注定孤独终X
随着我国社会的不断进步以及政治、经济、科学技术等方面的发展，对具有独立个性的复合型人才的需求也随之增长。英语教学在中国大学 教育 领域已经占据着主导地位20多年。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于英语专业 毕业 论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅议 商务英语 的译翻译技巧
[摘 要] 随着国际贸易和国际营销等跨国商务运作的日益频繁,商务英语翻译作为一种交流手段和媒介起着至关重要的作用。同时商务英语是一门具有专门用途的英语,形成了自身的文体特征,它要求选词恰当、精确,具有用语礼貌、表意清晰。因此商务英语翻译必须具有一定的翻译技巧,才能在商务交流中体现它的实用效果。
商务英语是为国际商务活动这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语,所涉及的专业范围很广,并具有独特的语言现象和表现内容、文体复杂。商务英语翻译要求翻译者具备丰富的商务理论和商务实践知识,为了提高翻译质量,翻译者必须具备一定的自身条件。
第一,翻译者的汉语功底要好。很多人往往忽视这一点,认为汉语是自己的母语,凭着自己原来的底子应付翻译中的问题,是绰绰有余的。然而在真正的翻译过程中,为了一个词语或者一个句型,冥思苦想了半天也得不到一个满意的结果。有时好不容易想出来了也觉得不够理想。由此可见,汉语表达能力和对汉语理解能力的大小直接影响翻译的好坏。下功夫学好汉语,打好汉语基础对于翻译是十分重要的。
第二,英语语言能力要强。全面的语法知识和大量的词汇量缺一不可。如果只有大量的词汇量,而没有较好的英语语法知识。翻译过程中译者的理解肯定是错误百出,而且牛头不对马嘴。因此我们要提高在英汉翻译中对于英文 句子 理解的准确性及汉英翻译中英文表达的准确性。
第三,知识面要广。商务英语翻译中要很好的做到这一点,就要掌握商务理论和贸易实务等理论知识及贸易实践 经验 。同时译者还要具有丰富的 百科 知识,对天文地理、古今中外不说通晓,也要了解其中的一些基本知识。没有一定的常识,译者的语言水平即使再高,也是无法做好翻译工作的。
一、一词多义
同一个词,由于语境不同,其词义可千差万别。试看下面几个例子:
cannot obtain credit at all in the trade. 他们生意信誉已荡然无存。
have opened the covering credit with the bank of china,london.
他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。
以上两个句子credit 词义都有所区别。
二、词类转译
词类转译是国际商务翻译中常见的译词技巧。常见的有名词与动词、介词与动词的互相转译。
1.名词与动词的互相转译, 如:
before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will bein the custody of the customs.
交关税前, 进口货物由海关保管。( 由于语法限制, 只有用名词形式,但译成汉语时,“payment”译作“交”)
2 . 介词与动词的互相转译
在许多场合下, 介词转译成动词时, 需要依据上下文进行引申,具体地进行翻译。如:
we should advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements.
建议你方与他们取得联系, 洽购所需商品。
三、词义引伸
在商务英语翻译中,有时会遇到某些词在词典上难以找到贴切具体上下文词义,如生搬硬套,译文往往语意不清,甚至导致误解。在这种情况下,需要根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词固有基本含义出发,进一步加以引伸。例如:
the arrivals do not conform to the sample.
如果将arrival这个词的词义直接放入译文,显然不能正确表达原文的意义,所以需要进一步的引申。
四、词量增减
在商务英语翻译实践中,词量增减也是很重要的一个翻译技巧。翻译过程中要根据原文上下文意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时有时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着词。
1.增词
根据具体上下文,可增加动词、形容词、名词或别词类,但在什么时候增加什么样词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要在长期的翻译过程中实践和积累。如:all cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词)
2.减词
减词译法可以使译文言简意赅,改变翻译中逐字翻译作造成的累赘、拖沓或不符合行文习惯,甚至产生歧义的现象。 如:on condition that you sign this receipt, i will pay the money.
你在 收据 上签字,我就付款。
五、商务英语中的常用术语翻译
商务英语翻译中包含大量的词汇,因此对于常见词汇的精确运用在翻译中很重要。作为商务英语翻译工作者就要大量的掌握这些具有商务含义的普通词和复合词和缩略词语。
如价格常用术语fob,cif 有其特定的专业内容,又如定货付款;b/l 提货单;l/c 信用证; 货到付现; 水渍险;blue chip 蓝筹股、绩优股;bad debt 呆账,等等。总之,商务英语翻译不能拘泥于形式,在保证原文的信息量最大限度地传递到译文中的前提下,翻译者可以灵活运用译入语,已达到语义信息、风格信息和文体信息的最大程度的对等,同时商务英语翻译要遵循商务专业用语。所以要求商务英语翻译工作者要掌握大量的专业词汇及翻译技巧。
参考文献:
[1]葛 平: 外贸英语 函电[m].上海 财经 大学出版社,2004
[2]余富林等着:商务英语翻译[m].北京:中国商务出版社,2003
[3]李 平:国际经贸英语教程[m].中国国际广播出版社,1999
[4]王学文:新编经贸口译教程[m].中国对外经济贸易出版社,2001
[5]陈苏东 陈建平:商务英语翻译[m].高等教育出版社,2005
[6]王治奎:大学英汉翻译教程[m].山东大学出版社,2004
[7]曾蕙兰:进出口 实用英语 [m].外文出版社,2003
[8]冯庆华:实用翻译教程[m].上海外语教育出版社,2003
浅议商务英语函电的清楚原则
摘要: 撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中清楚原则是最基本的原则之一, 但国内以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究尚不多见。本文针对清楚原则的运用, 分别从词语与句子等方面进行了论述。 文章 认为: 商务英语函电应尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
商务英语函电是国际贸易的重要沟通工具。撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中, 清楚原则是七个原则中最基本的原则之一。在现有的商务英语函电研究成果中, 以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究较少看到。为此, 笔者拟探讨清楚原则在商务英语函电中的运用, 以帮助国际商务人士提高商务英语函电写作水平。
一、商务英语函电的清楚原则
清楚原则包含三方面: ( 1) 一个句子包含一个意思; ( 2) 句子之间应有逻辑关系; ( 3) 以简单、直接的 方法 表达。[1]清楚的表达, 能避免误会, 甚至贸易纠纷。比如说, “fluctuation in theexchange rate after the date of contract signing will be for the buyer’saccount.”[1] “fluctuation in the exchange rate”包括了汇率的上涨和跌落两种情况。如果不表达清楚, 买卖双方就会对汇率的涨落产生纠纷。避免不必要的经济纠纷, 商务英语函电撰写的过程中要始终贯彻清楚的原则。上述例子若想表达“合同生效后汇率的波动由买方承担”, 原句子可改为“any increase ordecrease in the exchange rate after the date of contract signing willbe for the buyer’s account.”
二、清楚原则的运用
( 1) 词语的运用
1)词语的准确无误
当你明确了要表达的想法时, 要注意选用清晰、简单的词语, 准确无误地表达你要传达的信息。避免用一些复杂、深奥的词汇。有些写信人认为复杂、深奥的词汇会让信件看起来更有水平, 更重要些。然而, 复杂的词汇会增加对方读信的难度,甚至引起理解上的误会。通常, 商务英语函电的撰写适合采用简单易懂的词汇。
2) 代词的指代
注意代词指代的对象和关系代词前后的逻辑关系。一般来说, 代词和关系代词用以修饰离它们最近的名词, 并且与所指代的名词保持人称上和数量上的一致。但代词的不恰当运用, 会引起表达上的歧义。试看以下的句子: they informedmessrs. smith and richardson that they would receive an answerin a fewdays.[1]在这个句子中, 第二个“they”指代谁呢? 是整个句子的主语“they”还是“messrs. smith and richardson”呢? 这里就产生了歧义。如何清楚地表达? 比如原意想表达“smith和richardson两位先生将在近期内得到答复”, 原句子可改为:“they informed messrs . smith and richardson that the latterwould receive an answer in a fewdays.”这样的话, “the latter”指代“messrs. smith and richardson”, 指代清楚, 句子意思明确。
3) 修饰词的位置
同一修饰词在句子的不同位置, 句子意思和侧重点将完全不同。试比较以下两个句子: ①we can supply 100 tons of theitemonly. ②we can supply only 100 tons of the item.在第一个句子中, “only”修饰“the item”, 意思是只提供这种项目, 没有 其它 的项目。而在第二个句子中, “only”是修饰“100 tons”, 意思是只提供100吨, 没有更多了。故修饰词在句子中的位置不同,其所修饰的词就不同, 意思也将有所不同, 书写商务英语函电时一定要注意这一点。
此外, 修饰词的位置应该是紧跟着或者靠近它所修饰的词语。试比较以下两个句子: ①they bought a bicycle in a smallshop in beijing which costs $ . ②they bought a bicycle for$ in a small shop in beijing. “$”是修饰“bicycle”, 说明这一辆自行车的价格, 应该靠近它所修饰的词语“bicycle”。第一个句子“which costs $ ”应移到“bicycle”后面。第二个句子不用定语从句, 直接用介词“for” 带出自行车的价格“$”, 修饰词位置正确, 整个句子简洁、清楚易懂。
( 2) 句子的逻辑结构
分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要保持一致。[4]试分析以下句子: “being an expertin international trade, i’m sure youhave experience of solving this kind of problem.”在这个句子中,句子的主语是“i”, 而分词的逻辑主语是“you”。为保持分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致, 原句子可改为: “being an expert ininternational trade, you certainly have experience of solving thiskind of problem.” 或者“as you are an expert in internationaltrade, i’m sure you have experience of solving this kind of problem.”。
其次, 注意句子间意思的连贯性。例如: they wrote a was addressed to mr. woods. he is the sales manager.这三个短句缺乏意思上的连贯性, 每个句子都有它独立的意思,读信人很难区分哪个句子是最重要的信息。上述句子可改为: “they wrote a letter to mr. woods, the sales manager.”改写后的句子意思清楚明确: “他们给销售部经理woods先生写了一封信。”
此外, 清楚的表达要求重点突出, 读信人不会遗漏重要的信息。我们书写商务英语函电时可以通过调整句子结构, 突出要强调的部分。比如: “we sent you 5 samples yesterday of thegoods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25 by air.”该句子包括了很多信息, 有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ③yesterday, ④the goods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25, ⑤by air。一个句子包含多种信息, 读信人很容易忽略其中某些信息。对此, 重要的信息应放在句子的前面, 通过句子结构加以强调。上述句子重要的信息有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ⑤by air。原句子可改写为: “we sent you, by air, 5 samples of goods whichyou requested in your letter ofmay 25 yesterday.”经过改写的句子重点突出, 句子意思更清晰明确。
最后, 句子中简洁的情节有利于清楚的表达。如“we haveyour check of october 17 in the amount of $500, and wish at thistime to thank you for it.”原句子是表达“我方收到贵方10月17日开具的500美元支票一张, 特此感谢。”“特此感谢”原句子用“wish at this time to thank you for it”, 用词繁琐, 使得整个句子意思不明确。如果这一个情节简化为“thank you”, 原句子改为“thank you for your check of october 17 for $500.”修改后的句子意思更清楚易懂。
三、结束语
本文针对清楚原则在商务英语函电写作中的运用, 分别从词语与句子进行了论述, 得出以下主要结论: (1) 尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; (2) 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
参考文献:
[ 1] 胡鉴明.商务 英语写作 [m] .广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 2] sue kay.实用商务英语写作[m] .北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2003: 63.
[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.
摘要: 撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中清楚原则是最基本的原则之一, 但国内以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究尚不多见。本文针对清楚原则的运用, 分别从词语与句子等方面进行了论述。文章认为: 商务英语函电应尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
商务英语函电是国际贸易的重要沟通工具。撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中, 清楚原则是七个原则中最基本的原则之一。在现有的商务英语函电研究成果中, 以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究较少看到。为此, 笔者拟探讨清楚原则在商务英语函电中的运用, 以帮助国际商务人士提高商务英语函电写作水平。
一、商务英语函电的清楚原则
清楚原则包含三方面: ( 1) 一个句子包含一个意思; ( 2) 句子之间应有逻辑关系; ( 3) 以简单、直接的方法表达。[1]清楚的表达, 能避免误会, 甚至贸易纠纷。比如说, “fluctuation in theexchange rate after the date of contract signing will be for the buyer’saccount.”[1] “fluctuation in the exchange rate”包括了汇率的上涨和跌落两种情况。如果不表达清楚, 买卖双方就会对汇率的涨落产生纠纷。避免不必要的经济纠纷, 商务英语函电撰写的过程中要始终贯彻清楚的原则。上述例子若想表达“合同生效后汇率的波动由买方承担”, 原句子可改为“any increase ordecrease in the exchange rate after the date of contract signing willbe for the buyer’s account.”
二、清楚原则的运用
( 1) 词语的运用
1)词语的准确无误
当你明确了要表达的想法时, 要注意选用清晰、简单的词语, 准确无误地表达你要传达的信息。避免用一些复杂、深奥的词汇。有些写信人认为复杂、深奥的词汇会让信件看起来更有水平, 更重要些。然而, 复杂的词汇会增加对方读信的难度,甚至引起理解上的误会。通常, 商务英语函电的撰写适合采用简单易懂的词汇。
2) 代词的指代
注意代词指代的对象和关系代词前后的逻辑关系。一般来说, 代词和关系代词用以修饰离它们最近的名词, 并且与所指代的名词保持人称上和数量上的一致。但代词的不恰当运用, 会引起表达上的歧义。试看以下的句子: they informedmessrs. smith and richardson that they would receive an answerin a fewdays.[1]在这个句子中, 第二个“they”指代谁呢? 是整个句子的主语“they”还是“messrs. smith and richardson”呢? 这里就产生了歧义。如何清楚地表达? 比如原意想表达“smith和richardson两位先生将在近期内得到答复”, 原句子可改为:“they informed messrs . smith and richardson that the latterwould receive an answer in a fewdays.”这样的话, “the latter”指代“messrs. smith and richardson”, 指代清楚, 句子意思明确。
3) 修饰词的位置
同一修饰词在句子的不同位置, 句子意思和侧重点将完全不同。试比较以下两个句子: ①we can supply 100 tons of theitemonly. ②we can supply only 100 tons of the item.在第一个句子中, “only”修饰“the item”, 意思是只提供这种项目, 没有其它的项目。而在第二个句子中, “only”是修饰“100 tons”, 意思是只提供100吨, 没有更多了。故修饰词在句子中的位置不同,其所修饰的词就不同, 意思也将有所不同, 书写商务英语函电时一定要注意这一点。
此外, 修饰词的位置应该是紧跟着或者靠近它所修饰的词语。试比较以下两个句子: ①they bought a bicycle in a smallshop in beijing which costs $ . ②they bought a bicycle for$ in a small shop in beijing. “$”是修饰“bicycle”, 说明这一辆自行车的价格, 应该靠近它所修饰的词语“bicycle”。第一个句子“which costs $ ”应移到“bicycle”后面。第二个句子不用定语从句, 直接用介词“for” 带出自行车的价格“$”, 修饰词位置正确, 整个句子简洁、清楚易懂。
( 2) 句子的逻辑结构
分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要保持一致。[4]试分析以下句子: “being an expertin international trade, i’m sure youhave experience of solving this kind of problem.”在这个句子中,句子的主语是“i”, 而分词的逻辑主语是“you”。为保持分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致, 原句子可改为: “being an expert ininternational trade, you certainly have experience of solving thiskind of problem.” 或者“as you are an expert in internationaltrade, i’m sure you have experience of solving this kind of problem.”。
其次, 注意句子间意思的连贯性。例如: they wrote a was addressed to mr. woods. he is the sales manager.这三个短句缺乏意思上的连贯性, 每个句子都有它独立的意思,读信人很难区分哪个句子是最重要的信息。上述句子可改为: “they wrote a letter to mr. woods, the sales manager.”改写后的句子意思清楚明确: “他们给销售部经理woods先生写了一封信。”
此外, 清楚的表达要求重点突出, 读信人不会遗漏重要的信息。我们书写商务英语函电时可以通过调整句子结构, 突出要强调的部分。比如: “we sent you 5 samples yesterday of thegoods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25 by air.”该句子包括了很多信息, 有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ③yesterday, ④the goods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25, ⑤by air。一个句子包含多种信息, 读信人很容易忽略其中某些信息。对此, 重要的信息应放在句子的前面, 通过句子结构加以强调。上述句子重要的信息有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ⑤by air。原句子可改写为: “we sent you, by air, 5 samples of goods whichyou requested in your letter ofmay 25 yesterday.”经过改写的句子重点突出, 句子意思更清晰明确。
最后, 句子中简洁的情节有利于清楚的表达。如“we haveyour check of october 17 in the amount of $500, and wish at thistime to thank you for it.”原句子是表达“我方收到贵方10月17日开具的500美元支票一张, 特此感谢。”“特此感谢”原句子用“wish at this time to thank you for it”, 用词繁琐, 使得整个句子意思不明确。如果这一个情节简化为“thank you”, 原句子改为“thank you for your check of october 17 for $500.”修改后的句子意思更清楚易懂。
三、结束语
本文针对清楚原则在商务英语函电写作中的运用, 分别从词语与句子进行了论述, 得出以下主要结论: (1) 尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; (2) 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
参考文献:
[ 1] 胡鉴明.商务英语写作[m] .广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 2] sue kay.实用商务英语写作[m] .北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2003: 63.
[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.
贵州米粉
A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high schoolAbstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn English. But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in the English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and writing. In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing will be further discussed. Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, functional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the students don’t know. These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teacher and textbooks will impact that information to the students. Teachers who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and watered. But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning process and at the same time, draw from their environment as they develop new understandings. The basic principle will be used in the teaching of reading and writing. How to teach reading I. Why teach readingThere are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important part of the teacher’s job. In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their careers, for study purposes or simply for pleasure. Anything we can do to make reading easier for them must be a good idea. Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide opportunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and texts. Lastly, good reading texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, excite imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fascinating lessons. The last but not the least, students must read widely because only a fraction of knowledge about the world can come from other experiences in their short . What kind of reading should students do? When the teachers give reading class to students, they should notice a balance----a balance to be struck between real English on the one hand and the students’ capabilities and interests on the other. There is some authentic written material which beginner students can understand to some degree: menus, timetables, signs and basic instructions, for example, and, where appropriate, teachers can use these. But for longer prose, teachers can offer their students texts, which, while being like English, are nevertheless written or adapted especially for their level. Anyway, the materials to be read should be interesting and meaningful. Teachers should become better acquainted with books written specially for teenagers and dealing with their . What are the principles behind the teaching of reading? i) Permit Students To Read No one has learned to swim by practicing the skills of backstrokes, flutter kicks or treading water while staying on the edge of the swimming pool. Yet, in the teaching of reading teachers often do just that. Rather than let the students into “the water”, teachers keep them in skills books learning rules about letters, syllables or definitions of words rather than letting them into the book itself, permitting them to be immersed in the language which comes from the authors as the readers try to reconstruct the written ) Encourage students to respond to the content of a reading text, not just to the languageOf course, it is important to study reading texts for the way they use language, how many paragraphs they contain and how many times they use relative clauses. But the meaning, the message of the text, is much more important. Teachers should help students understand that the main reason to read is for them. They have to have their own purpose to read and reading must make sense, they have to find ways of doing something about it. They should be encouraged either to reread or to continue reading to gain meaning. But they must realize that the meaning is not in the teacher, but in the interaction between the reader and author. Students should be encouraged to ask themselves repeatedly, “Does this make sense to me?” Students should be encouraged to reject and to be intolerant of reading materials that do not make sense. iii) Encourage students to guess or predict Readers’ guesses or predictions are based on the cumulative information and syntactic structure they have been learning as they have been reading. Therefore, their guesses are more often than not appropriate to the materials. Students have to realize that risk taking in reading is appropriate; that using context to decide what words mean is a proficient reading strategy and that they have the language sense to make appropriate guesses which can fit both the grammatical and semantic sense of what they are reading. iv) Match the task to the topic Once a decision has been taken about what kind of reading text the students are going to read, teachers need to choose good reading tasks—the right kind of questions and useful puzzles, etc. Asking boring and inappropriate questions can undermine the most interesting text; the most commonplace passage can be made really exciting with imaginative and challenging tasks. Working in groups, the English teacher and students take turns asking each other questions following the reading. The teacher may ask, “ What is the significance of the character’s age?” These questions require inferences based on details from the reading text.
和平海棠
MY SUMMER VACATIONAfter the final examination, I received a letter from my uncle and aunt who invited me to stay with them for a fortnight. They live in the countryside near a beautiful mountain. The news brought me a restless night. Next morning, after almost a day‘s ride on the bus I reached their home and I was kindly received by them. They prepared a very nice and airy room for me, Just coming inside, on a small table I found a vase of roses----my favorite flower. I thanked them for their kindness. When they left me to take a rest, I really could not do it. My attention was taken away by the charming and picturesque scenery outside the window. If I were an artist, I would have drawn a wonderful picture of morning we took a walk in the neighboring hills where we could enjoy the fresh air and sweet songs by the birds. We gathered wild flowers here and there among the bushes, I found it full of the afternoon, I mostly sent my time reading and writing, for I was shut in the house by the terrible heat. The evening was shut in the house by the terrible heat. The evening was the only time we could go to swim together. I improved my swimming greatly during those two the fortnight passed away at lightening speed, the memory of it will last forever.
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