达到境界“信、达、雅”境界是最难的:“信”指忠实于原文，不歪曲、不遗漏，也不要随意增减意思；“达”指不拘泥于原文形式，译文通顺明白；“雅”则指译文时选用的词语要得体，追求文章本身的古雅，简明优雅。一般说来，意译是在翻译句子或更大的意群时使用的，在文学作品中使用的比重较大，而在翻译学术文章的时候中直译的情况较多。按照以前的翻译标准，在直译时既要保持原文的内容，又要保持原文的形式。这样产生的译文有时会显得不是很通顺，不怎么符合汉语的表达习惯，翻译的痕迹看起来比较明显。所以现在的翻译标准是直译时要尽量保持原作的语言形式，同时还要求语言流畅易懂，也就是说直译不代表着死译。在翻译过程中，译者的个人修养很重要，其中包括译者的英文水平，理解能力和文字功底等，这些都是需要在反复的练习中才能逐渐提高的。要想翻译出好的学术文章，掌握一定的技巧之后勤加练习是唯一途径。在做论文翻译等学术翻译时，有几个值得参考的地方：由于学术文章的广泛性，每个专业都有很多专业术语。因此需要对被翻译对象的基本内容和背景知识有一定的了解，动手之前做一点功课是必须的，这样才能做到翻译的准确性和合理性。学术文章有特定的结构：标题、摘要，正文（引言、论述、结论）。因此掌握一些固定模式的翻译方法，以后再翻译其他同类型文章就很容易了 。学术文章以客观陈述为主，句子结构严谨合理，较多使用被动句，大量使用非谓语动词、名词及介词短语。掌握这些固定句式就可以举一反三，这也是学术文章翻译中比较容易的地方。有时直译在部分否定句型中不好使用、有些习语翻译不准。如果不可避免地造成读者理解的困难时，翻译者可能通过使用译者注加以说明，帮助读者理解。对于某些意译，可以通过附加原文的方式，使原文得以重现。也可以让读者在理解的时候可以互相参考，得到更准确的信息。对于学术文章的翻译，意思表达准确是最重要的。如果“信、达、雅”都能做到当然最好，如果水平有限那至少保证做到“信”，其他两点不用勉强。
Practice on the development of foreign direct investment in the service industry started later than its theoretical research, system theory has not formed, the relevant research is focus on manufacturing FDI and international trade theory to explain the service industry development, FDI, analysis of some key empirical research is the influence factors of service industry FDI In Wang Zhi, Wang Yaozhong (2009) written by the service industry foreign direct investment review article, analysis of the FDI in service industry from two angles, namely, based on the study of foreign direct investment manufacturing theory and based on the research of the theory of international In a small number of services in the FDI theory, Denning's eclectic theory of international production is one of the most important theoretical The important significance of this theory to the service FDI that Denning later to continue the development of the eclectic theory of international production, to extend it to the service sector, that is also applicable in the service field of the eclectic theory of international In 1989 he was in "transnational enterprises and value-added services: concepts and theoretical problems" in one article, has made the detailed elaboration to the service industry FDI Denning fully demonstrates the applicability, the eclectic theory of international production for service FDI he believes that, first of all, the incomplete market will lead to the Multi-National Corporation ownership advantage, incomplete and services market also exists in the market, so the service Multi-National Corporation might have ownership advantage; secondly, service enterprises are often higher than the manufacturing industry enterprises are facing the middle market more incomplete risk, have more proprietary technology and secret knowledge, so that the service enterprises will solve this problem through internalization, thus producing internalization Denning will also some specific service industry as example for detailed analysis, the framework for the application of the eclectic theory of international production to service Multi-National Corporation, to study its theoretical analysis and conclusions are widely applied in the service industry Multi-National C
gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细，但更加简洁明了的说法是：硕士论文用thesis， MA thesis (文学硕士论文），博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper，essay指篇幅较短小的文章，相当于作文类或散文类
论文翻译，自己翻译的比较靠谱。
Abstract: With the growing international financial crisis on a serious blow to the world economy, China's economy has started to fall into the plight of a besieged on all The face of the status of crisis, the Government has drawn out the top ten as well as 4 trillion yuan two years of the program to stimulate the economy, which gradually began in all of China's largest investment and construction of the In this paper, the new State Department's "4000000000000" investment plans, from 4 trillion to the background and the pull of China's economic role in the country to deal with the economic crisis and domestic experience in large-scale investment for the potential risks and how to risk management
google翻译
外文未必就是英语
dd
你好，外文翻译是指的找英文文献，翻译成中文。
你是中文的论文就还要把中文题目和摘要翻译成英文，一起交上去如果是英文的论文同理也要有一份中文的题目和摘要
我这边很多篇的。
英文文献是要翻译成中文的，就是找一篇有关自己论文主题的外文文献翻译成中文，摘要和关键词在论文开头是要翻译成英文的
当然是翻译整篇论文啊，不然你觉得翻译什么啊，你要是英文不是很好的话，就去找清北医学翻译给你翻译，那边都是翻译高手
当然是翻译整篇论文啊，不然你觉得翻译什么啊，你要是英文不是很好的话，就去找北京译顶科技给你翻译，那边都是翻译高手
涉外专利文献，是一种法律文件，它同其他科技文献相比，在语言上有其独特之处，如准确严谨并列成分多，层次复杂，大量使用法律文体用语等。因此，专利文件的翻译要求高。翻译此类文件的人员，不但要有行业背景、精通外语，还要有涉外专利撰写经验!通常英译汉的翻译价格大概是1000个中文180元左右。
专利文献的英汉翻译是专利审查员、专利权人、专利代理人共同关心的问题。作者根据多年的从业经验，在本书中细致分析专利文献种涉及的专利知识与语言知识，列举大量翻译实例，并配以有针对性的练习。
你这问题太私密，不太可能有人回答你。。。
正确的：Without twisting a yarn with a summary ： solvable problem ： can use a heavy load of finely partners, and from the upper surface of a displacement to the surface of a coarse and heavy veil drawn, the increase of the solution is a load of finely ： was fixed in casting an elastic body washers (12) and twisting and yarn of () between 1, every four) (cover the two rolls of () a thick veil has no direction of the ground, with 1) (loads have to jack-hammer an elastic body washer (12) reduce a thick veil of a finely () and no