产业升级相关外文文baidu.com/=http://www.jiaoyuda.com：BAIR, J., and GEREFFI, G. (1998) Interfirm networks and regional divisions of labor: Employment and upgrading in the apparel commodity chain, paper presented at Conference on GlobalProduction and Local Jobs, ILO, Geneva, March.BAZAN, L., and NAVAS-ALEMAN, L. (2001) The underground revolution in the Sinos Valley - acomparison of global and national value chains, paper presented at Workshop on LocalUpgrading in Global Chains, Brighton, Institute of Development Studies, February.www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/vw.htmlBELL, M. (1984) Learning and the accumulation of industrial technological capability in developing countries, in FRANSMAN, M. and KING, K. (Eds), Technological capability in the thirdworld, pp. 187-209. Macmillan, London.BRACZYK, H.-J., COOKE, P., and HEIDENREICH, M. (eds.) (1998) Regional innovationsystems. UCL Press, London.BRUSCO, S. (1990) The idea of the industrial district: Its genesis, in PYKE, F., BECATTINI, G., and SENGENBERGER, W. (Eds), Industrial districts and inter-firm cooperation in Italy, pp.10-19. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.BRUSCO, S. (1996) Global systems and local systems, in COSSENTINO, F., PYKE, F., andSENGENBERGER, W. (Eds), Local and regional response to global pressure: The case ofItaly and its industrial districts, pp. 147-58. International Institute for Labour Studies,Geneva.CASSIOLATO, J., and LASTRES, H. (2000) Local systems of innovation in Mercosur countries,Industry and Innovation 7 (1) , 33-53.COOKE, P., and MORGAN, K. (1998) The associational economy: Firms, regions andinnovation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.COSSENTINO, F., PYKE, F., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1996) Local and regionalresponse to global pressure: The case of Italy and its industrial districts. InternationalInstitute for Labour Studies, Geneva.DOEL, C. (1996) Marketing development and organisational change: The case of the food industry, in WRIGLEY, N. and LOWE, M. (Eds), Retailing, consumption and capital: Towards thenew retail geography, pp. 48-67. Longman, Harlow.DOLAN, C., and HUMPHREY, J. (2000) Governance and trade in fresh vegetables: The impact of UK supermarkets on the African horticulture industry, Journal of Development Studies 37(2), 147-76.DOLAN, C., and HUMPHREY, J. (2001) Changing governance patterns in the trade in freshvegetables between Africa and the United Kingdom, Paper submitted to the InternationalFood and Agricultural Management Review, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton.EDQUIST, C. (1997) Systems of innovation: Technologies, institutions and organizations. Pinter,London and Washington.FREEMAN, C. (1995) The national system of innovation in historical perspective, CambridgeJournal of Economics 19 (1), 5-24.GEREFFI, G. (1994) The organisation of buyer-driven global commodity chains: How U.S. Retailersshape overseas production networks, in GEREFFI, G. and KORZENIEWICZ, M. (Eds),Commodity chains and global capitalism, pp. 95-122. Praeger, Westport.GEREFFI, G. (1999) International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain,Journal of International Economics 48 (1), 37-70.GEREFFI, G., and KAPLINSKY, R. (eds) (2001) The value of value chains, IDS Bulletin 32 (3)(special issue)GEREFFI, G., and KORZENIEWICZ, M. (eds.) (1994) Commodity chains and global capitalism.Praeger, Westport.GIBBON, P. (2001) At the cutting edge: UK clothing retailers and global sourcing, CDR WorkingPaper No. 01.4, Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen.HOBDAY, M. (1995) Innovation in East Asia: The challenge to Japan. Edward Elgar,Cheltenham.15HUMPHREY, J., and SCHMITZ, H. (2000) Governance and upgrading: Linking industrial cluster and global value chain research, IDS Working Paper No. 120, Institute of DevelopmentStudies, University of Sussex, Brighton.JONES, C., HESTERLY, W., and BORGATTI, S. (1997) A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms, Academy of Management Review 22 4, 911-45.KAPLINSKY, R. (2000) Globalisation and unequalisation: What can be learned from value chain analysis?, Journal of Development Studies 37 (2), 117-46.KEESING, D., and LALL, S. (1992) Marketing manufactured exports from developing countries:Learning sequences and public support, in HELLEINER, G. (Ed.) Trade policy,industrialisation and development, pp. 176-93. Oxford University Press, Oxford.KISHIMOTO, C. (2002) The Taiwanese personal computer clusters: Trajectory of its production and knowledge systems, DPhil Thesis, Institute of Development Studies, University of SussexKRUGMAN, P. (1995) Development, geography and economic theory. MIT Press, Cambridge,MA.LALL, S. (1991) Marketing barriers facing developing country manufactured exporters: A conceptual note, Journal of Development Studies 27 (4), 137-50.LEE, J.-R., and CHEN, J.-S. (2000) Dynamic synergy creation with multiple business activities:Toward a competence-based growth model for contract manufacturers, in SANCHEZ, R. andHEENE, A. (Eds), Theory development for competence-based management, advances inapplied business strategy, pp. 209-28. JAI Press, Stanford, CT.LUNDVALL, B.-A. (1993) Explaining interfirm cooperation and innovation: Limits of thetransaction-cost approach, in GRABHER, G. (Ed.) The embedded firm - on the socio-economics of industrial networks, pp. 52-64. Routledge, London.MAILLAT, D. (1996) From the industrial district to the analyses of territorialized productiveorganisations, Working Paper No. 9606b, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Regionales,Université de Neuchâtel,MARKUSEN, A. (1996) Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of industrial districts, Economic Geography 72, 293-313.MASKELL, P., and MALMBERG, A. (1999) Localised learning and industrial competitiveness,Cambridge Journal of Economics 23 (2), 167-85.MORRIS, M. (2001) Creating value-chain cooperation, IDS Bulletin 32 (3), 127-36.NADVI, K. (1999) The cutting edge: Collective efficiency and international competitiveness inPakistan, Oxford Development Studies 27 (1), 81-107.NADVI, K., and SCHMITZ, H. (1999) Industrial clusters in developing countries, WorldDevelopment 27 (9) (Special issue)PALPACUER, F. (2000) Competence-based strategies and global production networks: A discussionof current changes and their implications for employment, Competition and Change 4, 353-400.PIORE, M., and RUIZ DURÁN, C. (1998) Industrial development as a learning process: Mexican manufacturing and the opening to trade, in KAGAMI, M., HUMPHREY, J., and PIORE, M.(Eds), Learning, liberalisation and economic adjustment, pp. 191-241. Institute ofDeveloping Economies, Tokyo.PORTER, M. (1990) The competitive advantage of nations. Macmillan, London.PORTER, M. (1998) Clusters and the new economics of competition, Harvard Business Review, 77-90.POWELL, W. (1990) Neither market nor hierarchy: Network forms of organisation, Research inOrganizational Behaviour 12, 295-336.PYKE, F. (1992) Industrial development through small-firm cooperation. International Institutefor Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.PYKE, F., BECATTINI, G., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1990) Industrial districts andinter-firm cooperation in Italy. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.PYKE, F., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1992) Industrial districts and local economicregeneration. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.16RABELLOTTI, R. (1997) External economies and cooperation in industrial districts. Acomparison of Italy and Mexico. Macmillan, London.RABELLOTTI, R. (2001) The effect of globalisation on industrial districts in Italy: The case ofBrenta, IDS Working Paper 144, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.REARDON, T., CODRON, J.-M., BUSCH, L., BINGEN, J., and HARRIS, C. (2001) Global change in agrifood grades and standards: Agribusiness strategic responses in developing countries,International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2.RICHARDSON, G. (1972) The organisation of industry, The Economic Journal 82, 883-96.SCHMITZ, H. (1995a) Collective efficiency: Growth path for small-scale industry, Journal ofDevelopment Studies 31 (4), 529-66.SCHMITZ, H. (1995b) Small shoemakers and Fordist giants: Tale of a supercluster, WorldDevelopment 23 (1), 9-28.SCHMITZ, H. (1999) Global competition and local co-operation: Success and failure in the SinosValley, Brazil, World Development 27 (9), 1627-50.SCHMITZ, H., and KNORRINGA, P. (2000) Learning from global buyers, Journal of Development Studies 37 (2), 177-205.SCOTT, A.J. (1996) Regional motors of the global economy, Futures 28, 391-411.STORPER, M. (1995) The resurgence of regional economies, ten years later, European Urban and Regional Studies 2, 191-221.STURGEON, T., and LEE, J.-R. (2001) Industry co-evolution and the rise of a shared supply-base for electronics manufacturing, paper presented at Nelson and Winter Conference, Aalborg, June.WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1979) Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations,Journal of Law and Economics 22, 233-61.WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1975) Markets and hierarchies. Free Press, New York. 参考资料：baidu.com/=
产业升级相关外文文baidu.com/=http://www.jiaoyuda.com：BAIR, J., and GEREFFI, G. (1998) Interfirm networks and regional divisions of labor: Employment and upgrading in the apparel commodity chain, paper presented at Conference on GlobalProduction and Local Jobs, ILO, Geneva, March.BAZAN, L., and NAVAS-ALEMAN, L. (2001) The underground revolution in the Sinos Valley - acomparison of global and national value chains, paper presented at Workshop on LocalUpgrading in Global Chains, Brighton, Institute of Development Studies, February.www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/vw.htmlBELL, M. (1984) Learning and the accumulation of industrial technological capability in developing countries, in FRANSMAN, M. and KING, K. (Eds), Technological capability in the thirdworld, pp. 187-209. Macmillan, London.BRACZYK, H.-J., COOKE, P., and HEIDENREICH, M. (eds.) (1998) Regional innovationsystems. UCL Press, London.BRUSCO, S. (1990) The idea of the industrial district: Its genesis, in PYKE, F., BECATTINI, G., and SENGENBERGER, W. (Eds), Industrial districts and inter-firm cooperation in Italy, pp.10-19. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.BRUSCO, S. (1996) Global systems and local systems, in COSSENTINO, F., PYKE, F., andSENGENBERGER, W. (Eds), Local and regional response to global pressure: The case ofItaly and its industrial districts, pp. 147-58. International Institute for Labour Studies,Geneva.CASSIOLATO, J., and LASTRES, H. (2000) Local systems of innovation in Mercosur countries,Industry and Innovation 7 (1) , 33-53.COOKE, P., and MORGAN, K. (1998) The associational economy: Firms, regions andinnovation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.COSSENTINO, F., PYKE, F., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1996) Local and regionalresponse to global pressure: The case of Italy and its industrial districts. InternationalInstitute for Labour Studies, Geneva.DOEL, C. (1996) Marketing development and organisational change: The case of the food industry, in WRIGLEY, N. and LOWE, M. (Eds), Retailing, consumption and capital: Towards thenew retail geography, pp. 48-67. Longman, Harlow.DOLAN, C., and HUMPHREY, J. (2000) Governance and trade in fresh vegetables: The impact of UK supermarkets on the African horticulture industry, Journal of Development Studies 37(2), 147-76.DOLAN, C., and HUMPHREY, J. (2001) Changing governance patterns in the trade in freshvegetables between Africa and the United Kingdom, Paper submitted to the InternationalFood and Agricultural Management Review, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton.EDQUIST, C. (1997) Systems of innovation: Technologies, institutions and organizations. Pinter,London and Washington.FREEMAN, C. (1995) The national system of innovation in historical perspective, CambridgeJournal of Economics 19 (1), 5-24.GEREFFI, G. (1994) The organisation of buyer-driven global commodity chains: How U.S. Retailersshape overseas production networks, in GEREFFI, G. and KORZENIEWICZ, M. (Eds),Commodity chains and global capitalism, pp. 95-122. Praeger, Westport.GEREFFI, G. (1999) International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain,Journal of International Economics 48 (1), 37-70.GEREFFI, G., and KAPLINSKY, R. (eds) (2001) The value of value chains, IDS Bulletin 32 (3)(special issue)GEREFFI, G., and KORZENIEWICZ, M. (eds.) (1994) Commodity chains and global capitalism.Praeger, Westport.GIBBON, P. (2001) At the cutting edge: UK clothing retailers and global sourcing, CDR WorkingPaper No. 01.4, Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen.HOBDAY, M. (1995) Innovation in East Asia: The challenge to Japan. Edward Elgar,Cheltenham.15HUMPHREY, J., and SCHMITZ, H. (2000) Governance and upgrading: Linking industrial cluster and global value chain research, IDS Working Paper No. 120, Institute of DevelopmentStudies, University of Sussex, Brighton.JONES, C., HESTERLY, W., and BORGATTI, S. (1997) A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms, Academy of Management Review 22 4, 911-45.KAPLINSKY, R. (2000) Globalisation and unequalisation: What can be learned from value chain analysis?, Journal of Development Studies 37 (2), 117-46.KEESING, D., and LALL, S. (1992) Marketing manufactured exports from developing countries:Learning sequences and public support, in HELLEINER, G. (Ed.) Trade policy,industrialisation and development, pp. 176-93. Oxford University Press, Oxford.KISHIMOTO, C. (2002) The Taiwanese personal computer clusters: Trajectory of its production and knowledge systems, DPhil Thesis, Institute of Development Studies, University of SussexKRUGMAN, P. (1995) Development, geography and economic theory. MIT Press, Cambridge,MA.LALL, S. (1991) Marketing barriers facing developing country manufactured exporters: A conceptual note, Journal of Development Studies 27 (4), 137-50.LEE, J.-R., and CHEN, J.-S. (2000) Dynamic synergy creation with multiple business activities:Toward a competence-based growth model for contract manufacturers, in SANCHEZ, R. andHEENE, A. (Eds), Theory development for competence-based management, advances inapplied business strategy, pp. 209-28. JAI Press, Stanford, CT.LUNDVALL, B.-A. (1993) Explaining interfirm cooperation and innovation: Limits of thetransaction-cost approach, in GRABHER, G. (Ed.) The embedded firm - on the socio-economics of industrial networks, pp. 52-64. Routledge, London.MAILLAT, D. (1996) From the industrial district to the analyses of territorialized productiveorganisations, Working Paper No. 9606b, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Regionales,Université de Neuchâtel,MARKUSEN, A. (1996) Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of industrial districts, Economic Geography 72, 293-313.MASKELL, P., and MALMBERG, A. (1999) Localised learning and industrial competitiveness,Cambridge Journal of Economics 23 (2), 167-85.MORRIS, M. (2001) Creating value-chain cooperation, IDS Bulletin 32 (3), 127-36.NADVI, K. (1999) The cutting edge: Collective efficiency and international competitiveness inPakistan, Oxford Development Studies 27 (1), 81-107.NADVI, K., and SCHMITZ, H. (1999) Industrial clusters in developing countries, WorldDevelopment 27 (9) (Special issue)PALPACUER, F. (2000) Competence-based strategies and global production networks: A discussionof current changes and their implications for employment, Competition and Change 4, 353-400.PIORE, M., and RUIZ DURÁN, C. (1998) Industrial development as a learning process: Mexican manufacturing and the opening to trade, in KAGAMI, M., HUMPHREY, J., and PIORE, M.(Eds), Learning, liberalisation and economic adjustment, pp. 191-241. Institute ofDeveloping Economies, Tokyo.PORTER, M. (1990) The competitive advantage of nations. Macmillan, London.PORTER, M. (1998) Clusters and the new economics of competition, Harvard Business Review, 77-90.POWELL, W. (1990) Neither market nor hierarchy: Network forms of organisation, Research inOrganizational Behaviour 12, 295-336.PYKE, F. (1992) Industrial development through small-firm cooperation. International Institutefor Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.PYKE, F., BECATTINI, G., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1990) Industrial districts andinter-firm cooperation in Italy. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.PYKE, F., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1992) Industrial districts and local economicregeneration. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.16RABELLOTTI, R. (1997) External economies and cooperation in industrial districts. Acomparison of Italy and Mexico. Macmillan, London.RABELLOTTI, R. (2001) The effect of globalisation on industrial districts in Italy: The case ofBrenta, IDS Working Paper 144, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.REARDON, T., CODRON, J.-M., BUSCH, L., BINGEN, J., and HARRIS, C. (2001) Global change in agrifood grades and standards: Agribusiness strategic responses in developing countries,International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2.RICHARDSON, G. (1972) The organisation of industry, The Economic Journal 82, 883-96.SCHMITZ, H. (1995a) Collective efficiency: Growth path for small-scale industry, Journal ofDevelopment Studies 31 (4), 529-66.SCHMITZ, H. (1995b) Small shoemakers and Fordist giants: Tale of a supercluster, WorldDevelopment 23 (1), 9-28.SCHMITZ, H. (1999) Global competition and local co-operation: Success and failure in the SinosValley, Brazil, World Development 27 (9), 1627-50.SCHMITZ, H., and KNORRINGA, P. (2000) Learning from global buyers, Journal of Development Studies 37 (2), 177-205.SCOTT, A.J. (1996) Regional motors of the global economy, Futures 28, 391-411.STORPER, M. (1995) The resurgence of regional economies, ten years later, European Urban and Regional Studies 2, 191-221.STURGEON, T., and LEE, J.-R. (2001) Industry co-evolution and the rise of a shared supply-base for electronics manufacturing, paper presented at Nelson and Winter Conference, Aalborg, June.WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1979) Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations,Journal of Law and Economics 22, 233-61.WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1975) Markets and hierarchies. Free Press, New York. 参考资料：baidu.com/=
产业升级相关外文文baidu.com/=http://www.jiaoyuda.com：BAIR, J., and GEREFFI, G. (1998) Interfirm networks and regional divisions of labor: Employment and upgrading in the apparel commodity chain, paper presented at Conference on GlobalProduction and Local Jobs, ILO, Geneva, March.BAZAN, L., and NAVAS-ALEMAN, L. (2001) The underground revolution in the Sinos Valley - acomparison of global and national value chains, paper presented at Workshop on LocalUpgrading in Global Chains, Brighton, Institute of Development Studies, February.www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/vw.htmlBELL, M. (1984) Learning and the accumulation of industrial technological capability in developing countries, in FRANSMAN, M. and KING, K. (Eds), Technological capability in the thirdworld, pp. 187-209. Macmillan, London.BRACZYK, H.-J., COOKE, P., and HEIDENREICH, M. (eds.) (1998) Regional innovationsystems. UCL Press, London.BRUSCO, S. (1990) The idea of the industrial district: Its genesis, in PYKE, F., BECATTINI, G., and SENGENBERGER, W. (Eds), Industrial districts and inter-firm cooperation in Italy, pp.10-19. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.BRUSCO, S. (1996) Global systems and local systems, in COSSENTINO, F., PYKE, F., andSENGENBERGER, W. (Eds), Local and regional response to global pressure: The case ofItaly and its industrial districts, pp. 147-58. International Institute for Labour Studies,Geneva.CASSIOLATO, J., and LASTRES, H. (2000) Local systems of innovation in Mercosur countries,Industry and Innovation 7 (1) , 33-53.COOKE, P., and MORGAN, K. (1998) The associational economy: Firms, regions andinnovation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.COSSENTINO, F., PYKE, F., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1996) Local and regionalresponse to global pressure: The case of Italy and its industrial districts. InternationalInstitute for Labour Studies, Geneva.DOEL, C. (1996) Marketing development and organisational change: The case of the food industry, in WRIGLEY, N. and LOWE, M. (Eds), Retailing, consumption and capital: Towards thenew retail geography, pp. 48-67. Longman, Harlow.DOLAN, C., and HUMPHREY, J. (2000) Governance and trade in fresh vegetables: The impact of UK supermarkets on the African horticulture industry, Journal of Development Studies 37(2), 147-76.DOLAN, C., and HUMPHREY, J. (2001) Changing governance patterns in the trade in freshvegetables between Africa and the United Kingdom, Paper submitted to the InternationalFood and Agricultural Management Review, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton.EDQUIST, C. (1997) Systems of innovation: Technologies, institutions and organizations. Pinter,London and Washington.FREEMAN, C. (1995) The national system of innovation in historical perspective, CambridgeJournal of Economics 19 (1), 5-24.GEREFFI, G. (1994) The organisation of buyer-driven global commodity chains: How U.S. Retailersshape overseas production networks, in GEREFFI, G. and KORZENIEWICZ, M. (Eds),Commodity chains and global capitalism, pp. 95-122. Praeger, Westport.GEREFFI, G. (1999) International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain,Journal of International Economics 48 (1), 37-70.GEREFFI, G., and KAPLINSKY, R. (eds) (2001) The value of value chains, IDS Bulletin 32 (3)(special issue)GEREFFI, G., and KORZENIEWICZ, M. (eds.) (1994) Commodity chains and global capitalism.Praeger, Westport.GIBBON, P. (2001) At the cutting edge: UK clothing retailers and global sourcing, CDR WorkingPaper No. 01.4, Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen.HOBDAY, M. (1995) Innovation in East Asia: The challenge to Japan. Edward Elgar,Cheltenham.15HUMPHREY, J., and SCHMITZ, H. (2000) Governance and upgrading: Linking industrial cluster and global value chain research, IDS Working Paper No. 120, Institute of DevelopmentStudies, University of Sussex, Brighton.JONES, C., HESTERLY, W., and BORGATTI, S. (1997) A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms, Academy of Management Review 22 4, 911-45.KAPLINSKY, R. (2000) Globalisation and unequalisation: What can be learned from value chain analysis?, Journal of Development Studies 37 (2), 117-46.KEESING, D., and LALL, S. (1992) Marketing manufactured exports from developing countries:Learning sequences and public support, in HELLEINER, G. (Ed.) Trade policy,industrialisation and development, pp. 176-93. Oxford University Press, Oxford.KISHIMOTO, C. (2002) The Taiwanese personal computer clusters: Trajectory of its production and knowledge systems, DPhil Thesis, Institute of Development Studies, University of SussexKRUGMAN, P. (1995) Development, geography and economic theory. MIT Press, Cambridge,MA.LALL, S. (1991) Marketing barriers facing developing country manufactured exporters: A conceptual note, Journal of Development Studies 27 (4), 137-50.LEE, J.-R., and CHEN, J.-S. (2000) Dynamic synergy creation with multiple business activities:Toward a competence-based growth model for contract manufacturers, in SANCHEZ, R. andHEENE, A. (Eds), Theory development for competence-based management, advances inapplied business strategy, pp. 209-28. JAI Press, Stanford, CT.LUNDVALL, B.-A. (1993) Explaining interfirm cooperation and innovation: Limits of thetransaction-cost approach, in GRABHER, G. (Ed.) The embedded firm - on the socio-economics of industrial networks, pp. 52-64. Routledge, London.MAILLAT, D. (1996) From the industrial district to the analyses of territorialized productiveorganisations, Working Paper No. 9606b, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Regionales,Université de Neuchâtel,MARKUSEN, A. (1996) Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of industrial districts, Economic Geography 72, 293-313.MASKELL, P., and MALMBERG, A. (1999) Localised learning and industrial competitiveness,Cambridge Journal of Economics 23 (2), 167-85.MORRIS, M. (2001) Creating value-chain cooperation, IDS Bulletin 32 (3), 127-36.NADVI, K. (1999) The cutting edge: Collective efficiency and international competitiveness inPakistan, Oxford Development Studies 27 (1), 81-107.NADVI, K., and SCHMITZ, H. (1999) Industrial clusters in developing countries, WorldDevelopment 27 (9) (Special issue)PALPACUER, F. (2000) Competence-based strategies and global production networks: A discussionof current changes and their implications for employment, Competition and Change 4, 353-400.PIORE, M., and RUIZ DURÁN, C. (1998) Industrial development as a learning process: Mexican manufacturing and the opening to trade, in KAGAMI, M., HUMPHREY, J., and PIORE, M.(Eds), Learning, liberalisation and economic adjustment, pp. 191-241. Institute ofDeveloping Economies, Tokyo.PORTER, M. (1990) The competitive advantage of nations. Macmillan, London.PORTER, M. (1998) Clusters and the new economics of competition, Harvard Business Review, 77-90.POWELL, W. (1990) Neither market nor hierarchy: Network forms of organisation, Research inOrganizational Behaviour 12, 295-336.PYKE, F. (1992) Industrial development through small-firm cooperation. International Institutefor Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.PYKE, F., BECATTINI, G., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1990) Industrial districts andinter-firm cooperation in Italy. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.PYKE, F., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1992) Industrial districts and local economicregeneration. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.16RABELLOTTI, R. (1997) External economies and cooperation in industrial districts. Acomparison of Italy and Mexico. Macmillan, London.RABELLOTTI, R. (2001) The effect of globalisation on industrial districts in Italy: The case ofBrenta, IDS Working Paper 144, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.REARDON, T., CODRON, J.-M., BUSCH, L., BINGEN, J., and HARRIS, C. (2001) Global change in agrifood grades and standards: Agribusiness strategic responses in developing countries,International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2.RICHARDSON, G. (1972) The organisation of industry, The Economic Journal 82, 883-96.SCHMITZ, H. (1995a) Collective efficiency: Growth path for small-scale industry, Journal ofDevelopment Studies 31 (4), 529-66.SCHMITZ, H. (1995b) Small shoemakers and Fordist giants: Tale of a supercluster, WorldDevelopment 23 (1), 9-28.SCHMITZ, H. (1999) Global competition and local co-operation: Success and failure in the SinosValley, Brazil, World Development 27 (9), 1627-50.SCHMITZ, H., and KNORRINGA, P. (2000) Learning from global buyers, Journal of Development Studies 37 (2), 177-205.SCOTT, A.J. (1996) Regional motors of the global economy, Futures 28, 391-411.STORPER, M. (1995) The resurgence of regional economies, ten years later, European Urban and Regional Studies 2, 191-221.STURGEON, T., and LEE, J.-R. (2001) Industry co-evolution and the rise of a shared supply-base for electronics manufacturing, paper presented at Nelson and Winter Conference, Aalborg, June.WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1979) Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations,Journal of Law and Economics 22, 233-61.WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1975) Markets and hierarchies. Free Press, New York. 参考资料：baidu.com/=
产业升级相关外文文baidu.com/=http://www.jiaoyuda.com：BAIR, J., and GEREFFI, G. (1998) Interfirm networks and regional divisions of labor: Employment and upgrading in the apparel commodity chain, paper presented at Conference on GlobalProduction and Local Jobs, ILO, Geneva, March.BAZAN, L., and NAVAS-ALEMAN, L. (2001) The underground revolution in the Sinos Valley - acomparison of global and national value chains, paper presented at Workshop on LocalUpgrading in Global Chains, Brighton, Institute of Development Studies, February.www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/vw.htmlBELL, M. (1984) Learning and the accumulation of industrial technological capability in developing countries, in FRANSMAN, M. and KING, K. (Eds), Technological capability in the thirdworld, pp. 187-209. Macmillan, London.BRACZYK, H.-J., COOKE, P., and HEIDENREICH, M. (eds.) (1998) Regional innovationsystems. UCL Press, London.BRUSCO, S. (1990) The idea of the industrial district: Its genesis, in PYKE, F., BECATTINI, G., and SENGENBERGER, W. (Eds), Industrial districts and inter-firm cooperation in Italy, pp.10-19. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.BRUSCO, S. (1996) Global systems and local systems, in COSSENTINO, F., PYKE, F., andSENGENBERGER, W. (Eds), Local and regional response to global pressure: The case ofItaly and its industrial districts, pp. 147-58. International Institute for Labour Studies,Geneva.CASSIOLATO, J., and LASTRES, H. (2000) Local systems of innovation in Mercosur countries,Industry and Innovation 7 (1) , 33-53.COOKE, P., and MORGAN, K. (1998) The associational economy: Firms, regions andinnovation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.COSSENTINO, F., PYKE, F., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1996) Local and regionalresponse to global pressure: The case of Italy and its industrial districts. InternationalInstitute for Labour Studies, Geneva.DOEL, C. (1996) Marketing development and organisational change: The case of the food industry, in WRIGLEY, N. and LOWE, M. (Eds), Retailing, consumption and capital: Towards thenew retail geography, pp. 48-67. Longman, Harlow.DOLAN, C., and HUMPHREY, J. (2000) Governance and trade in fresh vegetables: The impact of UK supermarkets on the African horticulture industry, Journal of Development Studies 37(2), 147-76.DOLAN, C., and HUMPHREY, J. (2001) Changing governance patterns in the trade in freshvegetables between Africa and the United Kingdom, Paper submitted to the InternationalFood and Agricultural Management Review, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton.EDQUIST, C. (1997) Systems of innovation: Technologies, institutions and organizations. Pinter,London and Washington.FREEMAN, C. (1995) The national system of innovation in historical perspective, CambridgeJournal of Economics 19 (1), 5-24.GEREFFI, G. (1994) The organisation of buyer-driven global commodity chains: How U.S. Retailersshape overseas production networks, in GEREFFI, G. and KORZENIEWICZ, M. (Eds),Commodity chains and global capitalism, pp. 95-122. Praeger, Westport.GEREFFI, G. (1999) International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain,Journal of International Economics 48 (1), 37-70.GEREFFI, G., and KAPLINSKY, R. (eds) (2001) The value of value chains, IDS Bulletin 32 (3)(special issue)GEREFFI, G., and KORZENIEWICZ, M. (eds.) (1994) Commodity chains and global capitalism.Praeger, Westport.GIBBON, P. (2001) At the cutting edge: UK clothing retailers and global sourcing, CDR WorkingPaper No. 01.4, Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen.HOBDAY, M. (1995) Innovation in East Asia: The challenge to Japan. Edward Elgar,Cheltenham.15HUMPHREY, J., and SCHMITZ, H. (2000) Governance and upgrading: Linking industrial cluster and global value chain research, IDS Working Paper No. 120, Institute of DevelopmentStudies, University of Sussex, Brighton.JONES, C., HESTERLY, W., and BORGATTI, S. (1997) A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms, Academy of Management Review 22 4, 911-45.KAPLINSKY, R. (2000) Globalisation and unequalisation: What can be learned from value chain analysis?, Journal of Development Studies 37 (2), 117-46.KEESING, D., and LALL, S. (1992) Marketing manufactured exports from developing countries:Learning sequences and public support, in HELLEINER, G. (Ed.) Trade policy,industrialisation and development, pp. 176-93. Oxford University Press, Oxford.KISHIMOTO, C. (2002) The Taiwanese personal computer clusters: Trajectory of its production and knowledge systems, DPhil Thesis, Institute of Development Studies, University of SussexKRUGMAN, P. (1995) Development, geography and economic theory. MIT Press, Cambridge,MA.LALL, S. (1991) Marketing barriers facing developing country manufactured exporters: A conceptual note, Journal of Development Studies 27 (4), 137-50.LEE, J.-R., and CHEN, J.-S. (2000) Dynamic synergy creation with multiple business activities:Toward a competence-based growth model for contract manufacturers, in SANCHEZ, R. andHEENE, A. (Eds), Theory development for competence-based management, advances inapplied business strategy, pp. 209-28. JAI Press, Stanford, CT.LUNDVALL, B.-A. (1993) Explaining interfirm cooperation and innovation: Limits of thetransaction-cost approach, in GRABHER, G. (Ed.) The embedded firm - on the socio-economics of industrial networks, pp. 52-64. Routledge, London.MAILLAT, D. (1996) From the industrial district to the analyses of territorialized productiveorganisations, Working Paper No. 9606b, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Regionales,Université de Neuchâtel,MARKUSEN, A. (1996) Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of industrial districts, Economic Geography 72, 293-313.MASKELL, P., and MALMBERG, A. (1999) Localised learning and industrial competitiveness,Cambridge Journal of Economics 23 (2), 167-85.MORRIS, M. (2001) Creating value-chain cooperation, IDS Bulletin 32 (3), 127-36.NADVI, K. (1999) The cutting edge: Collective efficiency and international competitiveness inPakistan, Oxford Development Studies 27 (1), 81-107.NADVI, K., and SCHMITZ, H. (1999) Industrial clusters in developing countries, WorldDevelopment 27 (9) (Special issue)PALPACUER, F. (2000) Competence-based strategies and global production networks: A discussionof current changes and their implications for employment, Competition and Change 4, 353-400.PIORE, M., and RUIZ DURÁN, C. (1998) Industrial development as a learning process: Mexican manufacturing and the opening to trade, in KAGAMI, M., HUMPHREY, J., and PIORE, M.(Eds), Learning, liberalisation and economic adjustment, pp. 191-241. Institute ofDeveloping Economies, Tokyo.PORTER, M. (1990) The competitive advantage of nations. Macmillan, London.PORTER, M. (1998) Clusters and the new economics of competition, Harvard Business Review, 77-90.POWELL, W. (1990) Neither market nor hierarchy: Network forms of organisation, Research inOrganizational Behaviour 12, 295-336.PYKE, F. (1992) Industrial development through small-firm cooperation. International Institutefor Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.PYKE, F., BECATTINI, G., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1990) Industrial districts andinter-firm cooperation in Italy. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.PYKE, F., and SENGENBERGER, W. (eds.) (1992) Industrial districts and local economicregeneration. International Institute for Labour Studies, ILO, Geneva.16RABELLOTTI, R. (1997) External economies and cooperation in industrial districts. Acomparison of Italy and Mexico. Macmillan, London.RABELLOTTI, R. (2001) The effect of globalisation on industrial districts in Italy: The case ofBrenta, IDS Working Paper 144, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.REARDON, T., CODRON, J.-M., BUSCH, L., BINGEN, J., and HARRIS, C. (2001) Global change in agrifood grades and standards: Agribusiness strategic responses in developing countries,International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2.RICHARDSON, G. (1972) The organisation of industry, The Economic Journal 82, 883-96.SCHMITZ, H. (1995a) Collective efficiency: Growth path for small-scale industry, Journal ofDevelopment Studies 31 (4), 529-66.SCHMITZ, H. (1995b) Small shoemakers and Fordist giants: Tale of a supercluster, WorldDevelopment 23 (1), 9-28.SCHMITZ, H. (1999) Global competition and local co-operation: Success and failure in the SinosValley, Brazil, World Development 27 (9), 1627-50.SCHMITZ, H., and KNORRINGA, P. (2000) Learning from global buyers, Journal of Development Studies 37 (2), 177-205.SCOTT, A.J. (1996) Regional motors of the global economy, Futures 28, 391-411.STORPER, M. (1995) The resurgence of regional economies, ten years later, European Urban and Regional Studies 2, 191-221.STURGEON, T., and LEE, J.-R. (2001) Industry co-evolution and the rise of a shared supply-base for electronics manufacturing, paper presented at Nelson and Winter Conference, Aalborg, June.WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1979) Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations,Journal of Law and Economics 22, 233-61.WILLIAMSON, O.E. (1975) Markets and hierarchies. Free Press, New York. 参考资料：baidu.com/=
Characterization of complete lncRNAs transcriptome reveals the functional and clinical impact of lncRNAs in multiple myeloma 完整lncRNAs转录组的表征揭示了lncRNAs在多发性骨髓瘤中的功能和临床影响 发表期刊：Leukemia 发表日期：2021 Feb 17 影响因子：8.665 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01147-y 一、研究背景 多发性骨髓瘤(MM)是一种以骨髓中浆细胞(PC)不受控制的克隆性增殖为特征的血液学肿瘤。尽管这种疾病的治疗取得了进展，目前中位生存期为7年，但它仍然被认为是一种无法治愈的恶性肿瘤，因为大多数MM患者对治疗产生抗药性导致疾病进展。 虽然约90%的基因组被转录成RNA，但只有1-2%被翻译成蛋白质，这凸显了人类细胞中非编码转录组的规模。lncRNAs表达的失调可以影响不同类型癌症（包括MM）发病和/或进展的相关途径。在MM中，少量lncRNAs的表达改变与患者的进展和生存有关，提示这些元素在疾病的发病机制中起着一定的作用。 二、材料与方法 1 数据来源 1）从38名新诊断的未经治疗的MM患者和3名健康供体中获得骨髓抽吸标本（GSE151063） 2）使用IA14发布的多发性骨髓瘤研究基金会（MMRF）CoMMpass研究数据集中的生存数据（n=542） 3）SMILO敲除相关的MARS-seq 数据：GSE134057 2 分析流程 1）ssRNA-seq（测序） 2）lncRNAs注释：对基因组中的lncRNAs的位置进行注释 3）差异表达分析：limma软件包 4）样本异质性研究和基于FC的基因表达变化选择：采用变异系数(CV)对样本的变异性进行研究；将lncRNAs分类为上调（至少50%的样本中logFC大于1，小于25%的样本中logFC小于-1），下调（至少50%的样本中logFC小于-1，小于25%的样本中logFC大于1）和无变化（其余lncRNAs）；使用R软件包实现的SOM神经网络对lncRNA进行聚簇 5）染色质组蛋白标记分析：定义了89个lncRNAs与MM中染色质标记的de novo增益 6）lncRNA SMILO的研究和表征：跨越SMILO启动子的CpGs的DNA甲基化数据来源于本组之前发表的数据；细胞培养；SMILO敲除实验；RT-qPCR；增殖和凋亡测定；干扰素α治疗实验 7）MARS-seq：使用DEseq2包进行归一化和差异基因表达分析；基因本体（GO）和基因集富集分析（GSEA） 8）生存研究：单cox、多cox 三、结果展示 01 - MM的整个lncRNAs转录组的特征分析 对从38名MM患者骨髓中纯化的PC进行配对端ssRNA-seq。通过长度、低编码潜能和表达水平来筛选这样的转录本，鉴定出40,511个新型lncRNA，它们在38个MM患者样本中至少有3个表达（图1A）。在新的MM患者样本中验证了其中一些新型lncRNA的表达（补充图1A）。 MM中表达的编码基因和lncRNA基因数量的比较，后者包括：（1）以前在Gencode G19中注释的lncRNAs（G19lncRNAs），（2）以前工作中在不同B细胞亚群中鉴定的lncRNAs（BC鉴定的lncRNAs），（3）在MM患者样本中发现的一组新的lncRNAs（MM-identified lncRNAs）。在MM中发现的新型lncRNAs构成了所研究的lncRNAs群体中最大的一组，占MM PC中所有表达基因的56%（图1B）。为了确定MM细胞的特定基因组区域是否与lncRNAs的转录增加有关，分析了这些元件的全基因组分布，观察到编码基因和长非编码基因在染色体中均匀分布（图1C）。 接下来，lncRNAs根据其与编码基因的距离进行分类，显示上游转录物是最常见的类型，其次是下游lncRNAs，以及位于编码基因内部的lncRNAs（图1D）。与之前注释的lncRNAs相比，MM中发现的lncRNAs位于编码基因内部的比例更高（图1D）。此外，编码基因内藏有这种MM识别的lncRNAs的表达明显高于其余没有MM识别的lncRNAs的编码基因(图1E)，这表明特定编码基因的表达增加可能引发MM细胞中lncRNAs子集的调控，或者反之亦然。 这些结果表明，编码基因和lncRNA基因，可能一起并从基因组的相同区域编码，可能是肿瘤发展的关键参与者。 02 - lncRNAs在MM中表达的异质性和特异性 接下来，作者比较了MM和从健康捐献者骨髓（BMPC）中分离的正常PC之间的lncRNAs转录组。尽管MM标本中发现了大量的lncRNAs，但只有571个lncRNAs和78个编码基因有差异。分析了MM PC和BMPCs中lncRNAs和编码基因的CV，检测到MM比BMPCs中所有类型转录物的表达异质性程度更高（补充图1B）。MM样本中lncRNAs的表达异质性明显高于编码基因（图2A；补充图1B），这一发现可能解释了检测到的差异表达lncRNAs数量较少的原因，这表明这些元素可能有助于理解疾病的临床异质性。 为了检测异常表达的lncRNAs以解释这种异质性的方式，单独比较了每个MM患者和BMPCs的表达谱。利用基于FC的基因表达变化标准，在MM患者中发现了10351个过度表达和9535个下调的lncRNAs（图2B）。其中，检测到的lncRNAMALAT1，在以前的MM研究中描述过，还在一系列新的MM患者中验证了一些差异表达的lncRNAs（补充图1C）。 接下来，作者的目的是从先前的分析中确定的B细胞分化背景下在MM-PCs中失调的lncRNAs子集，因为它们可能代表疾病的特定治疗靶点。为此，分析了这19886个lncRNAs在B细胞分化状态的不同正常亚群中的表达，并与MM PC中的表达进行比较。观察到lncRNAs的三种不同的表达模式（图2C）。簇1包含2760个lncRNAs，在B细胞分化过程中有不规则的表达模式，在MM PC中有一致的高表达。簇2包含675个lncRNAs，在整个B细胞分化过程中低表达，在MM PC中略有增加。最后，簇3显示，在整个B细胞分化过程中，989个lncRNAs的表达非常低且均匀，MM样本明显增加。最后一种表达模式表明存在一组几乎完全在MM-PCs中表达的lncRNAs（称为MM特异性lncRNAs）。 03 - MM特异性lncRNAs的调节 为了确定MM中特异性lncRNA的表达是否受表观遗传调控，分析了之前工作中6个定义常见染色质状态的组蛋白标记的ChIP-seq数据（H3K4me3、H3K4me1、H3K27ac、H3K36me3、H3K27me3和H3K9me3）。 与正常B细胞亚群相比，观察到MM中MM特异性lncRNAs位点的活性组蛋白标记在全局范围内增加（图2D；补充图2A），且主要与活性启动子和增强子有关（图2E；补充图2A）。虽然大多数MM特异性lncRNA表现出活性染色质标记的增加，但这些lncRNA中只有一小部分(989个中的89个)呈现出新生的染色质激活，即存在于正常B细胞亚群中的抑制性标记被MM标本中的激活性染色质修饰所取代(图2F；补充图2B)。这89个lncRNAs的表达显示新生的表观遗传激活(图2F)明显高于其他MM特异性lncRNAs(图2G；补充图2B，C)。 04 - MM特异性lncRNA SMILO对MM细胞的生存至关重要 在MM中从新生表观组激活区域表达的89个lncRNA中，作者发现了LINC00582（ENSG00000229228，命名为SMILO）（图3A），以及由两个外显子组成的基因间lncRNA，位于TSNAX和DISC1编码基因之间，转录自染色体带1q42.2的负链，这是MM患者中经常扩增的基因组区域。 SMILO的表达在整个B细胞分化过程中无法检测到，除了在一些BMPCs中的边缘表达水平外（图3B），与BMPCs相比，64%的MM患者的SMILO表达上调。SMILO的表达在1q扩增的患者中显著升高，尽管这种表达的增加并不是这组患者所独有的（补充图3）。与正常PC形成对比，SMILO位点的新的表观基因组激活与MM PC的DNA甲基化丢失有关（图3C；补充图4A）。这些结果表明，除了1q扩增外，表观遗传机制也参与了MM患者中SMILO的激活及其过度表达。 敲除SMILO导致三种MM细胞系增殖率下降，凋亡细胞百分比增加（图3D；补充图4B），表明SMILO过度表达对MM细胞的生存至关重要。SMILO敲除后，KMS-11细胞中的RNA-seq分析显示，分别有84个和110个基因的下调和上调（图3E）。SMILO敲除后下调的编码基因富集在几个调节基因表达的过程中以及MM细胞的相关已知功能和途径（图3F）。抑制SMILO表达后，上调基因富集的首要途径之一是I型干扰素(IFN)信号通路(图3G;补充图4C)，其失调已被证明是MM细胞稳态的关键。此外，敲除SMILO导致几个干扰素刺激基因上调，说明MM中SMILO上调维持了这些编码基因的抑制，从而对MM细胞产生抗凋亡和增殖作用。这些结果在另外两个骨髓瘤细胞系中通过qPCR进一步验证（图3H；补充图4D）。 通过在MM.1S、MM.1R和KMS-11mm细胞系中添加不同浓度的IFNα，证明了IFN途径参与MM细胞的死亡。IFNα的使用引发了细胞凋亡的增加、细胞增殖的减少和不同ISG的上调（补充图4E-G）。此外，内源性逆转录病毒（ERVs）的表达，在抑制SMILO后上调（图3I；补充图4H），表明这些元件可能负责IFN途径的激活。 总之，数据表明，SMILO过度表达是MM细胞存活所必需的，其抑制可能触发ERVs的过度表达和IFN途径的激活，最终导致诱导细胞自主死亡，可能通过免疫原性细胞死亡（图3J）。 05 - MM特异性lncRNAs的预后价值 本研究最终旨在确定MM特异性lncRNAs的表达是否对MM患者具有预后价值，为此使用了来自IA14 CoMMpass研究中542名患者的RNA序列数据。由于CoMMpass中包含的RNA-seq数据只能提供关于先前注释的lncRNAs，将分析限制在Gencode中注释的89个MM特异性lncRNAs中的7个。在CoMMpass研究中包括的样本中检测到这7个lncRNAs中的6个的表达水平：ANKRD20A5P、SMILO、PDLIM1P4、ENSG0000249988、ENSG0000254343和RHOT1P1（补充图5A）。ANKRD20A5P、SMILO、ensg0000254343和RHOT1P1的表达与amp（1q）的存在显著相关，而PDLIM1P4和ensg0000249988的表达与不同的MM基因群没有显著相关性（补充图3）。 为了评估MM特异性lncRNA的表达是否与MM患者的预后相关，根据每个lncRNA的表达水平分析了这些患者的PFS和OS，根据表达水平将病例分为两组（补充图5B）。进行了单变量统计生存分析，将MM患者分为两个危险因素组，观察到PDLIM1P4、ENSG0000249988和ENSG0000254343的表达与PFS相关（图4A-C；补充图6A-C）。在OS分析中，PDLIM1P4、SMILO和ENSG0000249988的表达显示出具有统计意义的结果（图4D-F；补充图6D-F）。 在单变量分析后，对单变量分析结果显著的lncRNAs进行了多变量统计分析，并对PFS和OS的不同临床和遗传改变进行了统计分析。检测到PDLIM1P4的高表达以及ISS的2期和3期、del（13q）、t（8，14）、TP53、性别男性，以及硼替佐米IMIDs和Carfilzomib IMIDs治疗导致PFS的统计学显著性（图4G）。在PFS分析中，硼替佐米联合IMIDs和卡非佐米联合IMIDs对MM患者有良好的预后。在OS分析中，显示PDLIM1P4和ENSG0000249988的高表达以及ISS的2期和3期、硼替佐米IMIDs治疗、年龄超过65岁、amp（1q）、del（13q）、del（17p）和性别男性可将MM患者分为不同的风险组（图4H）。ENSG0000249988的过度表达和硼替佐米与IMIDs联合使用与较长的OS相关。 最后，还进行了ANOVA检验，比较单独来自临床和遗传高危因素的模型，或与lncRNAs表达相结合的模型，发现PFS和OS的第二种情况都有显著改善。 四、结论 综上所述，本研究为MM的lncRNAs转录组提供了一个全面的图景，表明这些非编码元件在MM细胞中异质、动态、特异性表达，并且在某些情况下，在MM细胞中是重新激活的。此外，发现lncRNAs可能在MM的发病机制中起着重要的作用，它们可以作为预后生物标志物，甚至作为最终改善MM患者预后的治疗靶点。