语言学对词汇的研究论文

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Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] . Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.

应用语言学中的术语翻译问题研究论文

摘要：目前，我国对应用语言学的研究已经逐步趋于成熟，但是其中仍然存在一定的问题阻碍该学科的发展，比如：专业术语的翻译不规范、专业术语的使用不符合原则等等。以上问题的出现，使语言学领域的各学者对术语翻译和使用的问题给予高度重视，为了提升术语翻译的规范性和标准性，提出术语翻译所必须遵循的原则和标准。

关键词：应用语言学；术语翻译；规范化；翻译原则

作为一门语言学科，基础的理论知识、概念和专业化术语是必不可少的，通过这些理论基础、相关定义和专业化的术语体现出两种事物之间所存在的深层关系。应用语言学的学科术语表现出两个特性，即：单一性和理论性。也有少部分的学科术语体现出一定的文化性。但是现阶段，对该学科相关术语的翻译呈现出极大的问题，例如：术语翻译的不规范，而且一些非常重要的专业化术语呈现出多种翻译的方法，而这也导致专业术语的使用非常不标准的重要原因。如果不能够提升该学科专业术语翻译的标准化和规范化，将会导致语言学研究学者之间的交流出现阻碍，而且对该学科的发展也会产生极其不利的影响[1]。

一、专业术语翻译所遵循的基础原则

我国近代启蒙思想家严复专业术语的翻译保持高度重视，从他的言论中可以看出所有翻译工作的入手点和落脚点都是专业术语的翻译。如果一篇英语文章或者是英语著作中的专业术语翻译中出现错误，那么对整部翻译作品的质量造成极为严重的影响。

纵观我国近年来英语翻译工作和翻译学的发展历程，有关英语专业术语的翻译还存在极大的问题，最突出的问题就是译者对术语翻译重要性的认知程度较低。还包括其他几个方面的问题，第一，英语中的专业术语所属的学科门类较为广泛，所以难以明确专业术语翻译的统一标准与规范。第二，由于全球经济一体化时代的到来，世界各国之间的交流越来越密切，同时也包括文化之间的交流与碰撞，在这一过程中，我国对国外学术理论的研究和引进将会逐步增强，所以专业术语的翻译问题将会更加显著。而且相对于发达国家的翻译领域来讲，我国对专业术语翻译问题的研究还比较欠缺。这就要求我们语言学研究领域的学者能够提升对术语翻译的认知，从而加快应用语言学学科的快速发展与进步。我国翻译学领域的学者在著作中提到，术语翻译对本民族文化的作用具有双面性，一方面，能够促进我们民族文化的发展，逐步使我们的本族语言更加丰富。另一方面，阻碍我们本族语言的发展，由于术语翻译过程中出现的问题，导致术语翻译没有统一化的标准，所以语言翻译领域内的学术风气被破坏。专业术语的翻译中，往往会遇到一些非常专业化而且极其重要的词汇，往往会由于翻译不当引发各种连锁反应，从而对我国的专业学术用语产生影响，而且还会使我们民族语言的'标准化和规范性受到影响。

因此，为了保证应用语言学中的术语翻译准确性和规范性，就必须制定统一化的原则和标准。应用语言学领域的翻译学者对术语翻译所需要遵循的原则的总结非常多样化，但是大致的原则可以归纳为以下三个，即：准确性、透明性以及简洁性。

（一）术语翻译必须遵循准确性原则

专业化的术语，往往包含着一个学科的重要概念和定义，其自身往往就只有一个解释，而且对该名词的定义非常的准确。所以准确性原则是术语翻译中所需要遵循的最基础原则。为了保证翻译的精确性，要求译者首先能够深入了解专业术语在特定语境背景下的本意，切记将专业术语的日常解释用于译著中，将该术语在其他学科的解释用于该学科也是不正确的做法[2]。

在大多数的情况下，统一术语往往会出现在不同的学科领域内，所以就有学者将其他学科领域内的译法运用到另外一门学科类，有些时候这种做法并不会对原意造成较大的改变，但是需要进行适当的改变，使之更加符合当前的语境。

（二）术语翻译必须遵循透明性原则

透明性原则的判断标准就是读者能够根据译著，最大程度的还原作品。而且在该原则下，翻译出来的著作具有极其强烈的原文色彩，所以很多读者难以接受这种译著。比如：专业的英语名词“non-interface position”往往被翻译成无接口观点，在这个专业术语的翻译过程中就遵循该原则。但是读者在理解该术语的时候往往会觉得难以理解。但是该英语词汇所传达的词义是外显知识与潜在知识是两种完全不同的知识体系，而且不能够以直接的途径进行转变，也可以被说为两者之间缺少连接点。但是术语翻译所遵循的透明性原则具有极强的相对性，也就是在实际的术语翻译过程中，我们不能够为了保证翻译的透明性，从而忽视翻译所需要遵循的准确性原则，避免出现术语翻译的错误或者是翻译之后的词义与原意偏离。比如，应用语言学科中最常使用的研究方法是实地调研，其英语表示为“field work”，也就是在实际的生活中，利用各种调查方法，从而获得所需要的语言材料。而如果不考虑准确性原则，那么该词汇将会被翻译为野外工作，这显然与原句中的含义不符。

（三）术语翻译必须遵循简洁性原则

术语翻译中往往需要进行不同语言之间的信息交换，当一种语言被转变为的其他语言的过程中，虽然需要保持原有的词义，但是由于文化差异会出现多余的词汇，所以需要尽可能的精简所翻译的著作，但是需要保证译著的精炼和准确，而且简洁必须有度[3]。

二、结束语

基于应用语言学，探究术语翻译中出现的各种问题。我们需要明确的是，虽然我们对术语翻译的原则进行了简单的总结，但是语言特有的性质也会使术语翻译中出现的问题变得极其复杂，而这是由于人们的接受水平存在差异，而且术语翻译往往会出现多种译著，这是难以长时间共存的。

参考文献

[1]胡叶，魏向清.语言学术语翻译标准新探--兼谈术语翻译的系统经济律[J].中国翻译，2014，35（04）：16-20.

[2]陈智淦，王育烽.中国术语翻译研究的现状与文学术语翻译研究的缺失[J].当代外语研究，2013，（03）：59-67.

[3]郑述谱.术语翻译及其对策[J].外语学刊，2012，（05）：102-105.

关于英语语言学的论文，论文题目和主要内容已列出，供参考。链接附后1.题目：语言学英文版论文。主要内容：该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。.题目：.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容：该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响，就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。.题目：外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文：商务英语信函的词汇特点研究，主要内容：商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点：1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。