In recent years, China's real estate market with the rapid development of real estate industry has become a pillar of the national economy-oriented industries by the widespread concern in society. As a typical high input, high risks and high returns in capital-intensive industries, real estate enterprises in the capital inherently dependent. How to raise funds, use of funds, control risk financing for developers who have been most concerned about the issue. Any one real estate enterprises, based on the success of the real estate market. its ability to raise capital and the ability to control risks play a decisive role. Real Estate financing risks complex and diverse : the financial markets of any fluctuations in the economic environment, traffic conditions, flow conditions, live crowd, and even national policy is likely to become a threat in real estate enterprises of the potential risks. To help real estate enterprises to effectively control financing risks, the paper combines the domestic real estate market in the actual situation, summed up the financing for real estate enterprises and the characteristics of the forms of financing for the real estate business risks of system identification, targeted to the real estate financing business risks of specific control measures. 房地产 Real Estate 筹资 Financing 风险 Risk 风险控制 Risk Control
With the development of China's real estate industry, the real estate intermediary service institutions has developed rapidly, the number of Chongqing real estate intermediary also appear "blowout" growth in recent years. Real estate brokerage industry is an integral part of the economic chain of the real estate market, now China's real estate market sale is going like a raging fire, but the agency has its own characteristics and development time is not long, there are some inevitable but problems can not be ignored. Therefore, to perfect the real estate brokerage system of laws and regulations, formulate corresponding management measures, let the agent behavior gradually standardized, take the group, management scale road, to the real estate brokerage industry healthy development, specification, finally make the rights of property buyers to obtain the practical safeguard.
1在troduction 房地产行业,可产生影响 很多因素,macro2economy与二氧化硫的政策 寓意,已成长为骨干的nation2产业 通过奥萨马•本•拉登的发展经济的20多个 多年以来,改革opening2up。同时, 用吸水房地产业的迅速发展, 有一些挑战出现,例如低信号 产业集中度、规模小、吸水太多信号 不合理的投资,皱纹供应结构,增刊 和高住房价格。有各种各样的理由 为此,但self2organization重视不够 机理和演化路径的房地产业 警很可能非常重要。本文试图intro2 self2organization演化论到零 房地产业的,希望能提供了一种新途径 深入研究的房地产业。
Since on the century 90's, our country real estate industrydevelopment has been rapid, becomes the national economy new growthspot. Is filling in the Chinese real estate industry developmentcourse about the real estate froth argument, in recent years, thiskind of argument continued to elevate temperature. The real estatefroth once occurs, will give a national the economy and the sociallife brings the serious consequence. Our country real estate alreadyenters the fast development time, the guard vigilant real estate frothoccurrence has the vital significance. This article in the analysis real estate market development presentsituation foundation, has analyzed the real estate froth origin, aswell as each kind of harm which initiates by it. And to the Americanreal estate finance froth, the East Asian finance crisis and the realestate froth, the Chinese Beihai real estate froth has carried on thebrief introduction, had the problem in view of the current real estatemarket in to propose further governed policy suggestion. The articlefinally has carried on the forecast to our country real estate marketdevelopment future, so long as we can fully know in developing processlatent crisis, promptly governs the undesirable tendency, andconsummates the related legal laws and regulations and the tax systempolicy as soon as possible, our country real estate industry mayrealize the health steady development.
毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis，音标是英 [ˈθi:sɪs] 美 [ˈθisɪs] 。
n.论文，毕业论文;论点，论题;命题
1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.
他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。
2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination?
这个命题经得起推敲吗？
3、He has finished his thesis.
他的论文完成了。
4、She's finished writing her thesis.
她那篇论文写出来了。
5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。
The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.
文章论点、论据鲜明，但缺乏论证。
Since on the century 90's, our country real estate industrydevelopment has been rapid, becomes the national economy new growthspot. Is filling in the Chinese real estate industry developmentcourse about the real estate froth argument, in recent years, thiskind of argument continued to elevate temperature. The real estatefroth once occurs, will give a national the economy and the sociallife brings the serious consequence. Our country real estate alreadyenters the fast development time, the guard vigilant real estate frothoccurrence has the vital significance. This article in the analysis real estate market development presentsituation foundation, has analyzed the real estate froth origin, aswell as each kind of harm which initiates by it. And to the Americanreal estate finance froth, the East Asian finance crisis and the realestate froth, the Chinese Beihai real estate froth has carried on thebrief introduction, had the problem in view of the current real estatemarket in to propose further governed policy suggestion. The articlefinally has carried on the forecast to our country real estate marketdevelopment future, so long as we can fully know in developing processlatent crisis, promptly governs the undesirable tendency, andconsummates the related legal laws and regulations and the tax systempolicy as soon as possible, our country real estate industry mayrealize the health steady development.
毕业论文用英语的翻译：毕业 论文 迅捷在线翻译：Graduation （毕业） thesis（论文）参考一下
real estate 是个专有名词,不等同于house如:房地产掮客在出售这幢房子时敲了鲍勃一笔竹杠。 The estate agent did Bob down over selling the house.
Since on the century 90's, our country real estate industrydevelopment has been rapid, becomes the national economy new growthspot. Is filling in the Chinese real estate industry developmentcourse about the real estate froth argument, in recent years, thiskind of argument continued to elevate temperature. The real estatefroth once occurs, will give a national the economy and the sociallife brings the serious consequence. Our country real estate alreadyenters the fast development time, the guard vigilant real estate frothoccurrence has the vital significance. This article in the analysis real estate market development presentsituation foundation, has analyzed the real estate froth origin, aswell as each kind of harm which initiates by it. And to the Americanreal estate finance froth, the East Asian finance crisis and the realestate froth, the Chinese Beihai real estate froth has carried on thebrief introduction, had the problem in view of the current real estatemarket in to propose further governed policy suggestion. The articlefinally has carried on the forecast to our country real estate marketdevelopment future, so long as we can fully know in developing processlatent crisis, promptly governs the undesirable tendency, andconsummates the related legal laws and regulations and the tax systempolicy as soon as possible, our country real estate industry mayrealize the health steady development.
随着市场经济体制的逐步建立，房地产市场已发展起来，房地产的买卖、租赁等行为日趋活跃，由此也产生了为数不少的房地产纠纷案件。此类案件现已构成法院受理的民事案件中很大一部分。其中存在的新情况、新问题很多，亦有多年以来未彻底解决的老问题。笔者结合审判实践，对其中的几个常见问题做了调查分析，在此略抒己见。本文共分六个部分：第一部分，预售商品房按揭,介绍了按揭的含义及其法律特征。第二部分，明确无效房屋租赁合同的认定及处理，阐明民法通则关于无效民事行为的规定及九条相关规定。第三部分，分析落实私房政策遗留的问题，指出我国私房因社会主义改造所遗留的问题。第四部分，分析离婚案件中房屋纠纷的处理方式。第五部分，研究拆迁纠纷的受理问题。第六部分军事房问题，介绍了所谓军产房的含义及军队干部腾退军产房问题。 Along with market economy system's gradual establishment, the real estate market has developed, real estate business, rents and so on behaviors to be day by day active, from this has also produced a substantial number of real estate dispute case. This kind of case already constituted in the civil case which the court accepts to be very big a part. And the existence new situation, the new question are many, since also has had many years not the thorough settlement unsolved problem. The author unifies the trial practice, has made the diagnosis to several frequently asked questions, slightly expresses the personal opinion in this. This article is divided six parts: The first part, sells in advance the commercial housing mortgage, introduced the mortgage meaning and the legal characteristic. The second part, is clear about the invalid house leasing contract recognizing and processes, exposition general provisions of the civil law about invalid civil behavior stipulation and nine related stipulations. The third part, the analysis carries out the confidential policy carry-over the question, points out question which because our country privately-owned house the socialist transformation leaves behind. The fourth part, in analysis divorce case housing dispute's processing mode. The fifth part, the research relocation dispute accepts the question. The sixth part of military room question, introduced the so-called armed forces delivery room's meaning and the army cadre vacate buildings and return them to the original owners the armed forces delivery room question. 房地产市场 Real estate market 法律特征 Legal characteristic 遗留问题 Carry-over question
Recently, Tianjin Property Rights Exchange Center put out the information platform for a notice of municipal state-owned enterprises in Tianjin Investment Co., Ltd. has decided to hold the property of Nanjing Co., Ltd. Sunco 70% public stake in the transfer of listing price 7000. With regard to the specific intent to transfer, the transferor Tianjin municipal investment company explained to the reporters "This is normal market behavior", no more response. However, an informed source, Nanjing Sunco Since its inception, the chain has been strained by financial problems, lack of project reserves; now, the development of major projects - Austrian city of Nanjing, Riverside and coming to an end, weak follow-up; Tianjin municipal investment company layout adjustment for investment considerations, decided to withdraw from Sunco Nanjing. For new shareholders cited According to informed sources, the Tianjin municipal investments listed on the transfer of ownership of Nanjing Sunco, on the other hand the analysis is to Nanjing Sunco the introduction of new investors and management team, and access to new reserves of land and projects to achieve sustainable. At present, the development of Nanjing, the only item Sunco Austrian city of Riverside to deliver 3 is nearing completion, therefore, urgently needed funds to enter the follow-up and new development projects. Statistics show that Sunco in Nanjing in November 2003 Austrian city of Riverside made the project land, the land transfer payments to 653 million yuan. The project covers an area of 180,000 square meters, construction area of 290,000 square meters, is expected to include residential and commercial housing units 2072. The first phase of the project the second phase of 478 units and 388 units opened in 2004, is already sold out; the third largest area of construction, there are 700 housing units, mainly in the introduction in 2006; at present the vast majority have been exhausted. Finally, the fourth part of that project, construction area of 6, about 70,000 square meters, because of funding problems, since there is no audio. April 2006, Tianjin Brothers Group financial record Sunco has announced the acquisition of Nanjing, and to inject more capital for its real estate projects. However, the equity between them eventually settled transactions. Group financial record in the acceptance of a telephone interview with our reporter confirmed that "At present, the Group financial record only in Tianjin, Chongqing and Beijing have projects." Funding chain tension In fact, the Nanjing Olympic Sunco Riverside in the development of the project during the city's problem of tight funding has long been in the industry is not news. But in fact, as a financial hit one of the shareholders of the Group, Tianjin, Nanjing municipal investment Sunco White, too, does not solve the plight of Nanjing, capital of Sunco. Industry experts point out that this is likely to be affected by the overall funding Sunco chain problems. Statistics show that in the capital of Nanjing Sunco is not well-off, because the existence of several companies and the relationship between claims and liabilities, has had to use its own part of Nanjing City Commercial Riverside Austria and supporting 191 million yuan of property price for the related parties to pay debts . In late April 2007, Nanjing Sunco also because of arrears of more than 3,000 million project, construction in the Nanjing area of clean-up projects, and migrant workers owed wages to deal with the Leading Group Office informed list. Therefore, in the Equity Transfer Notice, the Tianjin municipal investment companies in particular, "the transferee should be able to Nanjing Sunco loans owed by the commission to assume responsibility for settlement, including the commissioning of 110 million yuan loan principal and the resulting interest and related costs. " Audit report showed total assets of Nanjing Sunco book 1,078,717,600 yuan, net assets million. 2006 Main business income, gross profit and net profit of 0. However, in accordance with the relevant assessment report, the total assets of Nanjing Sunco assessment value of 1,239,153,700 yuan, net assets of the assessed value of 870,000 yuan for 9506 .., transfer the assessed value for the subject of 66,548,100 yuan.
Icompareitbytheextremelyhighperformancepricesince70'sofsingleslicedevicethe20thcenturyaskedtheworlditandreceiveseriousconsiderationandtheinterestofpeopleandapply,;whenisfull,;isparticularlydeep,anddesignthatenter,andcontrolthateditaself-timerandaninterruptionandamethodofbasicsof,andtrainthatIstudyhereby,anddesignit,andissoft,anddevelopit;andabilityofthehardware.
原则上是外国人，并研究对象是国外发展。如果非要出现中国人写的外文的话，需要研究对象属于国外的，这样才具有发展性。
A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，.代表文学学士，.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
最近好像都是翻译论文摘要We all know that there is an bleak, sorriness aroma in Irene Zhang's novel which is lingering and aroma has close relation with her own love course and culutre edification.
英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，各有各自的表达方式。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 英汉翻译中的翻译症 摘要：英汉翻译的过程中。存在着翻译症这一诟病。文章首先介绍了翻译症。然后通过分析翻译过程中理解、表达、审校三个阶段翻译症的一些表现形式。总结出翻译症的根源，最后提出了相应的防范措施。 关键词：英汉翻译;翻译症 一、什么是翻译症 英汉翻译把英语表达的意思用汉语表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明的目的，译文的基本标准一般为“忠实而通顺”。所谓的忠实指的是译文要忠实于原作的思想内容和并且尽量保持原作的风格;在忠实的基础上译文还应该修辞正确、逻辑合理、语言精简、文理通顺，即所谓的通顺。 由于英汉两种语言文化背景不一，行文结构与遣词造句的习惯也相去甚远，语际转换不可避免地产生一些矛盾。翻译的过程其实就是这种矛盾不断妥协的过程。著名学者、翻译家余光中将其形象地概括为“比如英文译成中文，既不许西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调的中文”。但在英汉翻译实际操作的过程中由于英语的先入为主，矛盾对峙的结果往往一不小心西风就压倒了东风，译出来的文字便“不中不西，非驴非马，似通非通、诘屈聱牙”;让人看起来“看起来碍眼、听起来逆耳、说起来拗口”。尤今・奈达在《翻译理论与实践》提到了这种现象，专门造了一个词――translationese。翻译症不但严重影响译文的质量，而且会影响汉语语言的纯洁性，不利于汉语语言的健康发展。 二、探寻翻译症的原因 英汉翻译是一项及其复杂的工作，理解、表达、审校三个翻译阶段，任何一个阶段处理不好都可能导致翻译症的发生。 一理解阶段 理解的过程就是对原文进行语言分析比如词汇、语法结构等、语境分析上下文含义、篇章语体结构等，并力求透彻领会文字所承载的文化内涵，了解相关的背景知识，有时需要具备一定的生活常识。 例1：Galileo’s greatest glory was thatin 1609 he WaS the first person to turn thenewly invented telescope 0n the heavens toprove that the planet revolve around the sunratherthanaroundthe earth. 原译：伽利略最大的荣耀是他在1609年第一个把新发现的望远镜对准了天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳运转，而不是围绕地球寻转。 分析：翻译只理解了原文的表层意思，机械地将glory理解为“最大的荣耀”，导致最终的译文令人费解。翻译时如果只考虑原文的表层意思，简单地依照字面意思理解，结果往往言不达意。通过例1的上下文可以看出，它指的是伽利略借助科学手段第一次用试验的方法证实了行星围绕太阳运转这一事迹。原文的正确译法为“伽利略最光耀的业绩在于，他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准了天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳运转，而不是围绕地球运转”。 例2：It doesn’t matter to me as longaS I get something between my rids and mybackbone. 原译：没有关系，只要有点东西放在我的肋骨和脊骨之间就行了。 改译：没有关系，吃点东西，填填肚子就行了。 分析：人的肋骨和脊骨之间是胃，getsomething between onffs rids and my back-bone等价于get something to eat。这是一种非常幽默的说法，英美人喜欢幽默，翻译时要学会理解他们的幽默感。由于中英文化的差异，如果直接按照源语理解，往往语义不通，不合逻辑，不知所云，败坏读者的阅读兴趣。 二表达阶段 表达是翻译的重心，在这一过程中，除了正确理解原文这一前提外，还要依赖于对目的语的修养程度和对这两种语言的把握。 例1：The students in a cluster and lifttheirhandswhentheirnames are called. 译文：学生们站在一起，当他们的名字被叫到时，就举举手。 分析：译文显得不够流畅。英语属于形合语言，句中的词语或分句之间需要功能词加以连线，而汉语属于意合语言，词语或者分句之间往往不需要词语来连线。所以在进行英汉翻译时，原文中诸如连词、代词、介词之类的功能词，往往需要略去不译。英汉翻译时，如果漠视这种差异，见when就译成“当……时候”，每遇修饰语就用“的”处理，将导致翻译僵化，翻译症严重。 例2：And it iS imagined by many thatthe operations of the mon mind Can beby no means pared with these processes，and that they have to be acquiredby a sortof special training， 原译：它被许多人想象成这样子：普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学的思维过程相比，这个思维过程必须经过专门训练才能掌握。 分析：例2将“itisimagined”的被动结构机械照搬，译文“它被许多人想象成这样子”读起来别扭。译者忽略了英汉两种语言表达习惯的差异，汉语比英语更习惯于用主动语态。这种情况如果不采用一定的变通手段，化被动为主动，而是刻意忠实于原文的表层形式，译文就显得不地道。 例3：I have sought love，first，becauseit brings ecstasy-1 would have sacrificed allthe restoflife for afewhours of this joy， 原译：我追逐过爱，首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿牺牲我所有的余生来换取这片刻的幸福。 分析：可以改译为“我追逐过爱，首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿倾我一生来换取这片刻的幸福”。由于语言结构体系的不同，英语语言具有相当的清晰性、分析性和逻辑性，而汉语则模糊性、跳跃性和圆融性见长。如果忽视了这种特点，认为中文不够精确，不够科学，而在翻译的过程中，一味地借助一些词加以规范，向英文考虑，译文往往不伦不类，适得其反。仔细分析一下，“我所有的余生”并不比“我的一生”精确多少，而且汉语中的余生常指老年人的晚年，或者大难后侥幸保全的性命，这和原文的意思想去甚远。 例4：It is as significant as a game ofcricket， 原译：这件事如同板球赛一样重要。 分析：很多人都认为这个译文“息有”翻译症，其实不然。是不是患有翻译症，有时关键还要看翻译的目的和接受者是谁。如果接收者文化水平不高或对“板球赛”不甚了解，那么这种表达肯定很难理解。但在英国板球是人们最热衷的运动，板球赛是男女老少都关注的事，所以有时这样的异化翻译还能更好地传达异国风格。 三审校阶段 审校是初步译好原文后，进一步全面查实工作的一个后期阶段。译者细致地通读译文草稿不仅可以对内容的忠实性、问题的切实性、译语的可读性进行甄别、查证、修改、点定，还可以进一步解决理解、表达阶段尚无定论的问题。纽马克主张，译者应根据文字的难以程度，花费翻译所用时间的50-70%来审校自己的译文。 通过以上对翻译各阶段中翻译症的一些表现形式的分析可以看出，尽管翻译症产生的原因从根本上说还是上述三个阶段综合作用的结果：理解阶段未透彻理解原文、表达时片面强调忠实，从形式上照搬原文而忽视汉语的遣词造句特征，审校工作不认真。 三、如何减少、避免翻译症 一篇中求句，句中求字 1、吃透原文。对原文的理解不能见字不见句，只见树木不见树林，需要结合其篇章语境、情景语境和社会语境。此外，对英汉两种语言在体系、文化背景、思维习惯上存在相当大的差异，译者一定要增强责任心，从开始阶段就要摈弃不求甚解、得过且过的作风。 2、用汉语的思维和表达再现原文。在透彻、准确表达原文的基础上，应摆脱英文的字面束缚，充分考虑英汉语言在表达形态上的种种差异，用汉语的思维和表达方式重构译文。 二要掌握合理的翻译技巧 科学合理的翻译技巧可短时间减少翻译症的发生。 首先要把握合理的翻译标准尺度。翻译症的发生就是翻译标准走了极端。忠实和通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面，一定要统筹兼顾，把握好尺寸。 其次要灵活运用转性、变态、增补、省略等多种翻译手法，以达到变中求信、变中求顺的目的。 三养成良好的审校习惯 审校是翻译的一个重要环节，译者一定要谨慎，切实把好这一关。建议译者最好放一段时间再来重新审查自己的译文，如果还不行，可以寻求他人帮助。 四、结论 翻译既是一门有一定规律可循的科学，也是一门有限制性的艺术创作。要从根本上避免翻译症的发生，还需提高译者的综合素质，尤其是语言素质。要广泛阅读，扩大知识面。不但从汉语名著中获取营养，还要适当进行一些英美文学名著明译的对照阅读。同时，翻译也是一门技能，可以通过讲授或实践学习获得，因此理论的学习和笔耕不辍的练习是减少翻译症必不可少的手段。 篇2 探讨英汉翻译技巧 摘 要：英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，各有各自的表达方式。日常生活中会遇到这样的情况，某人英语很好，能看能说，但是下不了笔，译出的东西词不达意，逻辑不通，语法混乱，洋腔洋调。对翻译的方法缺少必要的了解。了解常见的英汉翻译方法，通过翻译实践，发现两种语言之间的差异，有助于学习者更好的掌握英语。 关键词：英语翻译 教学 技巧 理解是翻译的前提，也是决定性的作用。若原文理解不对，译文再漂亮也是徒劳的。首先要了解翻译的过程，大致有三个环节：1、理解全文2、汉语表达3、核对润色。 一、理解全文 理解包括原文语法结构的理解和原文词义的理解。弄不清语法结构、不能准确的把握词义，是英汉翻译的两大“敌人”。英语语法结构通汉语相比更为严密，功能词远远多于汉语，英语句子是通过语法手段将词连线而成的。在翻译时，特别是翻译比较复杂的句子时，有必要对句子的语法成分和结构进行分析，掌握所涉及的语法知识。这样在翻译具体的语言专案时就能有明确的框架，便于安排。另一方面，英语中一词多义现象十分普遍，翻译时要依据各种资讯，结合上下文来确定词语在文中的具体的确切的意义。 二、汉语表达 汉语表达就是在理解的基础上用汉语将原文所表达的资讯传达出来。翻译时应该在吃透原文的基础上，站得远一些，摆脱原文的形式的束缚，灵活地用汉语将原文内容阐述明白。 三、核对润色 如果对原文缺乏深入的理解，翻译过程中就容易出错，受原文用词与结构的影响，汉语表达中容易出现英语式的汉语，译文读起来洋腔洋调。因此，翻译完成之后，必须认真检查核对，润色文字使译文忠实，通顺地表达原文的内容。将英语句子翻译成汉语，无非关系到两大要素词语和句子。 下面我们将重点研究一下英汉词语翻译和句子的翻译。首先，翻译表达的第一步是如何将英语的词语翻译成恰当的汉语词汇。几个大致的方法：确定词义、词类转换、增词法、重复法和减词法。 一确定词义 英语和汉语属于两种不同的语言，词汇差异较大。两种语言的词汇很难找到意义完全一一对应的。翻译时，首先要先确定词语在上下文中确切的含义。 1、利用上下文，确定词义：He is a hard-working student and all the teachers like him very much.他是个勤奋的学生，所有的老师都很喜欢他。 He is a student of physics and has published a lot of academic books.他是个物理专家，已经出版了很多部学术书籍。 英语中，student有两个意思，一个是“学生”，一个是“学者、专家”，而且两个词都是名词，翻译时就需要从上下文中来确定具体的词义。 2、根据语法知识，确定词义：He bought three books in English yesterday. 他昨天买了三本英语方面的书。 Tom booked two tickets last week.汤姆上周预定了两张票。 英语中，book可以作名词也可以作动词，但是两者意义差别很大。第一句中很显然是名词，应译为“书”;第二句中是动词，应译为“预定”。 二词类转换法 在进行英汉翻译时，不能简单的把名词译为名词，动词译为动词，是经常需要词类转换的。 1、英语名词转译成汉语动词：英语词汇中名词对，而汉语中动词多。在英汉翻译的时候，特别是翻译由动词派生出来的名词时，名词转换成动词的情况非常普遍。 The little child gave an imitation of his mother’s talking.这个小孩模仿他妈妈说话。 2、英语介词转译成汉语动词：英语中，介词的使用是非常频繁的，它们是用来表示词于词的语法关系，是组成语法结构的一种非常重要的“功能词”。汉语中许多介词是有动词虚化出来的，许多介词兼有动词的词性，因此在翻译的时候应正确处理这两类词。 The house is in repair.这个房子正在维修中。 3、英语形容词译成汉语动词：The following plan may bee available during the next decade.下列计划在10年间可能实现。 英汉翻译的过程中词类转化是比较灵活的，除了上面涉及到的几种情况外，其他词类间也是存在着相互转换的问题。翻译时要灵活运用。 三增词法 英汉翻译时，由于意义表达的需要或者汉语语法的要求，英汉翻译时，经常需要增加一定的词汇才能使译文表达的意义完整、准确、流畅。 1、英语中有许多抽象名词是由动词或形容词派生的，它们在汉语中的对等词同响应的动词和形容词几乎没有什么差别，在翻译时若把它们翻译成名词，有时就需要增词，是抽象名词的所指更具体些。 Her arrogance led to the failure of her first marriage. 他傲慢的态度导致第一次婚姻失败。 2、英语中，时态是靠动词的变化或通过增加助动词体现出来的，汉语中，时态多是由助动词或时间副词体现的，所以，在翻译的过程中经常需要增词。 Some measures has been taken,but without success. 已经采取了一些措施，但依然没有成功。 3、英语中，“数”的范畴是由名词数的语法形式体现出来的，而在汉语中，这一范畴基本上是由词汇手段来体现的，所以在翻译时，也经常需要增词。 In spite of the reasons, he still couldn’t escape critici *** . 尽管他有种种理由，但仍不能逃脱批评。
我的回答仅供参考：Abstract:Modern pace of life is gradually accelerated, accompanied by live, work, learning from the pressure of the Quartet, people seeking easy, leisurely attitude to the clothes on top to slowly show. Practices and trends aside annoying constraints, began seeking a comfortable, natural new , the casual clothing such as a scourge in apparel like the perfect chapter opened, now has become the vigorous development of fast Internet, online shopping boom will be rolling in, so the network is also increasingly diverse products together. Take casual clothing, for example, a search engine to easily find thousands of small and large network of shops, clothing and styles is diverse. However, in this fierce competition, the enterprise is how to survive?How to beat the tens of thousands of opponents? Understanding of e-business friends should know that the network set up its own brand is not an easy thing, the various limitations of it as network operators face a major problem. However, this conundrum is the key to beating the competition.