关于流行病的英语论文

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Leaders of poor countries appear to be completely unaware of the global connections between the health of their populations and the security and stability required to ensure that they do not fall prey to unforeseen health catastrophes. The dearth of strong and transparent leadership among the world's poorest nations augurs poorly for the health of those nations, and of the world.贫困落后国家的领袖们似乎完全无法觉察出，确保本国老百姓的健康、避免成为疾病重灾区和全球的安全稳定有着息息相关的连带关系。这些地区因为缺乏强有力而政策透明的领导，让自身乃至全世界人民的健康都蒙上了阴影。Meanwhile, the rich countries also continue to think about pandemics in a very linear and scientific way, which fails to account for the comprehensive economic and political chaos that would accompany a major pandemic. The World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control, and, for that matter, the Gates Foundation and other donors, are concentrating their efforts on vaccines and, in the case of the WHO, antiviral stockpiles for a possible outbreak of avian flu. Plans are also being developed for isolation and quarantine, running through scenarios for stopping air traffic and the like. Unfortunately, it's unlikely that the pathogens will be as responsive to our efforts as we hope they will be, leading to widespread chaos, morbidity and mortality.与此同时，富强国家对全球性流行病的思维也仍然很狭隘地单纯停留在科学层面，没有把重大全球性流行病将带来的政治经济后果纳入通盘考量。世界卫生组织、疾病防控中心和包括盖茨基金会在内慷慨解囊的其他捐款者正把大部分人力财力注入疫苗（在WTO而言则是防病毒药物）的开发和储备，以防禽流感的可能再度爆发。正在规划中的应急方案还包括隔病患离带的建立和执行，沙盘推演诸如全面停止空中交通等等措施。很不幸地，病原体对我们种种防范举措的反应可未必尽如人意，而将带来全面的混乱、发病和死亡。At a time when oil shocks have the ability to globally increase food insecurity, it may be worthwhile to consider how a pandemic could push people living on the edge into poverty and starvation. With food production suffering greatly, the urban centers that are dependent on daily imports of food could rapidly fall victim. If this sounds a bit like Jared Diamond's arguments in Collapse, it's intentional. The world is interconnected, but poor countries are hanging by a thread, and it's a thread that could quickly break if a pandemic hits hard enough.在经验过油价上升造成的全球粮食供应不稳定后，我们真得考虑一下可能伴随重大流行病而来的后果，那会将原本就生活拮据的人们推往赤贫甚至饥饿边缘。当粮食严重减产时，平时每天仰赖粮食进口度日的大都会老百姓很快就会遭难。如果这听起来与 Jared Diamond 在“Collapse" 中描述的情景有些雷同，是刻意如此安排的。全世界都是同船合命的共同体，而那些贫困国家就像是命若悬丝般一息尚存，当强度够大的流行病风卷而至的时候，那根细丝将迅速绷断。Adding to the threat, it may well be that the worst pandemics on the planet are not emerging, but have simply been with us so long that we've grown accustomed to their presence and therefore have done little to address them. Women across sub-Saharan Africa continue to stand a 1 percent chance of dying in childbirth--is that a pandemic? Five hundred thousand kids die from measles every year. Africans suffer from an astonishing estimated 300 million episodes of malaria annually, with a death toll of one million. And now throughout the developing world silent killers like heart disease and diabetes are taking hold.再往深处想想，或许地球上最严峻的流行病并非是才刚窜起的这些，而是早就存在但我们习以为常视若无睹因而不曾好好看待的问题。非洲撒哈拉沙漠南部妇女们长久以来始终承受着百分之一因难产死亡的风险，这该也能纳入“流行”的范畴吧？每年约有50万孩童死于麻疹。非洲百姓骇人的每年估计约三亿人次的霍乱病例和随之而来的100万人死亡。还有诸如心脏病、糖尿病这些现在正在开发中国家肆虐的隐形杀手。In the best of cases, pursuing a business-as-usual approach, the wealthy countries may get lucky: the spread of contagion may be stopped at borders and when it crosses, advanced, expensive treatment may be available. But no matter what, the economic and potential political destabilization that would result would cross these borders and be felt in everyone's bank accounts. The moral implications of continuing to adopt a merely defensive stance will guarantee that developing countries will suffer millions dead and may also cultivate the pathogens for future pandemics that will evade the best weapons the richer countries can throw at them.在最好的情况下，如果抱着一种见招拆招的态度，那些富庶的先进国家也许够幸运：先设法把传染病带菌者阻绝在边境口岸，即便闯进来了耗资不菲但高端的医疗手段也能应付得过。但不管怎样，接踵而至的经济上和潜在政局上的动荡仍将不分国界地对所有人的荷包带来影响。从道德蕴藏的因果玄机看，持续采取那种”自扫门前雪“的作风最终将注定会导致开发中国家数以百万计的生命流逝，而且可能孕育出那种即便是富裕国家最先进的医疗科技（武器）都无计可施的新一代流行病原体。Some might see the call for health improvement in poor nations in order to save our own skins as either a Machiavellian ploy to help poor people or a sad and ironic commentary on the state of humankind. Whatever the case, rich nations must begin taking health systems for the poor seriously because: new bugs and the resurgence of old ones are likely to emerge where people are sickest or treatment is inconsistent; when pandemics strike, they'll do the most harm to those without health services; and when sicknesses like a new strain of influenza inevitably come, the health personnel in these settings will be much-better equipped to identify and contain them.有些人也许会把为贫困国家百姓改善健康以达到自救目的，以”人溺己溺“为号召的这种呼吁当成是一种拯救穷人的奸巧阴谋，或是对人类社会现况既悲哀又矛盾的一段旁白。不论持什么观点，强国必须开始对穷人的医疗保健更加重视一些，因为：新品种细菌病毒和已知病毒新一代变种的复出即有可能在人们病得最严重时或疗效最不稳定的那刻涌现；流行病一旦横行肆虐，受到最大打击的就是那些得不到医疗照顾的群体；此外，当新一代的流感病毒无可避免地到来时，身负重任的医疗科研团队起码能更有力地指认和解决它们。

The first is to ensure that no ingestion of contaminated food and water. Especially drinking water, areas where conditions permit local authorities to obtain drinking water disinfection tablets, boiling and then drinking after , avoid sharing towels, utensils, and wash water. Tableware used as boiling water disinfection 3 .Third, garbage and feces as far as possible away from the hedge, the same time not to dispose of the water nearby. Regions where conditions permit, you can use bleaching powder for disinfection of the surrounding environment. Of the stagnant water breeding mosquitoes, can Dichlorvos for disinfection. At the same time, you can put in some rodent bait, to prevent the spread of diseases caused by rats. 4 . a hedge to be seen around the bodies of animals and to stay away from hedge to deep water sources, and has been corruption, the best and then burned deep. 5 . a positive commitment to prevention function is found around the family, friends, infectious disease symptoms appear, the timely reporting of health and epidemic prevention departments. 6. good and the right attitude. Earthquake prone to outbreaks of infectious diseases, and even high, but as long as the correct way to take pro-active prevention, large-scale infectious disease is not likely to appear large, is entirely preventable; around family and other small emerging infectious diseases, as long as the treatment of in a timely manner, it will not cause pop, so do not be too nervous.

猪流感有生命危险吗？猪流感Q&A 中英文 Q&A: Swine flu What is swine flu?猪流感是什么 It is a contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses. Pigs are hit by regular outbreaks. There are many different types of swine flu and the current cases involve the H1N1 strain of type A influenza virus. How do humans catch it? While people do not normally catch it, humans can contract the virus, usually if they have been in close contact with pigs. It is also possible for the constantly changing infection to spread from person to person, which has happened in the latest outbreak. Experts believe it spreads in the same way as seasonal flu - through coughing and sneezing. What are the symptoms?猪流感的症状是什么？ The symptoms of swine influenza in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza infection and include fever, fatigue, lack of appetite, coughing and sore throat. Some people with swine flu have also reported vomiting and diarrhoea. What is the difference between swine flu, avian flu and the flu commonly seen in the UK during the winter?猪流感和禽流感的区别，以及与冬天的流感区别？ Influenza viruses are commonly circulating in the human and animal environment, with different strains causing illness in humans, bird and pigs. Seasonal influenza is caused by viruses that are adapted to spread in humans. Humans have some natural immunity to the strains that are in common circulation, and this immunity can be boosted by immunisation with a vaccine. Avian influenza is caused by influenza viruses adapted for infection in birds. Similarly, swine influenza is caused by influenza viruses adapted for infection in pigs. These illnesses all cause the same respiratory symptoms in sufferers and can be passed between one another. How dangerous is it?猪流感有多危险？ More than 80 people have died and thousands made ill, in Mexico in particular, although cases have also been reported in the US and New Zealand. However, testing has shown that the antiviral drugs oseltamavir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) appear to be effective against the human swine influenza H1N1 strain, Why should we be worried about it?我们为什么要担心猪流感？ The World Health Organisation warned the outbreak had "pandemic potential" and countries were advised to step up surveillance and preparation in case the infection spreads rapidly. Flu viruses have the ability to change and mutate, making it difficult for drugs manufacturers to ensure effective vaccines are available. The new version of the H1N1 virus is a mix of different animal and human versions of the disease. Mixing can lead to the development of changed viruses to which humans have little immunity. What is a pandemic?什么叫流行病？ If the flu spreads over a wide geographic area and affects a large proportion of the population it goes beyond an epidemic and becomes a pandemic. According to the Health Protection Agency, an influenza pandemic is defined as a new or novel influenza virus that spreads easily between humans. When new influenza viruses are introduced into the environment, humans do not have any natural immunity to protect against them. Therefore, there is a risk that that new influenza viruses could develop into a pandemic if the virus passes easily from human-to-human. Will it spread to the UK?猪流感会传播到英国么？ It is too early to say whether the cases reported so far will lead to a larger outbreak, the HPA said. No cases have been reported in the UK although experts are monitoring the situation closely. Anyone who has recently returned from affected countries should consult a doctor if they notice flu-like symptoms. What is being done in the UK to prevent the infection?英国目前怎样预防？ The HPA said it is working with the UK government to review the current incident and any threat it poses to UK public health. It advised people to follow general infection control practices and good hygiene to reduce transmission of all viruses. This includes covering their nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing, disposing of dirty tissues promptly and carefully, washing hands frequently with soap and water and cleaning surfaces which are regularly touched.

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