
37、经贸英语词汇特点与翻译
38、根据词义和逻辑关系谈涉外经济合同的翻译
39、商业 英文书信 所使用的 词语分类 浅析
40、一些普通词汇在经贸英语中的特殊意义及翻译
41、常用名词在经贸英语中的语义变化特征
42、浅谈经贸英语会话中的言语交际技巧
43、论国际经贸活动的语言交际技巧
44、跨文化交际中的非言语交际体系研究
45、文化差异对国际商务的影响
46、国际商务谈判中的文化差异
47、试论广告英语的语言特点
48、关于网络广告英语与报刊杂志广告英语词汇比较
49、商号、商标、公司名称等的翻译?
50、商标名称的美学特征及汉语商标名称的翻译
优秀英语专业毕业论文题目
1、航海英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的意义
2、医学检验专业双语教学的思考
3、“微时代”下的军事 医学英语 微课教学研究
4、浅析中医五行学说一些术语的英译
5、传统美学视角下的 散文 翻译中情感美的传递
6、目的论视角下的文学翻译策略研究——以《红楼梦》两个英文译本为例
7、茅盾文学奖获奖作品的翻译研究价值——以《穆斯林的葬礼》为例
8、《长恨歌》中认知隐喻的翻译
9、高罗佩《武则天四大奇案》英译之诗学探析
10、诗歌翻译中的“意、音、形”之美——唐诗《江雪》四种英译的对比分析
11、《红楼梦》角色姓名“归化”译法探究
12、论戏剧翻译的可表演性原则
13、《越人歌》的审美再现——从语内翻译到语际翻译
14、早期西方汉学家英译《聊斋志异》中的跨文化操纵
15、“西语哲”视域下的英汉 句子 形态的差异及启示
16、中英文日常交际用语的差异探析
17、网络环境下英语教学模式改革初探
18、基于图式理论的高职商务英语专业听力作业设计研究
19、翻译工作坊教学模式研究
20、高校英语教学中目的语文化的渗透和本族语文化的回归研究
21、新课改下高校 教育 硕士(英语)培养模式的探索与反思
22、中小学英语衔接工作的探索与实践
23、信息技术与高校英语教学整合研究
24、探究基于计算机辅助模式的大学英语课堂教学情感因素
25、开元数字化平台大学英语教学模式研究——基于建构主义理论
26、非英语专业大学英语教师课堂话语的互动特征分析——以实习教师课堂为例
27、西部农村中学英语写作在线同伴反馈和教师反馈的对比研究
28、基于网络的高职英语自主学习生态化研究'))));基于网络的高职英语自主学习生态化研究
29、小学英语课堂激励 方法 的应用策略研究
30、高中英语以读促写的“读写一体化”教学模式探究
31、研究生英语学术论文语体特征多维度对比分析
32、MOOC下的中国职业英语教育改革探索与应对
33、初中英语教学策略初探
34、西北地区初中生英语自主学习浅见
35、浅议小学英语教学中的词汇教学
36、试析模块教学法在中职酒店英语教学中的应用
37、英语词汇增长路线图理论研究
38、语法及语法教学:从知识到技能的转变——D.拉森-弗里曼的语法观及语法教学刍议
39、周作人的直译观及其嬗变
40、新教学环境下的英语专业第二课堂建设分析
41、论翻转课堂模式下英语课堂提问策略的转变
42、支架式教学模式对中职英语教学的启示
43、基于“输出驱动假设”的警务英语教学策略研究
44、跨文化交际意识对商务英语翻译的影响
45、从目的论视角浅谈英文电影片名中译
46、浅析英语新闻标题的翻译
47、论《论语》英译中的语用充实
48、翻译目的论视角下的汉语典籍英译——以《论语》英译为例
49、英美影视作品中“神翻译”的定义及方法探析
50、电影片名翻译的跨文化解读
51、“讨论”与“演讲”相结合的大学英语课堂教学实践
52、单词 配对 法对双语词汇翻译的影响
53、素质教育视野下农村中小学教师心理资本开发与学生英语学习的关系
54、硕士研究生公共英语课程的元认知策略
55、语境中语块的加工及其影响因素——以中级汉语学习者为例
56、激发和培养学生英语学习兴趣之管见
57、浅谈如何提高小学英语教学质量
58、如何更好地利用多媒体辅助英语教学
59、平行文本视域下的企业简介汉英翻译策略研究
60、文化差异的导入对大学英语教学的意义
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隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
从 文化 的角度看世界，世界史其实就是一部民族与文化的交融史和碰撞史。受影响的西方历史文化和受儒佛道影响的东方历史文化，自古以来体现出很多相融和冲突的地方，两种文明带来了两种不同的辉煌灿烂。以下是我整理分享的东西方文化差异的论文的相关 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
东西方历史文化的差异
摘要：从文化的角度看世界，世界史其实就是一部民族与文化的交融史和碰撞史。受影响的西方历史文化和受儒佛道影响的东方历史文化，自古以来体现出很多相融和冲突的地方，两种文明带来了两种不同的辉煌灿烂。本文从文化特质、思想观念、宗教观念等方面谈一谈世界历史进程中东西方文化的差异。
关键词：东方文化 西方文化 宗教观念 伦理 文化差异
作者简介：沈树荣，女，汉族，生于重庆南充。现任重庆市铁路中学教师
【中图分类号】G04 【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1002-
从西方历史发展进程来看，西方历史的源头――古希腊文明，就是一部灿烂的文化史，被作为整个西方文明的深厚根基。从东方社会历史发展的进程来看，古代埃及文化、古代两河流域文化、古代中国古代印度文化三大文化圈也成为中古东方社会的源头。世界史从原始部落、氏族斗争，到奴隶制社会，再到后来帝国主义社会、封建主义社会、资本主义社会和社会主义社会，展现出的就是一部博大的东西方文化交融与碰撞的艰难历史。下面，我将从文化、思想观念、宗教观念等几方面谈谈世界史所体现出来的东西方社会文化的差异。
一、东西文化各自的特质
1、东方文化特质。第一，东方文化呈现出多源性：古代埃及文化、古代两河流域文化、古代中印度文化，形成三大文化圈，成为中古东方的文化源头。第二，东方文化呈现出专制性、封闭性、保守性的特点。古代东方文化为大河文化、内陆文化和农业文化，文明成熟较早。马克思说过：“人类社会中有粗野的 儿童 ，有早熟的儿童，古代民族中有许多居于这一类，希腊人是正常的儿童。”东方民族属于早熟的儿童。早熟的原因。东方社会有较优越的自然条件，东方民族大都居住在大河流域，气候好，河流灌溉农田，农业和畜牧业得到发展，同时，东方民族勤劳勇敢，从而使东方社会最早进入文明社会。东方社会从奴隶制度发展到封建宗教社会制度，时间漫长。东方社会的国王大多是来自氏族贵族领袖，宣扬“君权神授”，他们是神的化身，如埃及法老。封建宗法社会以家族为本位，重家族，重血缘，压抑个性，灭人欲，形成东方社会的专制性(主义)。宗法社会的小农经济性质又造成了东方社会的封闭性、保守性。第三，东方文化具有浓厚的神秘主义色彩和宗教色彩。东方社会是犹太教、、印度教、佛教、等主要宗教的发源地。东方文化渗透了宗教思想，并形成不同的宗教思想价值体系。第四，东方文化崇尚尚自然，具有“天人合一”思想和追求“仁爱”“牺牲”的精神。
2、西方文化特质。第一，西方文化源头只有公认的一个：古希腊文明。马克思说，“古希腊人是人类健全的儿童。”古希腊文明成为整个西方文明的奠基。希腊文明富于自由活泼之精神、视宇宙全体为优美之调合，注重现实世界具体之事物。第二，西方文化呈现出重理性、开放性的特点。从古希腊文明开始，西方文化中的个人本位主义和理性主义、英雄主义体现得尤为突出，希腊人重视个人价值的实现、个人功勋的建立，追求个人本位、享乐、情欲。第三，宗教色彩浓厚。宗教是人类社会发展一定阶段的历史现象，马克思恩格斯认为宗教源于人们最初对自然神秘力量和社会神秘力量的盲目崇拜和信仰。费尔巴哈说宗教的本质是人的本质，是人自我异化的结果。西方社会受宗教神权思想影响极为深刻，上帝在他们心中拥有至高无上的地位，使其原罪观念特别泛滥。第四，西方人理性主义思想浓厚。西方人善用理智来思考问题，理性主义在西方泛滥，西方人思想观念里认为人与人之间的关系是建立在法治、实利、利益的基础上，东方人则比较感性，认为人与人之间的关系式建立在血缘、感情、道义的基础上。
二、东西文化的差异
东西文化的差异，表现在以下几个方面：
1东西文化的源头和宗教信仰不同，西方文化的源头是基督。中国文化的源头是孔子。东方人信仰佛儒道，西方人信仰。从宗教观来看，东方宗教是解脱之宗教，宣扬脱俗、解脱，相信宿命，主张清静、寂灭。西方宗教是救赎之宗教，提倡人道主义和创化、救赎，上帝这个救世主形象在他们心中有至高无上的地位，西方宗教主张从生活中寻找生命，教导人们发现新生命，创造新生命的道理，其教义也是劝人奋斗不息，才获解救。比如《圣经》所体现出的救赎思想，被作为西方现实世界永恒的经典和文化的象征，成为整个欧洲文化的源头。“浮士德”的永不满足，不断进取的精神，也成为西方精神的象征。
2东方主静，西方主动。西洋民族以战争、个人、法治、实利为本位，东方民族以安息、感情、家族、虚文为本位。中国人好古，循环往复，西方人力今，强调进化。
西洋民族好战是其天性，宗教之战，政治之战，商业之战构成欧洲文明史。西洋民族要求维护个人自由权利和幸福，思想言论的自由，个性的发展，法律之前人人平等。东洋民族自游牧社会进而为宗法社会，自酋长政治进而为封建政治。宗法社会以家族为本位而无个人权利，宗法社会讲求忠孝之道德。
3东方文化重视整体，而西方更重视个体。东方文化重 经验 、现实、功利的世界;西方神性与人性并重，追求超经验、超现实的真理和个人荣誉。东方文化的特色是重人际关系，重现实生活，不重形而上的问题。西方人则重视自己的权利、个人价值的实现，重形而上的理性生活。
4东西方自由观、发展观、中西民力、民智、民德不同。东方文化崇尚含蓄，而西方推崇直接开放。东方泛道德化，以德束人，而西方则法规化，重视个人权利而不是看重道德。东方人的伦理观以牺牲自我为本，西方则以满足自己为人生之本。因此东方的道德是以灭个性而维持，西方的道德是个性的解放。
5 思维方式 和处世态度不同，东方唯情，西方唯智，东方人讲求经验、感性，西方人重视推理、逻辑。东方人重感情、重道义，比较感性，像我们常说的意气用事及仁爱、宽容、忠孝、中庸的思想。而西方人讲究理性，用理智思考问题，追求理性主义和自我主义，重视个体价值的实现、理性胜于感性的思考问题解决问题。
6东方讲求艺术夸张，如敦煌莫高窟;而西方讲求科学，客观，提倡艺术真实，如蒙娜丽莎。梁漱溟认为西方是艺术科学化，东方是科学艺术化。
下一页分享更优秀的<<<东西方文化差异的论文
浅谈中西方文化差异 语文是社会的产物，是人类历史和文化的结晶。它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识，历史文化，风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。不同的文化背影和文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。语文是文化的载体，词汇是文化信息的浓缩，是语言的重要组成部分，它反映着文化的发展和变化，同时也直接反映着文化的差异。在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，这便是以儒家的“中庸之道”作为行为的基本准则。“中”是儒家追求的理想境界，人生处世要以儒家仁、义、礼、智、信的思想道德观念作为每个人的行为指南，接人待物，举止言谈要考虑温、良、恭、俭、让，以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。西方国家价值观的形成至少可追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，即以崇尚个人为中心，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。“谦虚”这一概念在西方文化中的价值是忽略不计的。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。正因为如此，中西两种文化在对某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。我国的群体性文化，非常重视家庭亲友关系，把它视为组成社会的细胞；而在西方国家，崇尚独立自主自强自立。中国人重视传统的君臣，父子，论资排辈，等级森严，而在英美国家，长辈与晚辈间地位平等，不计较老少界限，多以朋友相处。中国人的传统观念历来崇尚“四世同堂”“合家团圆”，自古就有“父母在，不远游”的良言古训；而在英美国家，18岁的子女仍住在家里依靠父母生活是不可思议的事情，他们必须依靠自己的双手去独立生活。同样，年龄大的父母即使失去了生活自理能力，一般也不会拖累子女，他们往往要住进老人院，由社会关照。文化的不同带来价值观念的在不相同。如lod一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生等。“老张”，“老王”，透着尊敬和亲热，“张老”“王老”更是尊崇有加。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old” 是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的的期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，英美人忌讳莫深的fat一词，见人说fat会令人沮丧不快而且反感。说到fatmeat（肥肉）多半会被认为是毫无价值的该扔掉的废物。而中国人见了小孩子说“胖嘟嘟”“胖乎乎”，表示对孩子的喜爱，对成年男子说fat有“发福”之义，对成年女子讲fat有“丰满”之义，都有赞美恭维之意。日常生活工作中，也经常听到人们说某种东西是块“肥肉”或某差使是个“肥缺”的话语，言下之意是不可多得的东西或是求之不得的位置。中国人不但不讨厌fat，而且对其赞美有加。同样的一件事物，不同的文化背影，看法大相径庭。中国人蔑视狗，因而有“走狗”“狗腿子”“狗东西”“赖皮狗”“狗急跳墙”“狗仗人势”“狗眼看人低”等说法。而在西方国家，人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚，对狗的赞誉也屡见不鲜，并把人比作狗。如aluckdog（幸运儿），loveme,love my dog（爱屋及乌），Every dog has his day.（凡人皆有得意日）。形容人“病得厉害”用sickas a dog.。“累极了”是dog—tired.与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲昵的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。中西方的文化差异除了表现在价值观，习俗差异等外，还与生存环境，宗教信仰，历史典故的不同有关。1、生存环境方面：语文的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend money like lvater,而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷暑炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”，“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与“可爱”“温和” “美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more 、宗教信仰方面佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的语言很多，如“借花献佛”“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的有“God helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人）”Go to hell（下地狱吧）这样的诅咒。3、历史典故方面英汉两种语文中有大量的由历史典故形成的。这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译。如“东施效颦”“名落孙山”“叶公好龙”等等。英语中Achilles’heel（唯一致使弱点），meet one’s waterloo（一败涂地），Penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作），a pandora’s box.。（潘多拉之盒――灾难，麻烦，祸害的根源）等。由于各种各样的原因，导致了中西方有诸如此多的文化差异，而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。一个企业若想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要高超的经济和技术手段，而且需要深入了解对象国的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如，在中国，“龙（dragon）” 是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼中，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲？能否给企业创造高效益。所以，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。作为中学阶段的英语老师，在英语教学中应重视语言能力的教学，特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力，将语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题对待。中西方的文化差异在中学阶段英语学习给学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面：1、称呼语汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”；对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Smith”“Auntie Brown”，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面不带姓，只带名，如“Uncle Tom”。又如学生知道teacher的含义是“老师”，也就相应地把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师＝Teacher Wang.此外还把汉语中习惯上称呼的“唐秘书”“张护士”称为Secretary Tang, Nurse Zhang, 英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr., Miss,Mrs.等。2、感谢和答谢一般来说，我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（would you like something to eat / drink?），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答：“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes,please.”若不想要，只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。3、赞美在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌，外表，新买的东西，个人财物，个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力打扮的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。因此赞美别人发型的很多，赞美别人漂亮头发的很少。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是：Thank you.如，A: Your skirt looks nice. B: Thank 隐私中国人初次见面问及年龄，婚姻，收入，表示关心，而英语国家却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16 中有这样的对话：“How old are you,Mrs Read?”“Ah,it’s a secret!”为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿？”“你在干什么？”在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。5、打招呼中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗？”如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭，英语国家人打招呼通常以天气，健康状况，交通，体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。6、节日中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日（如,New Year’s Day）处，双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid—Autumn Day.等，英语国家有”Valentine’s Day（情人节），Easter（复活节），April fool’s Day（愚人节），Thanks Giving Day（感恩节），Christmas Day（圣诞节）等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不相同。在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。7、词汇的文化内涵英语词汇在长期使用中积累了丰富的文化内涵，所以在教学中要注意对英语词汇的文化意义的介绍，以防学生单纯地从词汇本身做出主观评价。比如red一词，无论在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关，英语里有“red—letter days”（节假日）。尤其在中国，红色象征革命和社会主义等积极意义，但在英语中“red”还意味着危险状态或使人生气，如“red flag”（引人生气的事）。还有当看到商业英语中的“in the red”，别以为是盈利，相反，是表示亏损，负债。在教学中，文化教育的方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用灵活多变的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，使他们能主动地，自学地吸收并融入新的文化环境中。比如：加强中西方文化差异的比较，将中西文化在称呼，招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异自觉自然地渗透到教学中。又如：利用多种渠道，多种手段，吸收和体验异国文化。可以收集一些英语国家的物品和图片，让学生了解外国艺术，历史和风土人情等。总之，中西方的文化存在着很多差异，在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学，而必须加强语言的文化导入，重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样，才能在实际中正确运用语言。
跨文化交际的毕业论文
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，大学毕业前都要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文我们应该怎么写呢？下面是我收集整理的跨文化交际的毕业论文，欢迎大家分享。
摘要：
跨文化交际是指不同国家不同文化背景的人们之间的交流，文化差异对跨文化交际有多方面影响，本文从思维与表达方式的差异、非语言交际差异、传统文化的差异、价值观念的差异等四个方面 ，分析产生交流障碍的原因，指出了了解中外文化差异对避免跨文化交际的失误，较少国际交流中的误解，促进中外文化的交流具有重要的作用。
关键词： 文化差异；跨文化交际
跨文化交际涉及交际和文化两个概念。从一定意义上说交际即文化在交际过程中文化得以形成。而文化是一个包罗万象的概念，概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言、所为、所觉的总和。跨文化交际即不同文化背景的人们（信息发出者和信息接受者）之间的交际，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造”。所以，对于来自不同文化本经的人们走到一起，交际必然会出现故障，及时有效的克服这些交际障碍是跨文化交际取得成功的关键。这对促进国际间的文化、政治、经济交流有着及其重要的意义。笔者从思维与表达方式的差异、非语言交际差异、传统文化的差异、价值观念的差异等四个方面来分析产生交流障碍的原因，从而提高跨文化交际能力。
一、 思维与表达差异对交流的影响
思维方式的差异首先造成的就是语言表达方式的不同。在信息编排上，中国人习惯于形象思维，在文章中，为了使文章鲜明、生动、形象，经常使用华丽的词藻、大量的形容词和丰富的比喻。然而对于西方人来讲，由于感情基础的差异，阅读习惯的不同，华丽的词藻一般只能减少传播的清晰性和效果，甚至被视为空话冗词和夸大宣传。根据西方的写作风格，在英语写作中，西方人比较注重逻辑的紧密和事实的陈述，习惯于低调陈述，而不习惯于用词强烈。
思维方式是沟通文化与语言的桥梁。在思维方式的差异上，中西文化思维方式最显著的特点就是中国人含蓄委婉，思维方式具有意会性，而西方人则很直接，属于直观性。中西方在写信的表达方式上就有不同。西方人在表达这自己的意愿时比较直接，开门见山的将自己的所要求写在最前面，后面才会讲一些寒暄的客套话。而中国人则会很含蓄委婉的提要求，一般到信的末尾才是真正要谈的问题，前面都是寒暄。不同的写法反映不同的思维方式。中国人初次见面就喜欢问对方的年龄，婚姻，收入状况以表示关心，而西方人对此就比较反感，他们认为这些是个人隐私，他人无权过问。如果问西方女士“How old areyou？”她们很可能会回答“It’s a secret！”西方人希望自己在别人眼中年轻而富有朝气，希望自己保持年轻的心态，所以不喜欢提及实际的年龄。再如中国人交谈中常遇到的“你去哪儿？”“你在干什么？”在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，冒昧而不受欢迎。
二、 非语言交际差异
非语言交际差异是指一切不使用语言进行的交际活动统称之为非语言交际（Non—verbal communication），其中包括眼神、手势、身势、微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人之间的'距离、说话的音量、时间观念、对空间的使用等等。一般而言，南欧地区的国家如意大利、西班牙、希腊等国的手势运用频繁且夸张；中西欧的国家如德国、英国、荷兰等次之；而远在北方的北欧诸国则又次之，因为他们几乎不会使用手势来表达任何讯息。
三、 传统文化的差异
历史上，中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，有5000年的悠久而厚重的历史，创造了无数的灿烂文明，在这种文化蕴藏中，使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异，四大菜系逐渐形成，四大菜系自成体系，各有特点，但共同点是用料复杂考究，制作方法复杂，口味、菜式多种多样，令人惊叹。
由于中西哲学思想的不同，西方人于饮食重科学。重科学即讲求营养。故西方饮食以营养为最高准则，进食犹如为一生物的机器添加燃料，特别讲求食物的营养成分，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问，而菜肴的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国――法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。
西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好。故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。
四、 价值观念的差异
价值观是指一个人对周围的客观事物（包括人、事、物）的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。一方面表现为价值取向、价值追求，凝结为一定的价值目标；另一方面表现为价值尺度和准则，成为人们判断价值事物有无价值及价值大小的评价标准。
中国历史悠久，包括长达两千多年的封建统治，这种意识直接影响着现代人价值观的形成。现代中国人依然较顺从权威，尊重长辈，重视个人的身份，强调安分守己。相比之下，早在17世纪，英国的资产阶级就推翻了封建统治建立了资本主义社会，工业革命大幅度提高了人们的物质生活水平，还彻底解放了人们的思想。资本主义的民主思想也逐渐遍及整个西方社会。西方人崇尚个体，向往自由平等。这种历史环境的不同使中西方的个体意识产生了很大的差异。
西方文化价值观的主流是为自我满足而奋斗的精神。西方文化张扬个性，强调维护个人利益，注重独立自主发挥个人潜力，强化个人权利意识。个人主义是一切行为的准则，自我实现是人生的最高需求和目的，独立是实现自我的最有效手段，人权神圣不可侵犯，是实现自我的保障。中国主流文化价值观是和合精神。中华民族自古就注重和谐。在人与自然的关系上，崇尚天人合一，人与自然和谐相处；在人与人的关系上，强调以和为贵，与人为善；在国家之间的关系上，主张亲仁善邻，协和万邦。中华民族是一个爱好和平、与人为善的民族。
不同文化背景里成长起来的人们，其价值观理应有所不同，各有其长处。在科技迅猛发展的今天，为使中国走向繁荣、富强、走向世界，我们必须引进西方先进的文化观念，摒弃其糟泊，吸取西方的平等、竞争、效率、个性解放等精神和意识，摒弃其拜金主义，物欲主义以及过分自我等意识。随着现在全球一体化的进程和中国在世界的崛起，认识和掌握中西方的跨文化价值观差异对避免和解决交际中的冲突以及促进民族间的融合有着相当重大的意义。
从上述文化差异对跨文化交际所产生的种种影响来看，文化因素是造成跨文化交流障碍的主要原因。诸多文化因素对跨文化交际具有一定的干扰和制约等负作用。因而，学习外语离不开对其文化的学习和研究，只有彻底解决因文化差异产生的种种交流障碍，跨文化交际才能成功。这是提高人们跨文化交际能力的一条根本有效途径。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
中文论文还是英文论文？
林语堂先生有篇散文，叫做《中国人与英国人》。你读一读，会对你有启发的，我个人认为，他老人家写得相当好！！你看完就不愁立提纲了，自己写出一篇好论文不是很好嘛！！！
中西方文化差异与英语学习一、自然环境在中国人的心目中，"夏日炎炎"、“火辣夏日”，夏天总与酷暑炎热联系在一起。而在莎翁的一首十四行诗中却有这样的诗句，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(我能不能拿夏天同你相比?/你啊，比夏天来得可爱和照。) 诗人把情人比作夏天，可爱而温煦。"夏天" 带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如此的迥异。原因就在于所处的地理位置不同，中国位于亚洲大陆，属于大陆性气候，四季分明，夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火，炎热难熬。而英国位于北温带，属海洋性气候，夏天明媚温和，令人惬意。当然还有很多这方面的例子，例如，在汉语中的 "东风" 使人想到温暖和煦，西风则叫人有种寒风刺骨的味道。而在西方则相反。原因也是一样，两地所处地理位置不同，带来感觉就不同 。二、 生产劳动英语中与水产、航船有关的词语非常多，如 fish in the air (缘木求鱼 )、an odd fish(怪人)、miss the boat (错过机会) 等。汉语中这类词语就少得多。原因在于英国四周环水、水产捕捞业和航海业在其经济生活中占有重要地位，故而多此类词语。而在中国只有沿海地区才有渔民结网捕鱼,所以该类词语相对较少。要表达“用体力负运东西" 的动词在汉语中有许多，如 "扛、 荷、挑、担、抬、背、驮、负、提、挎" 等，每个词都有一定的负运的东西与之相应(如，挑土、担水、提箱子)，真是细密之极。在英语中却只有--个 carry 来泛指这个动作。汉语之所以将这个动词细加区分，大概因为中国长期处于农业社会，体力劳动特别多的缘故。汉语中我们会遇到"像老黄牛一样干活" 、"气壮如牛 " 等词 ，英语中要表达同样的意思，会说 work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse 。为什么汉语用 "牛 " 而英语用horse 呢? 答案是中国人向来用牛来耕田种地，早期的英国人却用马来耕作。牛和马在生产过程中分别分成了两国人的好帮手，博得了人们的好感，词语中也就有了如上用法。三、风俗习惯1、称谓及称呼: 学习英语时，我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。例如，英语中cousin一词，对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。我们看到，汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格，既要说出性别，又要分出大小，根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。这种语言现象的产生归因于中国二、三千年之久的封建统治。这种封建社会高度重视血缘关系，特别强调等级间的差异，提倡长幼、尊卑有序。亲属关系亲疏，长幼和性别等万面不同，权力和义务也随着出现区别， 故称谓区分得严格而细密。英语中的称谓为数不多 ， 除 dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle等几个称谓经常使用外，其它的几乎都不用。在英美国家，人们的相互称呼在中国人看来有违情理，且不礼貌，没教养。比如:小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma,而是直呼其名 ，这种做法却是得体，亲切、合乎常埋的，年轻人称老年人，只在其姓氏前加 Mr, Mrs 或Miss。他们这些做法体现了西方人追求人人平等的思想，在他们眼中，称谓本身就意味着不平等。 2、敬语谦词: 像称谓一样，英语中的敬语谦词也远远少于汉语。在英语中，不管对方年龄多大，地位多高，you 就是 you，I就是 I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如 "您、局长、工程师 " 等敬语。汉语产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级、甚至同辈说话时，要用敬语，否则就认为用词不当而失礼，甚至显得高傲；谈及自己时则要用谦词，如不使用，也会被认为没有礼貌。另一原因，便是中国人几千年来的传统思想的影响，不愿突出自己，总认为"谦虚"是一种美德。而在英语中这类词较少的原因有两个:一是西方人喜爱追求平等，二是他们长期以来尊重个人价值，乐于表现自己，强调培养个人自信心。受以上观念的支配，中西方人接受赞扬、祝贺时的反应也明显有很大区别。中国人听此类话语后会说一类谦虚的话语，而西方人则会毫不犹豫地说:“ Thank you”我曾从报上看到过这样一则笑话，在一次舞会上，一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说：“You look very beautiful today (你今天很漂亮) 。” 这位中国女士赶忙谦虚地说:“Where(哪里 ),where(哪里 )." 而这位美国人感到非常奇怪，然后只好说了句: “ everywhere(到处)。"根据西方人的习惯，当他们赞扬别人时，总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受的方式作答，否则他们会误解为对方对自己的判断力表示怀疑。而东方则比较谦虚、谨慎，即使心里非常高兴，也不会坦然认同或接受对方的赞扬。又如学术刊物上发表的文献或论文的标题。汉语文章的标题除说明文章的内容外，往往有表示谦虚的字眼。如"浅谈…… " 、"试论……" 、 "、“……初探" 等，而英语文章的标题常常是直截了当，不加任何修饰，如 Science andLinguistics (《科学与语言》) 。3、个人隐私: 对大多数西方人来说，向陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出 How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married? 等谈及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、家庭情况等问题的话题属个人隐私范畴，忌讳别人问及。西方人寒暄最频繁的话题是天气的状况或预测。如“It’s fine, isn’t it?“、 “It’s raining hard, isn’t it?”、 “Your dress is do nice!”等等。他们在初次见面或不太熟悉的人面前，从不问及有关别人隐私方面问题，以示对对方的尊敬。汉语里的寒暄有时还表示对对方的关心。如 "你今天气色不好，生病了吗? " "好久不见，你又长胖了 。" "你又瘦了，要注意身体啊。" 如西方人听到你说:“You are fat”或 “You are so thin”等话语。即使彼此间较熟悉，也会感到尴尬，难以回答，因这是不礼貌的。而中国人见面三分熟，在半小时内，对方的家庭情况、个人状况便了解得清清楚楚。这又是双方所处的不同文化背景在起作用。西方人特别注重个人隐私。他们认为个人的事不必让别人知道，更不愿让别人干预。而中国人千百年来住在一个村庄里，离得近，接触得多，个人生活或私事很难不被人知道或干预。再加上中国人团结友爱，互相关心，相互帮助，认为个人的事即家庭乃至集体的事。故而他们很愿意了解别人的酸甜苫辣，别人也愿坦诚相告。当然，现在在一些发达或沿海城市，人们也开始接受西方人的观点，说话不随便涉及对方隐私。四 宗教信仰汉英语言中涉及宗教的词语数目庞大，蔚为壮观。比如，"天公" 、"阴阳 " 、"菩萨" 等。语言是思想的直接反映，两种截然不同的宗教词汇是两个民族宗教观念迥异的真实写照。隋唐之前，儒道两教在中国居统治地位，汉语中涉及宗教的词语多与此相关，如"太极" 、"道" 等，其精神，如尊天命，行孝道、听天由命等也可见于 日常语言当中。隋唐时期，大量佛教传入，大量佛教词语随之而来，其轮回报应的思想被儒道思想所接受并被消化。这样儒、佛、道三教在中国占有绝对主导地位。在英国，则以基督教为主要宗教。 该教于597 年传入英国。在随后相当长的时间里，大量与此相关的词语陆续汇入英语行列 。这里既有古英语时期由拉丁语渗入英语的词 、如angel (天使)、monk (僧侣 ) 等，又有中古时期从法语借用的词 ，如 religion (宗教) 、dean(教长)等，还有现代英语时期从其他外来语中借来的大量的词， 结果英语中涉及宗教的词语远比其他语种来得多。五、 历史典故用典是每个民族日常交谈的一个重要组成部分，人们常常在不自觉间运用出于各自民族文化遗产的典故，比如中国人会说，"真是马后炮"、 "原来是个空城计啊 ! " 西方人则会讲 That all Greek to me.(我对此一窍不通。) 、He’s a Shylock (他是个守财奴)。一谈用典，对对方文化了解不多的外国人大多感到相当费解，显然这是因为各民族以化遗产不同的缘故。中国人的典故多源于《红楼梦》等古代四大名著、民间传说神话以及中国传统的体育娱乐项目，如象棋、戏剧等。前两个例子一个来自中国象棋，一个来自《三国演义》。而西方人的典故则多出于莎士比亚戏剧和以后英美文学中的许多其他人物或名称、希腊、罗马神话、《圣经》中的人物和事件以及传统的体育项目，如美国的棒球、橄揽球等。后两个英文例子便来自莎士比亚戏剧。六、思维方式英语注重运用各种具体的连接手段以达到语法形式的完整。这些句子组织严密，层次井然有序，其句法功能一望便知。比如 ，If winter comes, can spring be far behind?(冬天来了，春还会远吗？)一见到if,两句间的逻辑关系便一目了然。而汉语则很少使用连接手段，句子看上去松散混乱，概念、判断、推理不严密，句子间的逻辑关系从外表不易看出。比如，"打得就打，打不赢就走，还怕没办法?" 几个句子间无连接成分，好像大量动词杂沓堆上，句间关系外表上根本看不出，但句子的意思却把他们联系起。这就是人们所说的英语重形合，汉语重意合，这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同。英民族重理性，重视逻辑思维。而汉民族重悟性，注重辩证思维。七、个人主义价值观在西方文化中，与 " 自 我" (self) 相关的观念可以说是根深蒂固、 无所不在。在英语中就有许多以自我为中心的词汇，如 “self-absorption (自我专注 )、self-admiration(自我赞赏) 、self-cultivation (自我修养 ) 、 self-image (自我形象 ) 等等。故此西方社会盛行的是个体主义 (individualism)”，强调个人自由 、不受外来约束。而中方文化强调集体利益高于个人利益，"先国家，后集体，再个人，先利民，再利已"的话语随处可见。通过简单的言语就可从中了解两种截然不同的文化。通过语言对比了解中西文化的差异，人们会对双方文化有更深的理解，这反过来有助于我们掌握这两种语言。我们在学习英语时，应了解它的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯，随时将它与我们的母语进行对比，使自己自觉意识到不规范语言产生的根源和避免方法，进而增强使用规范语言的意识。
英美文化差异 British and American Culture 来源：BBC 作者： 发布时间：2007-10-24 、。。。: